Sfl(tlort 21

!H. tet a and bdeootea partsbm-eand below tJt.especificatio n. resp;x:ti\'ely.

S = {aoo.oob.aba.abb.baa.bab.bba.bbbl

2-;J. tet adenoteanacoeptable pD\\'et s-.:.pply.

tet/. m.andcdenotea powers.:pply th.at OOss functioMI, minot, or oosmeticcrror. respccth\'!ly.
S= {a.f,m.c}

25-

tet y aodndenotea website ti'.at oontainssnddoes not contain banner ads.

n.e sample space is the set of a lI possible SO!QUences ofy and n of lengtlt :l4. An o:ampJe o-.:.tcome in t~.e sample spaoe isS = {yyJmynmmtynynrumyynnyy}.
27.

Sis the sample spaceofloo possible two d ig it integ6S.

211. S = {l.O,l.l,l.2,...14.0}
2lj.. S = {0,1.2 ....) in milliseoonds.

PRESS

2 3

217. Lct caodbdeooteoonoect and bu;;y, respecthl!ly. Th.e:nS = {c. be. bbc.bbbc. bbbbc. .. .).

b)

c)

c
d)

1~1. .a) l.ct S = tlt.i! oonncg.athoe integers from o to tf!.e largest integer that can bedispl a~'ed by tlti'sca!e.
l.d X deootet he wcight.
.4 is tltet'\l:nt that X> u
Sis thef!\"Cnt tf!.at X s 15 C is thef!\"Cnt tf!.at8 s X <12
S = ~O.l , :1..3... .)
b)

<:) n<X~l50rh:i,l3.14,l5~
d ) Xs

uor~O.l,!!,. ., ll}

e) S

f) .4. VCoontain; t.be values ofX sn.ch thst: X ;e 8

Ttms(.4 UC)' contains th.evalu.esofX sll:Ch t~.s t: X< 8or ~0 . 1 . !!, .... 7~
g) "
h) 8' oontains tf!.e\'alu.esofX sn.<:hthat X>

1.;. n.erefore. 8' (')Cis t.Jt.e emptyset. n.ey ha\oe oooutoomes inoom.monor fl.

i) 8 rtCis the C\~t 8 s X <12. Tlterefore,.4. U (B(')C) is thct'\'t'llt X~ 8or {8. 9, 10 ....}
2:!j. ldd .and odcoote a distorted bit and one that is oot distortcd(odeootesokay). resp.."-cth"C!y.

dddd,dodd,oddd,oodd,

S=

a)

dddo, dodo)oddo)oodo)
ddod,dood,odod,oood,
ddoo, dooo, odoo, oooo

b) No, for V(am pl eA.1(\~ = {dddd.dddo,ddOO.,ddoo}

dddd,dodd,

A,=

c)

dddo,dodo
ddod,dood

ddoo,dooo
oddd,oodd,
oddo,oodo)

..t;= odod,oood,

d)

odoo,oooo
= {dddd)

e) A1(\4.21'\"*ll'\"4

'41!"\4>)U'43'"""') = ldddd.dcdd.dddo.oddd.ddod.oodd.ddooi

2::!..5 ld Pand N denote posith~.and ncg.ati\'e, res)X\.'1hdy.

Tf!.esample spaoe is {PPP, PP!'l, Pfo.' P. NPP, PNN,:\'Pfo,' ,NNP,NNN).
(a) A=

lPPPI

(b) 8 = {N]I.I]I.'}
{<:)

.lt r.B =~

{d) .4 UB = {PPP.NNN}
:!!!]. .a) A'r.B'=lO,B=l0,.4UB =92

b)

...._,

.....

'

.,

229. .a) A'= {X I X" 7~-5)

b) B'=<x l xss~.s)

<:) A()B:{x (.;.:l,s <X< 7-2-.S}

d ) AUB=~X ~ X >O~

~-.Jl . l.etgdeoote.a good board, rna board with miootdefects. .andj .a board with major defects.
a) S= {gg.gm .g}.mg.mm.mj.Jg,Jm.JJ>

b) S=(gg.gm.gJ, mg.mm.mJ.Jg.Jm~

2-.'}3. a)

batch 2

72.5

b,jch 1

b)

bodch 2

52.5

tl&tCil1

c)

betcll 2

52.5

72.5

botch 1

d)

72.5

~-!).5.

From fl!.e multiplication rule. th.eanswer is .;x3x4x~ = 120.

~-!)7.

From fl!.emultiplicationrulc,3x4x-'x4 = 144.

2!)9. From the multiplication ruleancif:qU;Stion ~-!. fl!.eanswer is 5!5! = 14400.

2-4l. a) Ftomtqt;:ation2-4. th-enumherofs.ample.sofs.i7.efive is[

14 0

140 1

]=

5
b) Tht:rea.rt'lO

'<NI)'Sofselectingoneooooonformingc~.ipandth;erearc

oonfonnir.gchips.

c)

41696 5528

5!1 35 !

[I

30

]=

IJO! = ) 1358880 ''<I)'S ofselecting four

4 !126 !

T~.<refore. tt"'numberolsamplts thatoontaincxactlyone nonoonfonnir.gchipis I 0 x[:30] =

I I 3 588800.

n~ numberofsamplesthatoontainat leastone oonoonformir.gchip is tit<! total number ofsamples [ ~40Jminus tt~ numberofsamplts

tt~toontainno nonoonfonnir.gchips [ 130].Thatis [140 ]

7!

a) - - = 2 lsequDOESarcpos.slble.
2 !5 !

