K : Kimia

I : Itu
M : Mudah
I : In Sya Allah /
Pasti
A : A+
NAMA:..............................................
TINGKATAN:...................................
Worksheet
1
0

Fast (F) or Slow (S) reactions? Write F for the fast reaction and S for the slow reaction.
1.

6.

Striking a match

2.

Fading of dyes on a shirt under

hot sun
A piece of paper turning yellow

7.

Rusting of a water pipe

3.

Frying an egg

8.

Ripening of tomatoes

4.

The weathering of limestone by

acid rain
Burning of petrol in a car engine

9.

Digesting food

5.

10. Cooking a chicken using

microwave oven

WORKSHEET 1
Catalyst is a substance which a chemical reaction while it remains ... at the end of the reaction. Catalyst
lowers the energy.
(b) Special characteristic of catalyst
Catalyst alters the of a chemical reaction.
The of products formed remain unchanged with or without the catalyst.
Volume of
hydrogen
released/cm3

Without catalyst

Only a amount of catalyst is needed make a change in the rate of reaction.

Increasing the amount of catalyst used generally will .the rate of reaction.
Catalyst may undergo .. changes.
Time/s
1

Catalyst remains unchanged during the reaction.

The and chemical composition of the catalyst remain the same before and after the reaction.
Most catalyst are elements or compounds of transition elements such as iron, nickel and copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 .
WORKSHEET 2
Experiment to investigate the effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
Problem statement:

Hypothesis:

Variables:
(i) manipulated variable:
(ii) responding variable:
(iii) fixed variable:
Apparatus:

Materials:

Procedure:

Observation:
Test tube
A

Observation

Discussion:
1. What is the effect of manganese(IV) oxide on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution?

2. What is the function of manganese(IV) oxide in this experiment?

3. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in this experiment.

4. Will the mass of manganese(IV) oxide change at the end of the reaction in test tube B?

Conclusion:
3

WORKSHEET 3
State and briefly discuss two industrial processes that make use catalyst. [8 marks ]
(i) Haber process is a chemical process to produce from
nitrogen and hydrogen gas. The equation of this process is :
...
The suitable condition of reaction are:
temperature :
pressure : ..
catalyst :
(ii) process is a chemical process of synthetisising sulphuric
acid. The equation of stage III for this process is:..
The suitable condition of reaction are :
temperature :
pressure : ..
catalyst : ..

WORKSHEET 1
Effect of concentration
Aim : To investigate the effect of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution on the rate of reaction.
Equation : ..

* The higher the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution, the the time taken.

The higher the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution, the the time taken.

1/ t is
The higher the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution, the the 1/time
WORKSHEET 1

Experiments to investigate the rate of reaction.

(i) Effect of size of reactants
Aim : To investigate the effect of size of reactant in an experiment between marbles and
hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction.
Equation : ..

Volume of gas (cm3)

Expt 2

Expt 1

Experiment 1 : CaCO3 chips

Experiment 2 : CaCO3 powder

The curve of experiment 2 is . than experiment 1.

The rate of reaction of experiment 2 is than experiment 1
The smaller the size of reactants, the . the total surface area,
the . the rate of reaction.
WORKSHEET 2
One kilogramme of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to cook compared to one kilogramme of meat cut into small piece.

Meat cut into small pieces, have .. size compare to the meat cut intobig
pieces. The the size, the bigger the .
of the meat, hence the the rate of reaction.

WORKSHEET 1
7

An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of
reaction. 50cm 3 of sodium thiosulphate solution 0.05
mol dm-3 at 30oC was put into a 250cm3 conical flask. Then the conical flask was placed on an X sign on a piece of white paper.
10cm3 of hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm-3 was added to the sodium thiosulphate solution and shaken. At the same time, the stop watch was
started. The stop watch was stopped as soon as the X sign was no longer visible.
The same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium thiosulphate solution which was heated to 35oC, 40oC, 45oC and 50oC.
Figure 1 shows the readings of the stop watch for each of the reaction at different temperatures.

Time, t1 _________ s

Time, t2 _________ s

Time, t3 _________ s

at 30 C

at 35 C

at 40 C

Figure 1

Time, t4in
_________
(a) Record the time for each reaction
the spacess provided in Figure 1.[3 marks]

at 45 C

Time, t5 _________ s
at 50 C

(b) Construct a table and record temperature, time and 1/time for this experiment.

