W-Shapes | ASTM A992, Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi

S-Shapes | ASTM A36, Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi

C- and MC-Shapes | ASTM A36, Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
CONDITION
Tension

Lb d Lp
Bending

Strong
Axis

L p  Lb d Lr
Lb

Lr

Weak Axis
Shear (in strong axis)
Compression

Kl r d 800

Fy

Kl r ! 800

Fy

ASD

LRFD

RELATED INFO

0.6 Fy Ag d 0.5 Fu Ae

0.9 Fy Ag d 0.75 Fu Ae

For Ae, see Equation D3-1.

0.66 Fy S x

0.99 Fy S x

See Note 1.
L p 300 ry Fy

Use linear interpolation between Lp and Lr.

0.42 Fy S x

0.63Fy S x

0.9 Fy S y

1.35Fy S y

0.4 Fy Aw

0.6 Fy Aw

0.6 Fy Ag u 0.658P

0.9 Fy Ag u 0.658P

150, 000 Ag

 Kl r 

226, 000 Ag

 Kl r 

Lr and strengths when Lb > Lr

are given in the AISC Manual.
See Note 2.
P
2

Fy  Kl r  286, 000
2

See Note 3.

Notes:
1. Multiply equations given for Lb Lp by value in parentheses for W1490 (0.97), W1265 (0.98), and W615 (0.95).
2. Multiply equations given by 0.9 for W44230, W40149, W36135, W33118, W3090, W2455, W1626, W1214 and all Cand MC-shapes. In weak axis, equations given can be adapted by using Aw = 1.8bftf.
3. Not applicable to slender shapes. For slender shapes, use QFy in place of Fy, where Q = QsQa from Section E7. For C- and MCshapes, also check Section E4.

Basic Design Values 1

Copyright 2011
Based upon simplifying assumptions and arbitrary
limitations. Direct use of the 2010 AISC Specification
may be less constrained and less conservative.

American Institute of Steel Construction

One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700
Chicago, IL 60601
www.aisc.org
Theres always a solution in steel.

HSS | ASTM A500 grade B, Rectangular Fy = 46 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi , Round Fy = 42 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
Pipe | ASTM A53 grade B, Fy = 35 ksi, Fu = 60 ksi
CONDITION

ASD

LRFD

RELATED INFO

0.6 Fy Ag d 0.5 Fu Ae

0.9 Fy Ag d 0.75 Fu Ae

For Ae, see Equation D3-1.

Rectangular HSS

0.66 Fy S

0.99 Fy S

See Note 1.

Round HSS, Pipe

0.78Fy S

1.17 Fy S

See Note 2.

Rectangular HSS

0.36 Fy Aw

0.54 Fy Aw

See Note 3.

Round HSS, Pipe

0.18 Fy Ag

0.27 Fy Ag

See Note 4.

0.6 Fy Ag u 0.658P

0.9 Fy Ag u 0.658P

See Note 5.

Tension
Bending

Shear

Compression

Kl r d 800

Fy

Kl r ! 800

Fy

150, 000 Ag

 Kl r 

Notes:
1. Not applicable if limit at right is exceeded (see Section F7).
2. Not applicable if D/t > 2,030/Fy. (see Section F8).
3. Not applicable if limit at right is exceeded (see Section G5).
4. Not applicable if Lv/D > 75 (see Section G6).
5. For rectangular HSS, if limit at right is exceeded, use QFy in
place of Fy, where Q = Qa from Section E7.2. For round HSS
and pipe with D/t > 3,190/Fy, use QFy in place of Fy, where Q
= Qa from Section E7.2.

Basic Design Values 2

Copyright 2011
Based upon simplifying assumptions and arbitrary
limitations. Direct use of the 2010 AISC Specification
may be less constrained and less conservative.

226, 000 Ag

 Kl r 

Size Limits for

Rectangular HSS, in.*

Nominal Wall Thickness

5

/8

/2

/8

/16

/4

18 14
10
9
7
20 20
20 18 14
20 20
20 18 14
Shear
20 16
12 10 8
Compression
*Table only covers up to 64-in. periphery.
Bending

Flange
Web

Fy  Kl r  286, 000

/16

5
10
10
6

American Institute of Steel Construction

One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700
Chicago, IL 60601
www.aisc.org
Theres always a solution in steel.

/8

3 /2
7
7
4

Bolts | ASTM A325 or F1852, Fu = 120 ksi; ASTM A490 or F2280, Fu = 150 ksi
Welds | FEXX = 70 ksi
Connected Parts

Copyright 2011 by AISC

ASD

LRFD

RELATED INFO

Tension

0.38 Fu Ab

0.56 Fu Ab

--

Shear (N bolts, per shear plane)

0.23Fu Ab

0.34 Fu Ab

Multiply by 1.25 for X bolts.