71
b) - - - - = 2520sequell<:<Sarepossible.

I !I! I !I !I !2!
c) 6! = 720 seqneooesar.: possible.

[1 30) =

14 0! - 130!
!1
5 113 5 1 5 25 1

13072 1752.

1-45. a) from t.r.e multiplication rule,10 = 1000 prftixe:sare possible.

b) From tr.e multiplication rule.8x:tx10 = 160 are possible.

c) E'l:ryarrangement ofthree:digjtsselected from fl!.e tO d ig its results ina pos.slbJe:-prdix.

10

P1

I0!
7!

= - = 720prefixesarepossible.

i--47 a) TltetotaJ nu.mberofssmplcs pcliSSible is

viscosityis

][18
]
6
!
6
=-X -18!
-=
[I J 1!5! 3!15!

24) = 24! = I0,626.n.e Ol!mberofssmplcs iowltichexactlyonetankhas high

[4
4!201

4 896.Therefore:, theprobabilitris

4896 = 0 .46 1
10626

8] = IS!
4
4!1 4!

3060.n.erefore. thereque:stcdprobabiJityis

b) Thenumberofsamplesthatoootainootank \vithhig.hvisoosityis ['

I - 3060

0.712.

10626
c)

Tt.enumberofsamples that mect the"'lwrcment.s ;s [

6 4 4
6
4
41
][ ][' ] = _ _! x - _! X.,..:-!:.:_
I

I 2

1!5! 1!3! 2!12!

2 18 4 . Therefore. t~.eprobabilityis

2184 = 0.206.
10626

~= 0.0082
1225

::!.:;j.. a) A.r.B=t70 + 443""fl0=67j.

b) .4' = ::!8 + j.6::}'"- .109""9$3- 39= 167~
c) AVB= 168.5 ""3733 ... 140$"" 2 '"-14 <>- ::!9 +46 - .l= 691.5

d) AVB' = 1685 "{28- 0)- 37~" {36;) -14) " {309- 09) " 1403

(9~- 46)" (39- 3) = 8$9

e) A' r'IB' = ~8 -1 ~ 363- 14 ... .306-19 933-46'"" 39-3 = 1578

::!.5.5 a) P(A) = 04
b) P(8) = 08
c) P\K)=0.6

d) P(AVB)= t
e) P(.-\r'l 8) = 0:2

257 a) l/U)
b) .5/10
::!59 a)

s = {1, ::!,3.4.5.6. 7.8)

b) 1/8

c) 6/8
::!~1 .

Thesamplesp<~ceis{O, ,..

2., <>- $ .a:nd'"" 4).

(a) Thef:\'t'llt t~.a t a cell has at Jeastoneofthe positive: nickel charged o ption; is {- !!., j .and"" 4}. Tf!.e probabilityisOj.S OS3 0.15 =
Ollj.
{b) The:t'\oen1 that a cell is oot composedofa positivt nickel charge greater t.l>.an ... 3 is

<o.

<>-

2-.a:nd .-. 3). Tile probabilityis0.17 .-. 0.35 ... 0.3;3

= 0.8.:;.
2~.3. jdig its bctwreno and9.sothe probabiJityofsnyt llree numbers is 1j(lolo1o).
3.
~
3
3lettersA toZ.so the probabilityof aoytbroe numbers is t/(~62.6.::!6). Tlte: prob:lbilityyour lioens.e plate isc~..os.cn is tlt..eo{J/10 )(l/ ::!6 ) = 5.7 x 10

1~5. (3) Th.enumberofpossibleo:periments is4 .11. 4 x 3 4 x 3 x 3 =52

{b) There are ,36 o:perimeots that use a ll three st eps. Tlte probabilitytlt.e best NSn!t uses aJI three steps is j6/52. = OJ>!)ij.
(c) No. it will oot change:. Withkamo u.nts io tlte firststeptt.enumberofo:pctiments isk + jk 4
oomplcteaJI three s teps i s'!).~ out ofljk. Tlte probabilityis9/ l.3 = Ofl9::!j.
1~.

9k = 1jk. Tt:.e number ofexperiments thst

a) P{A) = 30/U)O = O.jO

b) P(B) =n/ !OO=O.n

c) P(..-\') = 1- o:;o

= 0 .70

d ) P{..-\r'l 8) = 12./100 = O.i-2

e) P(AV8)=85/t00 =0.85

o ft"-v B) =92-/ 100 = 0 .92

1~.
t

a) Because ~:and E' a remuru.allyo:clushl.'f:\'f:ntssod EVE'= S

= P(S) = P(E V &') = P(E) P(E'). TJ..crcfor<. P(f:) = t - P(8)

b) Bo::.auscSand 0 .sre mutuaUyexcll!.'Sht: C\~ \\itbS = S V0

P(S) = P(S) 1'(0). Tlt<rcfore. 1'(0) = o
c) Now. 8 = AV(A'(') B)andU..eC\oentsAaod:A' r. Bare mutu:aJiyexch:sive. Tbetefore, P(8) = P(A)- P(A'r'l 8 ). Bec:.<luse P(A' r. 8) ~ 0.
P(B), P(A).

271.5 TotaJ number of pnssibletks.igns is9QO. Thessmplespaoeofa ll pnssibletks.igns t.hst may besrenoo fhoe visits. This space contains
900 o utcomes..