[3 marks]

(c) (i) Draw a graph of temperature against 1/time on the graph paper. [3 marks]
(ii) Based on the graph in c(i) , state the relationship between the rate of reaction and temperature.
....................................................................................
........................................[3 marks]
(d) Predict the time taken as soon as the sign X to be not longer visible if this experiment is repeated at 55oC.

[3 marks]
(e)(i) State the variables involved in this experiment.
Manipulated variable:
Responding variable:
Constant variable:
[3 marks]
(ii) State how you would manipulate one variable while keeping the other
variables constant.

[3 marks]
(f) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

[3 marks]

(g) From the above experiment, the student found a relationship between temperature and rate of reaction. The same situation can be applied in
our daily lives, for example, keeping food that is easily spoiled in the refrigerator. Using your knowledge of chemistry, state the relationship
between temperature and the rate at which food turns bad.
...................................................................................
[3 marks]

INSTRUCTION CARD
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREQUENCY OF EFFECTIVE COLLISION AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE
OFREACTION Temperature
Number of particles and volume of a container is the same , but different in temperature (one person acting likes in the
temperature of 800C and the other student acting likes in the temperature of 300C) .

HEAT (800C)

350C

*What happens ??? What is your explanation ????

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INSTRUCTION CARD
10

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREQUENCY OF EFFECTIVE COLLISION AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF
REACTION Concentration/Pressure(gas reactant)
Number of particles are different , but have same volume.
Think Which one has higher frequency of effective collisions ??

What is you explanation ???

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INSTRUCTION CARD

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREQUENCY OF EFFECTIVE COLLISION AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF
REACTION Size of solid reactant
Take one block of plasticine and form a 2cm x 2cm x 2cm cube and put it in a beaker containing 5 model atoms (A).
Take another one plasticine block and form a cube with the same volume in (i) .
11

Then , cut the cube to form smaller cubes (1cm x 1cm x 1cm). Put it in a beaker containing 5 model atoms (B) .
Swirl those beakers and compare the number of collisions happens between the plasticine and model atoms .
What we can conclude from this activity ???
INTER-RELATION BETWEEN SIZE OF PARTICLES
AND TOTAL SURFACE AREA

2 cm
2c
m
cm

2 cm

TOTAL SURFACE AREA

8 smaller cubes forms

= 1 cm x 1 cm x 6 x 8
= 48 cm2

B
What is you explanation ???

12

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INSTRUCTION CARD
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREQUENCY OF EFFECTIVE COLLISION AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF
REACTION

Presence of catalyst
Take one box with the hole in the middle . Put the cardboard in the hole ,act likes the hurdle between 2 area of the box(about 10cm
length) - situation A.
Put about 8 model atom in one of the area of the box.
Shakes the box and see how many of the atom moves to the other side of the box and jot down .
Then , replace the cardboard with another cardboard which has shorter length(about 5 cm length)-situation B
Repeat the same procedure as before.

10 cm
5 cm
13

Situation A

What is you explanation ??? What do you think the block represent in this activity ??
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INSTRUCTION CARD
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREQUENCY OF EFFECTIVE COLLISION AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF
REACTION Pressure
Number of particles are the same , but have different volume of the container of the reaction (different pressure) .
Think
Which one has higher frequency of effective collisions ??

Situation A
14

Situation B

What is you explanation ???

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------According to Kinetic Theory of Matter,

For chemical reaction to occur, particles of . must

collide with each other.
Not all collisions result in chemical reaction.

The number of effective

collisions in one second is
called the
..

15

COLLISION
THEORY

According to collision theory, only those

collisions which have the following:
(i) with orientation and
(ii) posses amount of
energy called Ea ,
will result in chemical reaction.
Collisions of particles of reactants that result in
chemical reaction is known as
.

EFFECTIVE COLLISION
Effective collision is collision which
achieved

ACTIVATION ENERGY
Activation energy is the
amount of energy of collision that is required
for to react or to produce
.

