CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

UMANG PARASHAR
, student of Class
XII-B
, B I R L A VI D Y A N IK E T A N ha s c o m p l e
t e d t h e project
TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION
BETWEEN:i)
OUTPUT AND INPUT VOLTAGEii)
NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE SECONDARY
COILAND PRIMARY COILOF A SELF
DESIGNED TRANSFORMER
during the academic year 20012-2013
towards partialfulfillment of credit for
the Physics practical evaluationof CBSE
2013, and submitted satisfactory report,

ascompiled in the following pages, under my

supervisionand guidance.
(Mr.ASHISH BHATTACHARYA)Department
of physicBirla Vidya Niketan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to
my Physicsteacher
Mrs. Nidhi Mehra
, f o r h e r v i t a l s u p p o r t , guidance and
encouragement, without which this projectwould
not have come forth. I would also like to
expressmy gratitude to the staff of the Physics
for their supportduring the making of this
project.

INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device which is
used forchanging the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widelyused device in both low
and high current circuit. As suchtransformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes. Inelectronic,
measurement and control circuits,transformer
size may be so small that it weight only afew tens
of grams where as in high voltage powercircuits,
it may weight hundred of tones.In a transformer,
the electrical energy transfer from onecircuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving
parts.A transformer which increases the voltages
is called a
step-up transformer
. A transformer which decreases theA.C. voltages
is called a
step-down transformer
.Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatusboth for high and low current circuits

PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of
mutual inductionaccording to this principle,
the amount of magnetic fluxlinked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in
theneighbouring coil that is if a varying
current is set-up in acircuit induced e.m.f.
is produced in the neighboringcircuit. The
varying current in a circuit produce
varyingmagnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in
the neighboringcircu
it.

CONSTRUCTION
The transformer consists of two coils. They
areinsulated with each other by insulated
material andwound on acommon core. For

operation at lowfrequency, we may have

asoft iron. The soft iron core isinsulating by
joining thin ironstrips coated with varnish
toinsulate them to reduce energy losses
by eddycurrents.The input circuit is called
primary. Andtheoutput circuit is called
secondary.

THEORY AND WORKING OF A

TRANSFORMERWhen an altering e.m.f.
is supplied to the primary coilp1p2
, an alternating current starts falling in it.
Thealtering current in the primary produces a
changingmagnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in theprimary as well as in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of
the magnetic flux linked withprimary is also
linked with the secondary, then theinduced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary
isequal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if E
p
and E
s
be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.s
induced in the primary and the secondary and N
p

andN
s
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
D / d
t
= rate of change of flux in each turnoff the
coil at this instant
we haveE
p= -Npd/dt----------------- (1)
andEs= -Ns d/dt----------------- (2
Since the above relations are true at every
instant, so bydividing 2 by 1, we getE
s
/E
p
=-N
s
/N
p
----------------(3)As E

p
is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced
inthe primary coil p
1
, so the instantaneous current inprimary coil is
due to the difference (E

E
p
) in theinstantaneous values of the applied
and back e.m.f.further if R
p
is the resistance o, p
1
p
2
coil, thenthe instantaneous current Ip in
the primary coil is givenbyI
p
=E

E
p
/R
p
E

E
p
=I
p
R
p
When the resistance of the primary is small,
R
p
I
p
can beneglected so thereforeE

E
p

= 0 or E
p
= EThus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence
equation 3 can be written asE
s
/E
p
=E
s
/ E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N
s
/N
p
= KWhere K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

E
s
> E so K > 1, hence N
s
>N
p
In a step down transformer
E
s
< E so K < 1, hence N
s
<N

p
If I
p
= value of primary current at the
same instant tAndI
s
= value of sec. current at this instant,
thenInput power at the instant t = E
p
I
p
andOutput power at the same instant = E
s
I
s
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, thenInput power = output
powerOrE
p
I
p

=E
s
I
s
Or

E
s
/E
p
=I
p
/I
s
=K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so I
p
>I

s
or I
s
< Ipi.e. current in sec. is weaker when
secondary voltage ishigher.Hence, whatever
we gain in voltage, we lose in current inthe same
ratio.Similarly it can be shown, that in a step
downtransformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain incurrent in the same
ratio.Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down thecurrent & a step down transformer
steps up the current.
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the
ratio of output power to the input power. i.e.
= output power / input power = EsIs/ EpIp
Thus in an ideal transformer, whereTHERe is no
powerlosses, = 1. But in actual practice,
there are manypower losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer isless than one.