Tt.e. number o(outcome.; iowllic:hall fhoe\isitsaredifferent esn be obtained as follo\.,.'S. Ootlte first \is.it anyone of900 designs m3)' be seen. On t.lte second
\isit there are 89-') remaining design~. On th~ third visit tllere are 898 remaining design.<:. On the fourth and fifth \isits there are 897 ar.d 81)6 remaining
n'esigns. respecti\'cly. From the multiplication rute. the number of outcomes ~here all designs are d ifferent is qoo8t)q8t)aSQ78q6. Therefore. tlt. e
probability that a design is oot seen again is

:!73 a) F(Af""'B) =(l70+443""60)/849'J=0.0791

bl PIA'l =

<'s- 363-309 ~ m 39l/8493 = ,rm/8493 = 0.1969

c) P(A U 8) = (l685<}733""l4032l4+:!9+46 ...j)/849j = {>915/8493 = 0.814:!

d) P(AU B') = (168; 18- ;)
e) P{A' f""'8') = (:!8- 2

3733 ~ (363- 14)-{309- '9)- 1403 ~ (9j$ - 46) ~ 139- 3))/8493 = 8399/8493 = 0.9889

363-14 j06- 29 m- 46 + 39- 3V&93 = 1578,/8<$9;3 = !U858

:!-?.;. a) P(A U8\..JC) = P(A)"" P(B)- F(C). booausethe~tsarcmnrual lye:xclmi\'o:. Tl:erefore,

P(A U8'JC) = O.:l - 0~ 04 = 0:~
b) P{ANI"\C)=O.becoUS<ANI"\C= 0
c) P{AN)=O ,brea.,..AN= 0
d) P{{A UB)I"\C) = o. bec3US<~4 UB)I"\C = { .41"\C)U{BI"\C) = 0
c) P(.4'U8'\JC' )= 1-l P(A) P(B).o. F(C))=

l- (0 .~ 0~04)=0 .1

-177 a) 70/JOO = 0.70

b) (7~ ... 86-70)/100 = 0 .95

c) 1\o, P(Af""'8) H)

345 +5+ 12 362

370
370
345 +5+8 358
=-370
370

b)
c)

345/370

d)

:l-81. s) F(unsstisfactory)= {S + 10- !1)/ljO = 13/1.30

b) P(bGthcriteria sstisfactory) = ll7/ l30 = 0 .91), No

:l-Sj. RA) = n~/204 = 0-54~. P{B) = 9'J/W4 = 04.510, f't.>\ f""'8) = (40 16)j:l04 = 0 .2745

fttt U8) =it'\).._ f\:8) -llA f"'\8) = 0-5490 04510 -0.-1745 = 0 .7~

a)

b) lt4f18') = {1~ 44)/204 = O.:l745and/t-1 U8') = f(.4) ~')- /t-1 f""'B') = 0..:;4~ {l- 04510)- 0 .2745 = 0.82:).5
c) 1\:.4' U8') = 1 -

f\:-4. f"'\8) = 1 -0.2745 = 0 .7255

:l-8.5. P(A) = 43:29/2:225:!= 0 .1945. P(B) = 953/:!:225:!= 0 .04:!8, P(Af""'B) = it$.1/ :!M.S.:l = 0 .0109,
P{A() B') = {984~3103)/"'5' = 0.1837

a) 1'(,.\ U 8) = P(A) P(B)- P(Af""'B) = 0 .1945 0.0428-0.0109 = 0 .22(>4

b) P{AU 8') = P{A) ~ P{B')- P{A() 8') = 0.1945 ~ (l-0.0 428)- 0.1837 = 0.9680
c) f'(A' U 8') = 1- P(Af""'B) = 1-0.0109 = 0 .9891

:l.-87. a) F(A) = 86/100

b) P{B) = 79/100

c)

P( A IB) = P(AnB) = 70/ 100 = 70

P(B)
79 / 100 79

d)

P( BIA ) = P(An B) = 70/ 100 = 70

P(A)
861100 86

:l.Bi). let A deoote theC'X!Ot tf!.Ata leafoomplet...s theoolor transformation and Jet 8 denote t.heeo.oe:nt IJ!At a leafoompletl'.i the te:xt~:-raJ
transformation. The total number ofo:periments is :;oo.

()

243/300
P( B IA) - P(An B) _
- P( A) - (243+26) / 300

(b)

P(A iB') = P( An B') =

26/300 = 0.591
P( B')
(18+26)/300

:l-<)l. a)

l~/lOO

b) 1'J.j 'J.8

0.903

c) 34/l2:l

:l-9$. lrtA denote tlt-ceo.oent that a d olys is is high and let 8 deootet.heeo.l!nt that pntrefactinn is high. TJt.etotal number of experiments is 100.

(a)

P(B' IA) = P(An B') =

(b)

14/ 100
P( AIB) = P(An B) =
.
P( B)
( 14+59) / 100

(c)

P(A' IB') = P(A'n B')

P(B')

P(A)

18/ 100 = 0.5 625

(14+18)/ 100

9/ 100
(18+9)/ 100

O. l918
0.333

1-95. a) 20/ 100

b) 19/99
{;0/100X19/99) = 0.038
d) tftl:.echips were replaced. tl:.e probabi!ity\~ollld be( 20/l00 ) = 0 .-1.

c)

2-97.

a) P= {8- l)/(3s0-l)=O.OW

b) p = (8/:}.50) )( 1{8- l)/{:}.50 - lll = 0 .000458

C)

P={34ljj;O) X

({341- 1)/{3;0- 1)) = 0 .9547

Nn,;f8 C A.then P(AIB)=

2-10 I.