Slip Resistance (Class A, STD holes)

0.12 Fu Ab

0.18 Fu Ab

Per slip plane. See Note 1.

0.6 Fu lc t d 1.2 Fu db t

0.9 Fu lc t d 1.8 Fu db t

See Note 2.

0.3FEXX Aw

0.45 FEXX Aw

See Note 3.

Tension

0.32 FEXX Aw d 0.5 Fu ABM

0.48FEXX Aw d 0.75Fu ABM

See Section J2.1a.

Compression (joint not

finished to bear)

0.48 FEXX Aw d 0.6 Fy ABM

0.72 FEXX Aw d 0.9 Fy ABM

See Section J2.1a.

Bolts

CONDITION

Bearing

Welds

Shear (all welds except CJP)

PJP
Groove
Welds

Strength equal to base metal.

Connected Parts

CJP Groove Welds

--

Tension

0.6 Fy Ag d 0.5 Fu Ae

0.9 Fy Ag d 0.75 Fu Ae

For Ae, see Equation D3-1.

Shear

0.4 Fy Ag d 0.3Fu An

0.6 Fy Ag d 0.45 Fu An

--

0.3Fu Anv  0.5U bs Fu Ant

0.45Fu Anv  0.75U bs Fu Ant

See Note 4.

0.6 Fy A

0.9 Fy A

Block Shear
Kl r d 25

Compression

Kl r ! 25

--

Same as for W-shapes with Ag = A

Notes:
1. For Class B, multiply by 1.67. Multiply by value in parentheses for SSL perpendicular to load direction (1.0), OVS or SSL
holes parallel to load direction (0.85), and LSL holes (0.7). Multiply by 0.85 if multiple fillers are used within grip.
2. For LSL holes perpendicular to load direction, multiply by 0.83.
3. For fillet welds, multiply by 1.5 for transverse loading (90-degree load angle). For other load angles, see Section J2.
4. For calculation purposes, FuAnv cannot exceed FyAgv. Ubs = 1 for a uniform tension stress; 0.5 for non-uniform tension stress.

Analysis and Design

Copyright 2011 by AISC

Simplified Method (see Note 1)

Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.

Perform first-order analysis. Use 0.2% of total story gravity load as lateral load in gravity-only load combinations.
Establish the design story drift limit and determine the lateral load required to produce it.
Determine the ratio of the total story gravity load to the lateral load determined in Step 2. For ASD, multiply by 1.6.
Multiply first-order results by the tabular value. K=1, except for moment frames when the tabular value is greater than 1.1.

Design Story
Drift Limit
H/100
H/200
H/300
H/400
H/500

0
1
1
1
1
1

5
1.1
1
1
1
1

10
1.1
1.1
1
1
1

Ratio from Step 3 (times 1.6 for ASD, 1.0 for LRFD)
60
20
30
40
50
80
100
120
1.5/1.4
1.3
When ratio exceeds 1.5, simplified
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4/1.3 1.5/1.4 method requires a stiffer structure.
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.5/1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4/1.3 1.5/1.4
1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4/1.3

K=1

Elastic Methods
(for plastic design, see Appendix 1)
First-order analysis method second-order effects
captured from effects of additional lateral load
Effective length method second-order analysis with
0.2% of total story gravity load as lateral load in
gravity-only load combinations (see Note 3)
Direct analysis method second-order analysis with
notional lateral load and reduced EI and AE (see Note 3)

Effective Length

K = 1 for all frames

(see Note 2)
K = 1, except for
moment frames
with 2nd/1st > 1.1
K = 1 for all frames

Forces and
Moments

Limitations

Reference

From analysis

2nd/1st 1.5;
Axial load limited

Appendix
7.3

From analysis
(see Note 3)

2nd/1st 1.5

Appendix
7.2

From analysis
(see Note 3)

None

Chapter C

Notes:
1. Derived from the effective length method, using the B1-B2 approximation with B1 taken equal to B2.
Rm = 0.85/1.0
2. An additional amplification for member curvature effects is required for columns in moment frames.
3. The B1-B2 approximation (Appendix 8) can be used to accomplish a second-order analysis within the limitation that B2 1.5.
Also, B1 and B2 can be taken equal to the multiplier tabulated for the simplified method above.
4. 2nd/1st is the ratio of second-order drift to first-order drift, which is also represented by B2.