FUNDAMENTAL

OF
HYDRAULIC II

Summary-Key Points on Fundamental

of Hydraulic I
a. Oil is normally pushed
into a pump, not sucked
in by the pump

b. A pump does not create

pressure, but flow only

c. Increasing flow rate brings increased speed

d. Pressure is caused by load

e. Oil always the path of least

resistance

Energy (Pressure) Loss

Oil Viscosity

Resistance to Flow due to Friction

1. The Longer the Pipe

3. The Greater the Flow

Rate

2. The Smaller the Pipe

(in diameter)

Pressure drop due to

Other Factor
Elbow

Joints
Tee Joints
Tapered Pipes

Pressure drop through

an Orifice

Energy Loss
Many pipes, joints and valves
provided in a hydraulic system

Energy Loss is
Converted to heat

Pump Efficiency:

Volumetric Efficiency
Torque (Mech) Efficiency
Over-all Efficiency

Volumetric Efficiency

Torque (Mech) Efficiency

Over-all Efficiency

Power Required to Drive the

Pump
Input HP =

Output HP
Efficiency

Pump Failure
What Decrease Pump
Effectiveness?

Drain Passage

Pump Cavitation
What does it Occur
Air in the Oil

Effects of the Implosion

Hydraulic Motor

Motor Performance
Check

Motor Efficiency
Summary

Hydraulic Cylinder

External Leakage

Sluggish action

Internal Leakage

Creeping of Cylinder

Burrs/Rust on the Piston Rod

Valves
Cracking Pressure

Full flow Pressure

Pressure Override
Pressure
Override

Flow Capacity

100%

Cracking
Pressure

Full-flow
Pressure

Cracking Pressure and Pressure Override

Full-flow pressure
100%

Flow capacity

Direct acting
relief valve

Pilot operated
relief valve
Cracking
Pressure
Pressure

100%

Which is better ?

Counterbalance Valve for UH Series

Machines (Hyd. Excavators)

Counterbalance Valve for KH series

machines (Hyd. Cranes)

Counterbalance Valve

Valve Maintenance
Keep Valves in Good
Condition

Causes of Valve
Failure

Pressure Control
Valve Relief Valve

Directional Control
Valve

GRAPHICAL
SYMBOLS

Why Graphical Diagram

Pump Symbols

Basic Symbol

Fixed Displacement
Pumps

Variable
Displacement Pumps

Actuators Symbols
Motor Symblos

Fixed Displacement
Reversible Motor

Variable Displacement
Reversible Motor

Cylinder Tube

Piston & Piston Rod

Cylinder Symbols

Double Acting Cylinder

Single Acting Cylinder

Flow Direction

Valve Symbol-2
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
Check Valve

Four-way Valve

Spool Valve

Four-way Valve
Connection

Position
Connection

Two Position-Two Connection

Two Position-Three Connection

Two Position-Four Connection

Three Position-Four Connection

Closed Center

Open Center

Actuating Control Symbol

Valve Symbols-3

Motor Spool

By-pass passage

Cylinder Spool
By-pass passage

P
T
By-pass passage

Check
Valves

By-pass passage
A

Check Valves in
Pressure Lines

T
P

A Actuator Passage
A Actuator Passage
P - Pressure Passage
T - Tank Passage

COUNTERBALANCE VALVE

(a)

(b)

FLOW CONTROL SYMBOLS

SLOW RETURN VALVES

Adjustable Flow Control

Non-adjustable

Adjustable

Check Valve
Flow is Restricted

Free Flow

Line Symbols
Working Line
Pilot Line

Drain Line

Line Joining/Passing
No Connetion

Connetion

Miscellaneous
Reservoir

Filter/Strainer
Accumulator

Vented Reservoir

Cooler

Pressurized
Reservoir
Gas Charged

Spring
Loaded

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM,
WHY CLEANLINESS ?

What is it?
Cause of Hydraulic Problems

Hydraulic Oil

Why Proper Oil?

What hydraulic oil does

b. Stable over a long period of time

a. As Lubrication

c. Anti Corrosion

e. Separating itself from air, water &

Other Contaminants

d. Resist oxidation

f. Viscosity

The Worst Enemies of a

Hydraulic System

Dirt & Contamination:

Contamination
Air
What Contamination and how
does it get into a hyd. System?

The Equipment itself

The Oil itself

Effects of Contamination

Particles

Air

Water

An Important Thing to Remember

Filter

Hydraulic Filter

Strainer

By-Pass Filter

Full-Flow Filter

Pilot Relief Valve

Location

Degree of Filtration

Hyd. Oil
Clean

Work Area Clean

The System
Clean

Maintenance of the
Hydraulic System