P(An B) P(B)
=--=I
P(B)
P(B)

P(An B)
(40+ 16)1204
P(B) - (40+ 16+36)1204

56
= 0.6087
92

a)

P(A!B)-

b)

P(A' IB) = P(An B)

P(B)

36 / 204
( 40+ 16+ 36)1204

c)

P( A IB') =

56/204
56
= - = 0.5
(12+44+56)1204 11 2

d)

P( B! 4) =
.

P(A n B')
P(B')
P(An B)

.) P(An B)
~-103. l P (B I A = P(A)

P(A)

36
= 0.3913
92

(40+ 16)1204
(40+ 12+ 16 + 44)/ 204

(170 + 443 +60)8493

(168 5+ 3733+ 1403) / 8493

40 + 16
= 0.5
11 2

673
= 0.0987
682 1

Also f.l!.e pmbsbilityoffailure to r ft\ver th:an 1000 wells is

, P(B n A'l
(2+ 14+29 +46+ 3)18493
P(B !A )- .,..--->-- - - -'---:-- P(B') - (28 + 363 +309+933 +39) / 8493

~ = 0.0562
1672

Lct Cdeoote t.J!.ee\'f:Ot th.st fC\~er thansoo wells a re present.

P(B!C) = P(An C)
P(C)

:!105.

a)

(2+ 14+29+46+ 3)18493

(28 + 363 + 309 + 39)18493

pt.>\(') 8) = P(.1 8)P{B)"' { 0 4 XO,s) =

~ = 0.0650
739

o.~o

b) P(A'("' 8) = 1'(.<18)1'(8) = (0.6Xo.;) = OJO

1107. l.et Fd.enote theewmt tJ!.at .:~connector fa ilsand" let W d.eootetlt.-e:C\'tnt theta connector is ,,et.
P(F) =

P(f~V)P(IV) P(+ V')P(IV')

= ( o .osXO.lO )+{O.O!X0.91)) = O.i'Jl4

~H09. let Rdeoote tlte~ tJ!.sta product exhibits surface rouglmess. Let N,A.and Wdeoote ft,t:f!\"ents that tt.e. blades are new,a\"l'f"ilge.aOO
worn. re.specthoely. Tt~D.

P(R) = P(R(N)P(N)" P(R(A)P{A) P(R(W)P(\V)

={O.OlX0.2_;) (0 .03)(6.60) + ( o .o.;XI'US)

=CJ.M.S
~-m .

a) (0.8SXO.:l7 ) = 0 .~6

b) {0 .1:lXO.lj+0.,;2) = 0.0.078
~-llj.

tet A and 8 deootethcf:\'t'llt t~.a t the first andseonod part selected P.asexoessh'l'shrinkage. respecth'Ciy.

a) 1'(8) = P(

)P(A)+ P(

11'(.<')

= {4/~Xs/2.5) ~ {.;/~)(20/2,5) = 0 .21)

b) {.et Cdeootetf!.ef:\'Cnt t~.s t the third paM selected has l".l(OCSSi\'es.hrinkage.

P(C) = P(CIAn B)P(AnB) +P(CIAnB')P(An B')

+P<CIA'n B)P(A'n B) + P(CIA'n B')P(A'n B')

3 [4][5) 4[20 ][5) 4[5][ 20]5[19]( 20 ]

= 23 24 25 + 23 24 25 + 23 24 25 + 23 24 25
= 0.20
2115.

0
large stone
small stone
overnJI summary

success

fajlure

192
81
273

71

263

6
77

87
350

75%
25%
100%

success

fDilure

sampfe size

Silmple pe.rcenta~

conditional succes.s rate

55
234
289

25

so

36
61

270
350

23%
77%
100%

69%
83%
83%

st~mp&e

size

St~mple

percentnge,

conditiont~J

suceess rnt&
73%
93%
78%

PN
large stone
small stone
overall summary

Tt.e.overaJI suocess rntedependson tJt.e snooess rates for each stone size group. but also the probabilityoftf!.egroups. {tis tf!.e weig.htedaverageoft!u:
groupsuocess rt~tewcighted bythegroupsizeas follov.'S
P{O\wall snoctSS) = P(s"llOCeSSI l argestone)~l arge stone)) .a. P(s-uooe:ssj small stone)P(s:mall stone).
For open surgery, the dominant group (large stone) has a smaller suoor.ss ratewhile for PN, the dominant group{small stone) h:asa larger suoor.ss rate.

:H17. P(A) = 43:2:~/2-i:!.S2 = 0.1945. P(8) = 953/2-i:!.S2 = 0.0428

a ) P(Afl 8) = P{,.-\ j 8)P(8) = (l42/953X9.;j./21-2.52) = 0 .0109
b) P(AU 8) = P(A) ~ P(8) - P(Afl 8) = 0 .1945 ~ 0.0428-0.0109 = 0.2264
c) F(A'U 8' ) = 1- P(Afl 8) = 1-0.0109 = 0.9891

d)

P(..-\) = P(A I B)P(B) ~ F(A I B')P(8') ={242/953X953/2:22-S2) - (408]/1l29'JX2l:!'!)9/22'2.;2) = 0.1945

:1.-u9. P(A) = (168.; 373;1-140.3)/8493 = o.SO~p. P(8) = h70 2 ~ l - 14- 29

~ 60

46- 3)/8493 = 0.0903

a ) P(Ar'l 8) = 1'(8 1A)f'( A) = (67j/6821X68;>/8493l = 0.0,92

b) P(AU 8) = P{,.-\) ~ P{8) - P(Afl 8) = 0 .80,'p ~ 0 .0903- 0 .07'1)2 = 0.8142
c) P(A'U 8') = 1- P(:\ fl 8) = 1-0.0792 = 0:0208

dl P!Al = P!A I 8JP(8l P!A 18')1'(8') = (673/767X767/B493l (6>48/77,6Xm6/8493J = 0.803>