ACTIVATION ENERGY can be visualised by ENERGY PROFILE DIAGRAM

16

EXOTHERMIC REACTION

1. SIZE OF REACTANT

17

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

2. CONCENTRATION OF REACTANT

EXPLANATION ON FACTORS
AFFECTING RATE OF REACTION
USING COLLISION THEORY

3. TEMPERATURE OF REACTION
4. PRESSURE

5. PRESENCE OF CATALYST
Hand out 1
Observation

18

How vigorous is the reaction?

(tick a or X)

Colour of the metal oxide

(residue)

Inference

Metal
Does the metal
burn brightly ?

Does the
metal
burn

Are there Does the metal

sparks?? glow?

When it is hot

When it is
cold

1.Magnesium
2.Zinc
3.Iron

4.Lead

5.Copper

Hand out 2
Discussion
1. Name the residue formed for each metal.
19

Metal use

Residue name

1.Magnesium
2.Zinc
3.Iron
4.Lead
5.Copper
2. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between each metal and oxygen,O2.
Metal use

Chemical equation

1.Magnesium
2.Zinc
3.Iron
4.Lead
5.Copper
3. Arrange the metals in an ascending order of reactivity with oxygen.
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the function of glass wool?
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Complete the chemical equation below. State the reaction occur or not.
20

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
1.

Carbon +
Carbon +
Carbon +
Carbon +
Hydrogen +
Hydrogen +
Hydrogen +
Hydrogen +
Magnesium +
Copper +
Zinc
+
Magnesium +

zinc oxide
magnesium oxide
aluminium oxide
copper (II) oxide
magnesium oxide
zinc oxide
silver oxide
aluminium oxide
zinc oxide
magnesium oxide
aluminium oxide
aluminium oxide

Label the diagram for the experiment to determine the position of carbon in Reactivity Series.

2. Record the observation for the reaction between metal oxide and carbon.
Reaction
Observation
Copper(II) oxide, CuO and carbon
Magnesium oxide ,MgO and carbon
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 and carbon
21

Inference

Zinc oxide, ZnO and carbon

3. Complete the table below.
Reaction

Chemical equation

Substances
oxidized

Copper(II) oxide and carbon

Magnesium oxide and carbon
Aluminium oxide and carbon
Zinc oxide and carbon

1.

Label the diagram for the experiment to determine the position of hydrogen in Reactivity Series.

22

reduced

2. Complete the inference based on the observation given.

Reaction
Hydrogen + Copper(II) oxide
Hydrogen +Zinc oxide
Hydrogen +Lead(II) oxide
Hydrogen +Iron(III) oxide

Observation
The colour of copper (II) oxide change from
black to brown.
The colour of zinc oxide change from white
to yellow when hot and white when cooled
again
The colour of lead (II) oxide change from
yellow to brown when hot and grey when
cooled again.
The colour of iron (III) oxide change from
brown to grey

Inference

Chemical equation

Substances

3. Complete the table below.

Reaction

oxidized
Hydrogen + Copper(II) oxide
Hydrogen +Zinc oxide
Hydrogen +Lead(II) oxide
Hydrogen +Iron(III) oxide
Oxidation and reduction
No

Term
23

Explaination/activity

reduced

Compare the differences in

the vigour of the reactions
of some metals with
oxygen.

Draw a labeled diagram for

the experiment to compare
the reactivity of metal with
oxygen

Explain why burning of

magnesium in oxygen

Metal

Observation

Magnesium

Burns with very quickly with bright flame

Zinc

Burns quickly with bright flame

Iron

Glows with very brightly

Lead

Glows brightly

Copper

Glows dimly

Term
Determine the position of
carbon in the reactivity
series of metals,

24

Less reactive

Chemical equation

Element
Magnesium
Oxygen
3.3 Understanding the reactivity series of metals and its application
No
4

Arrange the metal

from most reactive to
the less reactive
Most reactive

Change of oxidation number and type of reaction

Mixture

Explaination/activity
Observation

Carbon + copper (II) oxide

Carbon + zinc oxide
Carbon + lead (II) oxide
Carbon + magnesium oxide

The black mixture burns quickly with a bright flame

The mixture glowed very brighty
The mixture glowed brighty
No change

Position of carbon in
reactivity series
Most reactive

Less reactive
5

Draw a labeled diagram for

the experiment to determine
the position of carbon in
reactivity series.
Explain why reaction of
carbon with copper (II)
oxide is redox reaction

Chemical equation
Type of reaction
Oxidation

Why

reduction
7

Determine the position of

hydrogen in the reactivity
series of metals,

Metallic oxide

Observation

Copper (II) oxide

Zinc oxide

Copper (II) oxide burns brightly

Zinc oxide does not burn or glow.
Colour tuens from white to yellow
when it is hot
Iron (III) oxide glows dimly, leaving
a grey residue

Iron (III) oxide

8

Draw a labeled diagram for

the experiment to determine
the position of hydrogen in
reactivity series.