PROCEDURE
)
Demonstrating the principle of transformer by
winding primary and secondary coil on
a steel rod
1.
Take a soft iron rod of cm and cm diameter.
Wrap thick paper on it.
2.
Wind a coil P of enameled copper wire 200
turns.
3.
Wind another coil S of thick enameled
copper wirewith 400 turns.

4.
Both coils are wound over same length of the
rod,so that almost the entire flux produced
by current inone is linked to the other.
5.
Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter.
Connect anidentical voltmeter across P also.
6.
Switch on the current in P and note voltage
acrossthe two coils
7.
Find the ratio Vp to Vs

OBSERVATIONS
1.
We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across
the twocoils is equal to the ratio of number
of turns in thecoil P to that in the coil S.i.e.,
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ---------------(1)2. The coil
P (to which AC voltage is applied) is
Called the primary and coil S (in which
AC isinduced) is called the secondary.3.Since

coil S is placed very close to the coil

P,thepower in the primary is transferred into
thesecondary through mutual induction.4. It
is clear from equation 1, that by
appropriatechoice of the turn ratio i.e.,
Np/Ns, we can obtain a
higher voltage or lower voltage in S
compared tothat in P.

ENERGY LOSSES:Following are the major sources of energy

loss in atransformer:1.
Copper loss:
is the energy loss in the form of heat inthe
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to
jouleheating of conducting wires.2.
Iron loss:
is the energy loss in the form of heat in theiron
core of the transformer. This is due to
formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by takinglaminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux:

occurs inspite of bestinsulations. Therefore,
rate of change of magnetic fluxlinked with
each turn of S
1
S
2
is less than the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with each turn of P
1
P
2
.
4:Hysteretic loss:
is the loss of energy due to
repeatedmagnetization and demagnetization
of the iron corewhen A.C. is fed to it.5.
Magneto striation:
humming noise of a transformer.

USES OF A TREANSFORMER:
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations
In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator,computer, air conditioner etc.
A step down transformer is used for
weldingpurposes.
A step down transformer is used for
obtaininglarge current.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

Instrument transformers

Instrument transformers are used

for measuring voltageand current in
electrical power systems, and for power
system protection and control. Where a voltage
or
current is too large to be conveniently used
by aninstrument, it can be scaled down to a
standardized lowvalue. Instrument
transformers
isolate measurement,protection and control
circuitry from the high currents orvoltages
present on the circuits being measured
orcontrolled.
A current transformer is a transformer
designed toprovide a current in its secondary
coil proportional to thecurrent flowing in its
primary coil.
[88]

Voltage transformers (VTs), also referred to

as "potential
transformers" (PTs), are designed to have
an accuratelyknown transformation ratio in
both magnitude andphase, over a range of
measuring circuit impedances. Avoltage
transformer is intended to present a
negligibleload to the supply being measured.
The low secondaryvoltage allows protective
relay equipment and measuringinstruments to
be operated at a lower voltages.
[89]
Both current and voltage instrument
transformers aredesigned to have predictable

characteristics onoverloads. Proper operation

of over-currentprotective
relays requires that current transformers
provide a
predictable transformation ratio even during
a short-circuit.
RF transformers
There are several types of transformers
used in
radiofrequency

(RF) work. Steel laminations are not suitable

for RF.

Air-core transformers

These are used for high frequency work. The

lack of acore means very low inductance.Such
transformers maybe nothing more than a few
turns of wire soldered ontoa printed circuit
board.
Ferrite-core transformers
Widely used in intermediate frequency (IF)
stages
in superheterodyne radio receivers.are mostly
tuned

transformers, containing a threaded ferrite

slug that isscrewed in or out to adjust
IF tuning. The transformersare usually
canned for stability and to
reduceinterference.
Transmission-line transformers
For radio frequency use, transformers are
sometimes
made from configurations of transmission
line,sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable,
woundaround ferrite or other types of core.
This style of transformer gives an extremely
wide bandwidth but onlya limited number of
ratios (such as 1:9, 1:4 or 1:2) can beachieved
with this technique.The core material
increases the inductance

dramatically,thereby raising its Q factor.The

cores of suchtransformers help improve
performance at the lowerfrequency end of
the band. RF transformers sometimesused a
third coil (called a tickler winding) to
inject feedbackinto an earlier (detector)
stagein antique regenerative radio receivers.

Baluns
Baluns are transformers designed specifically
to connectbetween balanced and unbalanced circuit
s. These aresometimes made from configurations
of transmissionline and
sometimes bifilar orcoaxial cable and are
similarto transmission line transformers in
construction andoperation.