2-121. l.et Rdeoote red oolor and Fdenote that tlte font sit.(' is oot the smallest. Tlti!n P(R) = t/4. P(F) = 4/.;. Becatse tr.e Websitesa.regtt'IE:Nited
randomJy tltese t\l!llts are iodepeodent.
Therefore, P(R() F) = P(R)P(f) = b/4)(4/Sl = 0 .2

2 1~. P{,.-\' ) = l - P(A) = 0 .7 and I'( A" 8) = 1- F(A 18) = O.i

2-12..5. a)
/VI) =

~ I A) =4/499and

~JM) . ~)It,')

= 14 / 4')9)(; I soo)(s I 499X49S I soo)

=5/500

Therefore. A a 00 8 are ne! i~odent.

b) .4aod8areindqx:nd.cnt.

:!12?. a) P(Afl 8 )= 22/100, P(A) = j0/100, P(8) = 77/100, n.-en P(Afl 8 ) $ P(A)P(B), tr..ttt:fore.Aand Bare oot independent.
b) P(8)A) = P(A() 8)1P(A) = (:>'I>OO )If30I>OO ) = 0 .733

:H:l9. {tis useful to work oncoftheseo:erciscswitheare to illustratetf!.e l a\~"'Sof probabiJity. {.et Hi deoote tl:-ee\'ent t hat t~.e ith:s.amp!e
oontaim l>~gh J e-.~sof~nta~inati ~n.
.
a) P(H1 () H2 0 ~ () H4 () H5 ) = P(H1 )P(fl, )P(~ )P(H4 )P(H5 )
by lrxiepeodeoce.Also,JV/i) = 0:9..Thetdore. ti'IA'!answcr LS0.9 = 0-59

, b) A, =(H,r'lfla()~()H4r'lH;l
A; =(H1f'\H,r'lH3 nH4 nH5,)
Aj = (H11"\ H21"\ Hjr'l ~ () H5.)
A4 =<H,nH,n~nH4nH5 l
A.;= (H1 fl H2 fl ~(I H4 fl H )
5
Thclcqucsttd probability is tr.e probabilit;'oft.Jt.e u.nionA1U A 2U ~U A4U A.; aDd fl..ese~'ellts a re mnttallyo:clush'f:.Aiso. by-independence P(.-\j) =
0.9 (0.1) = 0 .0656. n.erefore. tf!.earuv.er 1s .;(o.o6.;6) = Oj:28.

c) U:t 8 deoote tf.eel.'ent tt-.at nosam_p!eoontains high !e-.'clsofcontamination. TJ!..e l'!.l+'('St ed _probability is P(8') = 1 P(8). From p.art (a),

P(B') = 1 -0-59 = 041.

~Hjl .

(a) lt I and(; deootean infest edaOOgood sample. There are 3 ways to obtain font oonsealtivt .s.amplessh.o\rillg. t!u:s.ig,nsohft.e

infesta~on:J lliGG. GJlllG. GGill l . T"'-~ore. the probability is

jx{0.2 0 .8 ) = 0 .00:}0?2.

{b) Tlt.cre are 10 hayst oobtainthreeout of four oonst<:llti\ttsamp!esshov,.;ng tlt.esig,nsofinfesta tion. The probability is 10x(0.23 o.s3) =
0 .0409(>.
:Hjj. (a )T~.e -proba hi !ity that one teclmician obtains equivsJcoce ~t 100 ml. is o .1.
So tlte probability-that both techni cia~obta in f:<!.nivsJmcea t 100 mLisO.l = 0.01.
(b) The probabilitytl!.at ooeteclmicianobtains oqui\'aleoct b.."t\\o'OOJ,Saod l04 mLis 0.71
So tl.e probabilitytltat both technicians obtain cquiW~J eoce betv.een 98 and 104 mLis0.7 = 049.

'

(c) The probability-that the a\'el''llgc\'Oiume at equh-a!eooe from tr.e technician is 100 mLis9(0.l ) = 0.09.

[!r

:ll$.5. l.et Ad-eoote tit~~ lft.at a sample is ptoduoed ineavityoneoftr..e mold.

s) 8yb><!cpcndenoe. P(..,n .,nA3 r'lA4r'lA5 ) =

= 0.0000$.

b) l.et Sj be tlt-c~oent that a U fh'f:sa.mplcsarcprodooed inc,nity i. lkca.use tlte s sare m~tusl!y('XclllSh'f:. P{81U 8:1U ... U 8g) = P(81) ~
1'(8,) ... P(8g).
From pan a .. 1'(8; )=[!

r.