State what the reactivity

series of metals are,
Write the Reactivity Series
25

Position of hydrogen in
reactivity series
Most reactive

Less reactive

of Metal

10

Describe the extraction of

iron from iron ores,

Most reactive
Stage
Production of carbon dioxide

Production of carbon monoxide

Reduction of iron ore to iron

11

Describe the extraction of

iron from iron ores,

Removal of impurities
Stage
Reduction of tin

12

use the reactivity series of

metals to predict possible
reactions involving metals.

Reaction
Magnesium + copper (II) oxide
Zinc + magnesium oxide

Less reactive
Reaction
Burning of coke
Decomposes of
limestone
Reaction of carbon
dioxide with coke
Reduced by carbon
monoxide
Reduced by coke
(carbon)
Formation of slag
Reaction
Reduced by coke
(carbon)
Reduced by carbon
monoxide
Occur/ not

Chemical equation

Chemical equation

Explaination and chemical equation

Redox reaction in chemical cells

Explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various chemical cells.

26

Electrode
Terminal
Reason
Movement of electron
Selected ions to discharge
Half equation
Observation
Change of oxidation number
Type of reaction
Type of agent
Reason
Type of electrode
Overall equation
27

Zinc

Copper

Redox reaction in electrolytic cells

Explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrode.
Example 1

Dilute copper (II) chloride solution was electrolyzed using carbon electrode.
Ion in electrolyte
Electrode
Attracted ions
Ion selected to discharged
Reason
Half- equation
Observation
Change of oxidation number
Type of reaction
28

Type of agent
Reason
Overall equation

Anode (anion electrode )

Cathode ( Cation electrode )

Example 2

Concentrated sodium
(II) chloride solution
Concentrated zinc chloride solution was electrolyzed using carbon electrode.
Ion in electrolyte
Electrode
Half- equation
Attracted ions
Observation
Ion selected to discharged
Change of oxidation number
Reason
Type of reaction
29

Type of agent
Reason
Overall equation

Anode (anion electrode )

Cathode ( Cation electrode )

Example 3
Dilute
chloride
electrolyzed
copper

Ion in electrolyte
Electrode
Attracted ions
Ion selected to discharged
Reason
Half- equation
Observation

30

Change of oxidation number

Type of reaction
Type of agent

Anode (anion electrode )

Cathode ( Cation electrode )

copper (II)
solution was
using
electrode.

Reason
Overall equation

Comparisons between electrolytic cell and voltaic cell cells in terms of basic structure, energy conversion and the transfer of electrons at the
electrodes and with reference to the oxidation and reduction processes.
.Charactheristic

31

Electrolytic cell

Voltaic cell

Example of set up of cell

Electrode
Structure

Usage of electricity
sources
Connection

Conversion of energy
Movement of electron
The reaction (in term of
electron transfer) occurs at
both electrode

Anode

Type of reaction
REDOX REACTIONS
12.1 Analysing redox reactions
32

Cathode

Negative terminal (anode)

Positive terminal (cathode)

12.1.1 The definition of redox reaction

A reaction where both oxidation and reduction occur at the same
time
Mg is oxidized (gain oxygen)
CuO is reduced (loss oxygen)

H2S is oxidized (loss hydrogen)

Cl2 is reduced (gain hydrogen)

Mg + CuO
MgO + Cu
Mg + CuO
Cu + Cu
Mg + CuO MgO + MgO
Mg + CuO
MgO + Cu
Reducing agent

H2S + Cl2
S + 2HCl
H
S
+
Cl
S + 2HCl
2
2 S +
H2S + Cl
2HCl
2
H2S + Cl
S
+
2HCl
2
Reducing agent
Oxidising agent

Oxidising agent
Gain of oxygen

Loss of hydrogen

Loss of oxygen

Oxidation

Loss of electron

Gain of hydrogen

Increase of oxidation number

Reductionn

Reducing agent
Reducing agent
Mg
Mg

Mg2+ 2++ 2e
Mg + 2e

Gain of electron

Oxidising agent
Mg atom loss 2 electron to form Mg2+
ions
Cl2 + 2e
Cl2 + 2e

2Cl- 2Cl

33
Chlorine molecule gain 2 electron to
form 2 chloride ion, Cl - ions

Decrease ofZn + 2HCl

Zn + 2HCl
oxidation number

Oxidation number
of Zn = 0
Zn + 2HCl
Zn + 2HCl

ZnCl2 + H2
ZnCl2 + H2
Oxidising agent
Oxidation
number of Zn =
+2 ZnCl + H
2
2
ZnCl
+ H
2
2

Oxidation number of H =
+1

Oxidation number of H
= 0

Redox Reaction in terms of loss or gain oxygen, hydrogen, electron and change of oxidation number
Example

Explaination

1. Magnesium gains oxygen to form magnesium oxide

2. Magnesium is said to be oxidized to magnesium oxide
34

Mg + CuO

H2S + Cl2

Mg + Cl2

MgO + Cu

2HCl + S

MgCl2

Zn + 2HCl

35

ZnCl2 + H2

3. Magnesium is a reducing agent

4. Copper(II) oxide, CuO loses its oxygen to form copper metal.
5. CuO is a oxidizing agent.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Hydrogen sulphide loss hydrogen to form sulphur

Hydrogen sulphide is said to be oxidized to sulphur
Hydrogen sulphide is a reducing agent
Chlorin, Cl2 gain hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.
Cl2 is a oxidizing agent.

The rules in assigning oxidation number

36

Example
Atom - Na, Mg, Zn,
Molecules H2, O2, Cl2, N2

Example
Atom - Na, Mg, Zn,
Molecules H2, O2, Cl2, N2

Example
NaCl oxidation no = -1
MgBr2 oxidation no =
-1

37

Example
KMnO4 (+1)+Mn + 4(-2)
=0
NaHBr (+1) +(+1) +(-2)
=0

Example
H2O oxidation no = +1
but NaH oxidation no =
-1

Example
H2O oxidation no = -2
but H2O2 oxidation no
= -1

Example
MnO4- Mn + 4(-2) = -1

Cr2O42- - 2Cr + 4(-2) = -2

EXERCISE 1
1. (a) Give four ways to define oxidation
__________________

______________________

Oxidation
___________________

_______________________

(b) Give four ways to define reduction

__________________

______________________

Reduction
xidation
___________________
(c) State two example of oxidizing agent

_______________________
(d) State two example of reducing agent

2. Calculate the oxidation number of the underlined elements and complete the table.
Name of
38

Chemical formula of

Oxidation number for

IUPAC Name of Compound

Compound

Compound

Copper monoxide

Cu2O

Ferrous hydroxide

Fe(OH)2

PbO2

Potassium
permanganate

Type of Redox Reaction

39

KMnO4

underlined element
Copper(I) oxide

Lead(IV) oxide

Change of iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions and vice versa

40

Diagram

Half equation

Oxidation: Fe2+
Reduction: Br2 + 2e

Ionic equation

2Fe2+ + Br2

Explain

Iron(II) ions loses one electron and

is oxidized to form iron(III) ions.
The oxidation number increases
from +2 to +3.
Fe2+ ions act as reduction agent.
Br2 acts as oxidation agent

Iron(II) ions loses one electron and is

oxidized to form iron(III) ions. The
oxidation number increases from +2 to +3.
Fe2+ ions act as reduction agent.
Br2 acts as oxidation agent

Observation

Green solution change to brown.

Brown precipitate is formed when
NaOH solution is added.

Brown solution change to green.

Green precipitate is formed when NaOH
solution is added.

41

Fe3+ + 2e
2Br-

2Fe3+ + 2Br-

Oxidation: Zn
Reduction: 2Fe3+ + 2e

2Fe3+ + Zn

Zn2+ + 2e
2Fe2+

2Fe2+ + Zn2+

Displacement of metal from its salt solution

Electrochemical Series - an arrangement of metals based on the tendency of each metal atom donate electron to form a positive ion.
Electrochemical Series (ECS)

Tendency of metal to
release electron
increases

K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au

K+ + e
Na+ + e
Ca2+ + e
Mg2+ + e
Al3+ + e
Zn2+ + e
Fe2+ + e
Sn2+ + e
Pb2+ + e
H+ + e
Cu2+ + e
Hg2+ + e
Ag+ + e
Au+ + e

Tendency of ions to
receive electron
increases

More electropositive metal will displace a less electropositive metal from its salt solution
Reaction
42

Explanation

Equation

Observation

Magnesium plate is added

to copper(II) nitrate
solution

1.Magnesium is more
electropositive than copper
2. Magnesium release
electron to form
magnesium ion, Mg2+
3. Magnesium is oxidized.
4. Mg is a reducing agent
5. Cu2+ gain electron to
form copper metal.
6. Copper ion, Cu2+ is
reduced
7. Cu2+ is oxidizing agent

Half eq :
Mg

Mg2+ + 2e

Half eq:
Cu2+ + 2e

1. Magnesium plate becomes thinner.

2. The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate
solution become colourless/ pale blue.
3. A brown solid is formed .

Cu

Ionic eq:
Mg + Cu2+
Cu

Mg2+ +

Displacement of halogen from its halide solution

Halogen (Group 17)
F2 + 2 e
Cl2 + 2e
Br2 + 2e
I2 + 2e

Strength of halogen as
an oxidizing agent
increases

2F2Cl2Br2I-

Strength of halogen as an
reducing agent increases

More electronegative halogen can displace a less electronegative halogen from its halide solution

Reaction

43

Explanation

Equation

Observation

Chlorine water is added to

potassium bromide
solution

1.Chlorine is more electronegative

than bromine
2. Chlorine gain electron to form
chloride ion, Cl3. Chlorine is reduced.
4. Chlorine is a oxidising agent
5. Bromide, Br- release electron to
form bromine.
6. Bromide ion, Br- is reduced
7. Bromide, Br- is reducing agent

Half eq :
Cl2 + 2e
Half eq:
2BrIonic eq:
Cl2 + 2BrBr2

1.

Greenish yellow turns to brown.

2ClBr2

+ 2e
2Cl- +

Worksheet 1
In group of 2-4, carry out the experiment to determine the heat of neutralization between the following acids and alkalis. Refer the procedures
in your text book.
Group
Acid react with alkali
Equation
Ionic equation
H
(kJ/mol)
1&2
Strong acid + Strong alkali
HCl + NaOH
H+ + OH- H2O
- 57.3
H+ + OH- H2O

3&4

Strong acid + Strong alkali

H2SO4 + NaOH

5&6

Strong acid + Weak alkali

HCl + NH4OH

H+ + OH-

H2O

< 57.3

7&8

Weak acid + Strong alkali

CH3COOH + NaOH

H+ + OH-

H2O

< 57.3

H2O

< 57.3

9 & 10 Weak acid + Weak alkali

CH3COOH + NH4OH
H+ + OH(The
all solutions are 1.0 mol/dm3)
From the experiment, calculate the heat of neutralization for each reactions using the equation below :
H = mc
44

- 114.6

concentration of

HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
H=?
CH3COOH + NaOH
Worksheet 2
Using the heat value presented, draw the energy level diagrams for each reaction given.

45

CH3COONa + H2O

H=?

HCl + NH4OH

HNO3 + NaOH

46

NH4Cl + H2O

NaNO3 + H2O

H=?

H=?

CH3COOH + NH4OH

HNO3 + NH3

NH4NO3

NH4CH3COO + H2O

H=?

H=?

Worksheet 3
Figure shows the experiment to determine the heat of neutralization for the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide.
- - - -- -- - --- - --

thermometer
- - - -- - - -- - - - - -

250 cm3 sodium

hydroxide
1.0 moldm-3

Polystherine cup

After 5 minutes, temperature increased about 13.6 oC.

[c= 4.2 Jg-1oC-1]

Determine:
(i)

Number of mole for sodium hydroxide solution.

47

250 cm3 hydrochloric acid

1.0 moldm-3

Changes of heat in the experiment.

Heat of neutralization.

Draw the energy level diagram.

In the other experiment, 250 cm 3 ethanoic acid 1.0 modm-3 is reacted with sodium hydroxide 1.0 moldm-3. Predict the value of heat of
neutralization for the reaction. Explain.
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