Tlrer<fore. tllcanswcds8[!

c) 8yiodcpcodence. P(A I

= 0.00024.

n A2 n A3 n A, n A~)=

"''ityoneiss. Trmtbre, tllcanswcr

nl

is s[~ ~

[!r[~ln.

oumhcrnht"""""' in wnich fouroutof6-. .. mplesar<from

0.00 I 07

2139 P(A) = ~~9/:1:2252 = O.t()tt.;. P{B) = 953/:1:22.;2 = 0.0428. P(Afl 8) = :142/2::!.2.;2 = 0 .0109
Because P(A)P(8) = {0.1945X0.0428) = 0.0083 '* 0.0109 = P(Afl 8),Aand Bare oot iodepcndmt.
l >4>. P!Al = f3's"3"s l/14TSTSl = 0.2;, 1'(8) = I4T4"3"5li(4"$'5'3"Sl = o.S,
P!An 8J = f3"4"3"sll(<"3"s"3"sl = o .2
Bo::au.se P{.-\)P(8) ={0.2..;X0.8) = 0 .2 = P(.:\ fl 8).Aaoci Bareinckpendent.

section 2-1

P(AiB )P(B )
P(BiA ) = P( AiB )P(B)
P(A)
P(AIB )P(B) + P(AIB' )P(B')
= _----=.
o:..:.4.:...:
x ..:.c
ocs:.__ = 0.s9

0.4 x0.8 + 0.2x0.2

2-145. (a) P = {o~pX0 .9]8) ~ (0.27)(0.981) ... {0.21X0.96.;)- {0.13X0:992) ... {o.o8X0.959) = 0.9Jf)j8

(b) P = (0.2 1)(0.965)

0.97638

0.207552

tet 0 deootea product that reoci\'eda good tt'\i ev..l.ct H. M.a:nd Pd.eoote products tl!..<tt wtre high. mod.."'NNte.a:nd poor perfonners,
respecth'dy.

i l47

a)

/{G)= i{G!H )JVI)-/{G I Mll~,\0- IWI ~Pl

.. 0 9.5{0 40} 0 .60(0 .3.5 )"-0 .10(0 '1.5)
.: (1.-61.5

b) UsingtlteNSult from parta.,

0.95(0.40) = 0_6 18
0.615

P( HiG ) = P( GIH ) P(H)

P(G)

P( HIG' ) = P( G'I H) P(H) = 0.05(0.40)

P(G)
1- 0.6 15

C)

0.052

~-149. lkootus follows: S =signal. 0 =organic pollntsots. V = \-olati!esohmts. C = chlorim tedoompou.Dtti.

a ) P{S) = P{S!O)P{O)- P{S!V)P{V) + P{S!C)P{C) = 0 .997{0.M)- o .m;(O.'J) 0.8')7(0.1:\) = 0 .9847
b) P<CjS) = P{SjC)P{C)fP{S) = ( O.il97X0.1J)/0.9847 = O.llS.,

!H.51. tet Ldeoote thet'\l!rlt tr..at a per:son is !.WBS.

l.d A deooteihe t'\'eot t~a~ t a person visit; Hospital 1.
l.et 8&mote t.lt.eevent that a per.soo\isits Hospital i.
tet Cdenote tf!.et!\'ent that a person,isits Hospitil3.
l.et 0 denote t.lt.eeo.oent th:ata person,isits Hospital4.

P(LiD)P( D)
P( DiL) - P(Li A)P(A)+ P(LI B)P(B)+ P(Li C)P(C)+ P(LI D)P(D)

=~~~~~~~~
(0_
. 0~
55~
9)~~~-~~
~~5~)~~--~~~~

co.o368)(0.2378J +co.oJ 86xo.J 142J + (0.0436)(0.2535> + co.o559)(o. 1945)

= 0.2540
'2-l.)j. Oeoot eas follov.--s: A= affiliat esite.S =search s ite, 8 =blue. G =green.

p SiB
(

P( BiS)P(S)
P(BIS)P(S) +P(BIA)P( A)

= -:-:--:-:-:"
( 0=-'.4"'
)(.::0.:'-'7):-:-:--=-

(0.4)(0.7) + (0.8)(0.3)
= 0.5

Suetplemefltal ExertGeS

2-1.5.5 U:t B deootet.he~tth.ata glass breaks.

l.et l.dmotet.Jt.e event that large p.!lckaging is used.
P{B) = P(Bji.)P{l.) + P{Bji:)P{t:)
.. 0 .0!(0.60) ... 0.02{040) = 0.014

!H57. letA = o:cel!cnt su.rfilttfinish; 8 = o:cel!cnt l ength.

a) P(A) = 8i/lOO = O.B.i

b) P(B)= 90/100 = 0 .90

c) P(A")=l -0.82=o.l8
d ) P(A() B)= 80/100 = 0.80
i!) P(A

8) = ~ .9::!:

P(A.UB)=0.9Jl

.il.S9 I f A,B,Care mutv.ailyo:clu.si'-'!. t.Jt.en P{ AV 8 V C) = P(A) ... P{B)- P(C) = Oj +!14 - !1..; = l .i. wh.ichgreater t.hanl. Therefore. P{A).

P(B).and P(C)ca.nnot tnaJ tlt.egi\l!OvaJ!les.

'2-l6l. {a) P(th.~ first one selected is not ionized)= 2.0/lOO = 0 .::!:

(b) P(tt.eseoond is oot ioniz.edghl!n the first one\\-as. ionized)= .iOf< = 0 .2.0:!
(c) P(bothareionit.ed)
= P(th.~ first one selected i s i onized) x P(th.o:sooond is iooiudg.h'f!fl the first ooe.was i onized)
= (80 /100))( {79/99) .. ().(~8
{d) l f ssmpless.elected "'ere replacOO prior to t lw: nv:t selection,
P(theseooOO i.s not i oniud gh 'i:ntlte first one was ioniud) = 'i0/ 100 = 0.2.
n.e C\oentoftft..i! first selection and ibe t'\'ttlt oftl'.e .secood selection a re indepmdent.
'2-l6,l. a) P(..-\) = 0.!13

b)

P(A.) = 0.97

c) P{BIA) =040
d) P(B!A.) = i).O_;

e) I'{ A () B)= I'{ B!A )P(A) = (040XO.OJ) = 0.012

0 I'{ A() B .)= I'{ B' lA )P{A) = (0.60XO.OJ) = 0 .018
g ) P(B) = P( B!A )P(A) P( BfA .)P(A.) = (040X0.03) +(O.O;X0.97) = 0.0(>05

1PO

2.-16..;. {a) P= 1--{1-0.002.)

l
2
(b)

P=0 (0.998

= 0 .18143

)0.002 = 0 .005976
100 10

{c) P= 1-l(l-c).i)O:l)

= il.86494

,
, ~H67. l.et Ai denote thee-vent that t.J!f ith readback issltOO!'.SSful. Byiode-pend..."'llle,
P(Al 1""'1A:!1"1Aj) = P~ltl )P(A2)PfA_:J) = (0.02) = 0.000008.

2.-169. (a) .4 1"18 =so

(b)B=37

(c) .4UB =93

~H7t . lt Dj &note the~t that the prima ryfaiJu.re mode i.s type i and let A &oote tf!.et'\..-:nt that a board passes the tes.t. The sample space isS

= M.,A. 0 1 .4.' D2.if D ,A' D4.4' D ) .

3
5
i 173 -a) P(A) =-l9/l00 = 0 .19
b) P(Af"' 8) =.15/100 = 0 .15

c) P(AV8) ={19 .... 9-5-l5)/UlU=U.'!}-)

d ) P(A' 1"1 8) = SO/JOO = 0.80
e) P(AfB) = P(A() 8)/P{B) = 0 .158

::!.175 a) No. P<E1(') F-2(') Ej,) :\ o.

b) No,E.1' (') E.::!.'isooHJ.
c) P(f>1'U E,' U E:)'l = P{f>J')" P(E, ') " P!E:)'l- P(f>!' () E, ') P(E1' () 8:)~ P(E,' () E:)'l" P(E1' () E,' () E:)'l = 40/ :140

d) P(E1r'\ E,r'\ f~) = 200/ :140

e) P(F.1U Ejl = P(E1) - P(F-3)- P(E1r'\ f-3) = :134/ :140

P(E1U E,U E,jl = 1- P(E1' () E,'() ~') = 1-0 = 1

::!.177. tet Ai denote tf:.CE'\l:llt t".at tlt~ ith: bolt selected is oot torqnOO. to t.Jt.e proper limit.
a) TJt.en,

P(A 1n A 2n

A3 n A4 ) =

P(A4 !A1 nA 2 IIA 3)P(A 1 IIA2 11 A)

= P(A4 !A1 nA 2 nA 3)P(A3 ~< 1 n A2 )P(A2 !A1 )P(A 1)

~ ~

= [: ][: ][:: ][

~~ = 0.282.

b) tet 8 denote the~t that at least oneoftltesclt\":ted bolts are oot properlytof"<ll+'ed. Tft.liS, 8' is t.Jt.eE'\'E'nt that aJI bolts are properly

torqued. Then,

2] = 0. ,d 8.
P(B) = I - P(B') = I- [ 15)[14][13][1
(9 lS )7
20
~!-!79. A1 = bytelephooe,A2 =website: P(Al) = 0.9::!. P(A2) = 0.9.;:
Byindt'prndenct P(AlU A::!_)=- P(Al)'"' P(..\a)- P(.o\l(') A::!_) = 0.9::!. - 0.9.; - 0 .92{0.9.;) = 0 .9!)6.

::!.-181. tet 0 denote the C\~t t.Jt.at a container is inoorrectlyfilled and let H deootethcE'\'t'llt t~.a t a oontaioer is fi lled undcr l;ig.h-spood operotion.
Then,
a) P(O) = P(DIH )P(H)" P(D)H")P(ff) = O.O!(OJO), 0.00!(0.70) = 0.0037

P(H

b)

!D ) = P(D IH )P(H ) = 0.0 1(0.30) = 0_8 1OS.

0.0037

P(D)

a)

P(D= I)= [-][72)

- + [73][
-- ] + [73
-][72
-][-2=
2 ][72
] 0.0778
2 ](73
75 74 73
75 74 73
75 74 73

b)

7
7
7
P(D=2)= [2][-1
][
3]+
[2][
+
[
3][-']
75 74 73
75 74 73
753][2][-1
74 73]= 0.00108

c) l.et A represent l.ttf!\'E'trt that tlt.e two items NOT inspected are oot def:ti\'c. n.en.
P(A) = b:J/7.;X7i/ 74) = 0.947.

,.,ss. a)

{O.:)XO .~~X0 .98Sl " {0.7X0.98XO.W) = 0 .~64

b)

P(rourel E) =

P( Eiroutei )P(routel)

P(E)

0.02485(0.30)
= 0.3 159
1- 0.9764

::!187. l.et /l j denote t.t'..eeYent tr.at the ith:wss.her stlectedis thicker tr.an target.

a)

29 ][28] = 0.207
[ 30)[
50 49 48

b) 30/48 .. 0.625

c) Tl:e req1:ested probabilitycan bewriuen in termsofwl:rt~.eror oot the first and s.eonod wasJ!.erselecteda:re t.Jt.Jcker tlt.an the target. That
is.

][.!2.][

30)[ 29][ 28] + [30 ][ 20][ 29] + [ 20)[ 30][ 29] + [ 20

30 = 0.60.
[ 50
49 48
50 49 48
50 49 48
50 49 48
2-189.

a)

P(A u B)= I 12+ 68+246 = 0.453

b)

246
P( An B )= - = 0.262
940

c)
d)

940

P( A' UB ) = 514 + 68+ 246 = 0.88 1

940
P(lf n B')= 514 = 0.547
940

e)

P(A !B)= P(A u B) = 246/ 940 = 0.78 3

P(B)
314 / 940

t)

P(B!A) = P(Bn A) = 246/ 940 = 0.687

P(A)
358 / 940

::!.-191. l.e1.4i deootetJt.e e\~nt that the itn tO\\ operates. Then.
P(A,) = 0 .98.P!Ao) ={0.99X0.99) = 0 .9801,P(A3l = 0.9801, 1'(.....)

= 0.98.

Tr.e probability the cim:.it does not operate is

~t'1

lit'<> )Jt4~ )Jt'\t) = {o.g;Xo.<ll99X0.0199XO.OO)

: l,s8XU)

(b) P = {1- 0.9.3X1- 0 .91)l1- 0 .97Xl-0.9Q)(l- o.91)X1- 0 .9:}) = a.(>46x 10

-8

{c) P = 1- (l - 0.91)(1 -0.97)(1- 0 .9 0) = O :!>~m3

7

::!.195 {a) .}6

{b) Number of p.."'tlnutatiomofsix letters is ::!.-6 Nuty,ber ofw-ays to select one number = 10. Number of positions among tr.esi>: letters to

platt tft.eooe number= 7. Number of passwords= ::!.6 x 10 x 7.

5
(c) ::!6 10

~-197. (a) letAdeooteth.at a partoontOrms tospecificationund let Bdeootea simplcoomponent.

For supplier 1:
P{A) = !<}8.~/1000 = M94

For supplier~ :
I'<Al = 19!)0/ zooo = o .99s
{b)

For supplier 1: P(AlB.) = 9!)0/!000 = 0 .99

For supplier~ : P(..;\!8.) = 394/400 = 0 .91).:;
{c)

For supplier 1: P(Af8) = ~/1000 = 0 .998

For supplier~: P(AIB) = ts(}&/1600 = 0 .997.5
{d) TlteunUSt!AI result is that for both a simp!eoomponentand for a oomplex assembly. supplier 1 h:asa greater probabilityth:ata part
oonforms to specifications. HO\\'tl.'er.supplier 1 has a lower probabilityofoonfonnanoeCM!taU. TJ!.eo\Willl oonforming probabilityd'epeods
on bothtt.e:oonfonning probabilityof eaclt pa.rt type and also tft.e probabiJityofeach part type.Supplier 1 prodllCES moreoftt.e:oomplo:
partssot.hato~ll oonfonnanoefromsupplier 1 is lo,<~er.

!H99. l.et ndeoote the number of washers selected.

a) The probabiJitythat none arc thicker. that is.all are less thantlte target is04

byiod.cp..~""nce. The fOllowing

0 .4"

ll

0.4

2
3

0. 16
0.064

T'*:tefore. n = 3
b) Tft.e requ-ESted probability is theoomplcmcnt oft.r.e proOObilityrequ.csted in part a ). Therefor-e. n = 3
~ -::l:Ol .

tet Edeootethee>.l!nt that noneoftlte bolts are identified as inoorrectlytorquOO.

tet Xdenote t!bc number of bolts in the s.:~mplc that are incorrect. Tlte N:qtestcd pmb:tbilityis P(E"). Then.
P{E) = P{E!X = o)P{X = 0 ) P{E!X = 1) P{X = 1) P{E!X = 1) P{X = 1) P{E!X = 3) P{X = ;)) P{E!X = 4) P{X = 4)
and F(X = o) = hs/ :!O Xl4/ l9XJ3/t8)(J:!/l7) = 0 .:!817.
The remainin& probability for Xcan be determined from tr.eoounting metitods. Then

5!15! 4!16! = 0.4696

4 !3!12!201

P{X.= 4) = {.;/ 10X4/:19X:J!>BX1/ 17) = 0.0010. P{f!j X= 0) = 'ct;1E I X=!)= 0 .05.

_6
4
P(E j X =~) =O .OS .::O.OO:!.S,P(E!X=J)=O.OS =l.::l:,;Xt0-4 .P(f. I X=-4)=0 .0~ =6.25x10 .Th.en.
run= l (0 .~8l7)+0 .0.!j (0 46!)6)'"'0 .00:!.5{0 .:!l67)"'la.5xlO {O.Oj09)'"-6.!l..:;Xl0 {0.00!0)
.:: OJ06
sndi'{E.)=O.fi94
~ -:!0$.

Tltetotal sam_plesizeiska ... a ... kb b = {k J)a {k +l)b. Therefore

F(A =
k(a + b)
F(B =
ka + a
) (k + 1)a + (k + 1)b'
) (k + 1)a + (k + l)b
and

P(AnB) =

ka
(k + 1)a + (k + 1)b

ka
(k + 1X(I + b)

Tl>en.

P(A)P(B) =

k(a + bXka + a)
[(k + 1)a + (k + J)bf

k(a + bXk + !)a =

ka
2
2
(k + J) (a + b)
(k + JXa + b)

P(A n B)

result$ aN obtained: