ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES

FOR
THE OFFSHORE INDUSTRY

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Ergonomic Guidelines
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II:

DESIGN OF WORKPLACES

Volume I:
Volume II:
Volume III:
Volume IV:
Volume V:
Volume VI:

Goals, principles and proced

Design of workplaces
Work load
Ergonomic job analysis
Ergonomic mapping
Health control

CONTENTS
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Introduction
Purpose and application
References
Definitions
Requirements for user competence
Requirements for ergonomic design of workplaces
General requirements
Area requirements, accommodation unit
Area requirements, drilling unit
Area requirements, process and utility areas

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INTRODUCTION

These Guidelines contain requirements for the design of workplaces and work areas on offshore
installations. The requirements comprise corresponding requirements developed in the draft CEN
ergonomic standards. These, however, apply to all industry. The sphere of application of the
various requirements in the CEN standards must therefore be further defined, and must be
supplemented with requirements of a special interest to the offshore industry.

1.

PURPOSE AND APPLICATION

1.1

Purpose
The Guidelines specify requirements for the design of areas and workplaces on offshore
installations.
The purpose of the Guidelines is to secure a high work efficiency and help prevent that the
employees are exposed to excessive physical strain and thus a short or long-term risk of
repetitive strain injuries.

1.2

Application
The Guidelines apply to the planning of all types of work activities in connection with the
development, modification and operation of offshore installations.

2.

REFERENCES

These Guidelines include provisions from other publications. These normative references are
mentioned in the relevant places in the text, and the publications are listed in the following. The
reference is made to the last edition of the publications concerned.

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ENV 26385: Ergonomic principles of the design of work systems.

prEN 614: Safety of machinery, Ergonomic design principles
part 1: Terminology and general principles
part 2: Interaction between machinery design and work tasks
prEN 547 Safety of machinery, Human body dimensions
part 1: Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for whole body access into
machinery
part 2: Principles for determining the dimensions required for access openings
part 3: Anthropometric data for whole body access into machinery and access openings
part 4: Ergonomics requirements for the design of workplaces at machinery - sitting and standing
postures (TC 122/WG 1/N, in prep.)
Ergonomic guidelines for the offshore industry
volume I:
Goals, principles and procedures
volume IV:
Ergonomic job analysis

3.

DEFINITIONS

Definitions given in volume I, "Goals, principles and procedures", apply to these Guidelines.
Manning is defined as follows in these Guidelines:
Permanently manned:
Work area manned for minimum 8 hours per day, minimum 50% of the days. If the total number of
working hours per week in the work area exceeds 60 hours, the area should be defined as manned.
Partly manned:
Work area where inspection, maintenance and other work is planned for minimum 2 hours per day,

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minimum 50% of the days, or work is performed for minimum 8 hours per day, min. 10% of the
days.
Normally unmanned:
Work area that is not permanently or partly manned.
4.

REQUIREMENTS FOR USER COMPETENCE

The users of these Guidelines should have knowledge and experience of using ergonomic principles
for the design of workplaces and work areas.
Comment
1.

The requirements in these Guidelines are developed as requirements for function or general
design requirements. The users of these Guidelines are expected to have the necessary
competence to evaluate the content of the requirements and translate these into specific
design requirements.

2.

The term "acknowledged standards or data" is used several places in the Guidelines.
Examples of literature that provides useful information are given in Appendix A.

5.

REQUIREMENTS FOR ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF WORKPLACES

5.1

During the design and modification of workplaces on offshore installations, a systematic

planning of ergonomic aspects shall take place in accordance with procedures and
requirements specified in the Ergonomic Guidelines, Volume I: Goals, principles and
procedures, and Volume IV: Ergonomic job analysis, prEN614-1, prEN614-2 and ENV
26385.

Comment

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These Guidelines relate to the paragraphs of the above-mentioned Guidelines that are relevant to the
reduction of the risks of work-related repetitive strain injuries.
5.2

Requirements for the design of workplaces within a sub-area of the offshore installation
include general requirements (chapt. 6), common requirements for the main area and
requirements for the sub-area (chapt. 7 to 9).

5.3

In connection with requirements for the design of workplaces in accordance with

acknowledged standards or data, the standards that are used and requirements in
accordance with the standards shall be documented.

5.4

For mobile installations, requirements for the design of workplaces may be modified as
required in order to consider the characteristic features of such installations. The ergonomic
standard of the workplaces, as defined in general requirements, is expected to be
maintained.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

6.1

Space, access, accessibility

6.1.1

The access to the workplace shall be simple and safe, with enough room to perform the
necessary work, cleaning and maintenance around fixed equipment. Where such space
requirements are critical, e.g. if there are special needs for maintenance at the place, the area
shall be marked on equipment location drawings.

6.1.2

Technical installations which include, but are not limited to piping, HVAC, electrical
installations and instruments, shall be designed and located in accordance with
acknowledged standards in order to facilitate the access for inspection and maintenance.
Inspection hatches should be of a hinged design, side hinged, if possible. User competence
shall be drawn on for the identification of expected maintenance and inspection frequency.

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CEN standards prEN 547-1 and 547-2 apply as requirements for space and accessibility.
Comment
The CEN standards require that the necessary use of gloves and other personal protective
equipment be taken into account during the design of control handles etc.

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6.1.4

Steps shall be taken to insure that all transportation can take place in a safe way and in
accordance with the guidelines concerning work loads. Transportation ways where trolleys,
carts etc. are used shall not contain steps and thresholds. Space requirements shall
particularly be considered if the direction of traffic is changed.

6.1.5

The need for a lift for vertical transportation shall be considered.

6.1.6

If there is a need for daily access between different levels the access shall take place by
means of fixed stairs or a fixed ladder, preferably stairs.

6.1.7

Stairs, ladders and platforms shall be designed in accordance with acknowledged standards.

6.1.8

Control handles to be used frequently or in critical situations shall be operable from floor
level or from a fixed work platform.

6.1.9

The following minimum requirements apply to space in vertical and horizontal direction
(recommended values in brackets). This space shall be increased as required by the work
operations.
Vertical clearance:
Work areas
(Greater heights should be considered
for areas >60 m2).

2300 mm

Transportation ways for vehicles

3000 mm

Gangways
(2300 mm should be considered if there is
heavy traffic)

2100 mm

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Space between pipe bottom and floor

150 mm

Space between external diameter of flange

and fixed obstruction

250 mm

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(Space to be used for automated tools, e.g. pneumatic screwdriver, shall be considered in
connection with frequent maintenance).
Horizontal clearance
Transportation ways for sizeable vehicles

3000 mm

Transportation ways for trolleys

2000 mm

Main gangways

1200 mm

Other gangways

900 mm (1000 mm)

Space around fixed equipment (valves,

pumps, fans, instruments etc.)
900 mm (1000 mm)
Space around areas reserved for
the replacement of internal components 900 mm (1000 mm)
Space between external diameter
Expected tool or pipe and fixed obstructions
of flanges
movement + 25 mm
(The necessary covering shall be allowed for).
6.2

Design of workplaces

6.2.1

In connection with the design of workplaces, including location of control handles,

acknowledged body measurements shall be taken into account.

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6.2.2

Permanent and partly manned workplaces with repeated use of objects or control handles
for continuous periods of more than two hours per day shall be designed in accordance with
prEN 547-4 (TC 122/WG 1 N 115).

6.2.3

Permanent and partly manned workplaces for seated work shall have simple tabletops of
adjustable height, adjustment area min. 680-750 mm above the floor. Height shall be
adjustable in one or two simple movements from seated position. The thickness of the
tabletop shall not exceed 50 mm in the sitting area.

6.2.4

Permanently manned workplaces for standing work shall have work benches that are easily
adjustable in the region of min. 800-1150 mm above the floor. Height shall be adjustable in
one or two simple movements from standing position. Possibilities to relieve the pressure on
the legs (support chair for standing work, high chair for seated work) and a shock absorbing
mat shall be considered.

6.2.5

The center height of control handles in connection with standing work shall not exceed 1800
mm above the floor. Recommended center height is 1000-1500 mm.

6.2.6

Workplaces where seated work is performed shall have sufficient space for legs below the
work surface, a width of min. 610 mm, depth of min. 500 mm at knee height and min. 650
mm at floor level.

6.2.7

The work chair shall be designed in accordance with acknowledged standards (cf. item
7.2.2).

6.2.8

Workplaces shall be designed and located with a view to providing for simple and rational
movement of objects where relevant.

6.2.9

Arrangements shall be made for the use of lifting gear where a lift of more than 25 kg is likely
to take place.

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Comment
When ordering consumables, the size and weight of packages must be considered.
Packages that contain consumables of more than 15 kg should be avoided, or requirements
specified for the supplier.
6.2.10 Lighting and dimming conditions shall meet acknowledged standards.

6.3

Equipment and Appliances

6.3.1

Tools, equipment and control handles shall be designed and located with a view to
preventing lasting static muscular work, joints in extreme position, a high development of
power and vibrations.
Comment
The CEN standard prEN 894-3 establishes guidelines for the design of control handles.

6.3.2

Hand tools shall be designed in accordance with acknowledged standards.

6.3.3

Lifting gear shall be user friendly and readily available.

6.3.4

Trolleys, transportation tables and similar means of transportation should be of a suitable

design, easily maneuverable and have a low rolling resistance. Minimum 2 of the wheels
shall be lockable.

6.3.5

Personal protective equipment shall be designed to meet the required ergonomic standards,
allowing work to be performed in an appropriate way without putting unnecessary strain on
the users.

6.3.6

The need for storage of maintenance and/or cleaning equipment and ditto consumables in the

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vicinity of the area shall be considered for areas with frequent maintenance or cleaning.
6.4

Building-technical conditions

6.4.1

Materials and surfaces of structural members, installations and equipment shall be easy to
clean and maintain.

6.4.2

The building-technical conditions (location of drains etc.) shall be organized so as to facilitate

cleaning.

6.4.3

The opening force of doors in frequent use shall not exceed 65 N (side hinged) and 50 N
(sliding door) respectively. No doors shall have an opening force in excess of 130 N (side
hinged) and 105 N (sliding door). Mechanically assisted opening of doors shall be
considered in the main pathways.

6.4.4

A ring main for high-pressure washdown stations shall be considered in areas where heavy
cleaning may occur.

7.

AREA REQUIREMENTS, ACCOMMODATION UNIT

The following sub-areas are specified in the accommodation unit: offices, medical office, reception,
radio room, helitower, toilet/shower, lockers, cabins, kitchen areas, recreation areas, dining room,
conference room, laundry room, cleaning room, gym.
7.1

Common requirements for the accommodation unit

7.1.1

Internal doors shall be without thresholds and shall be able to remain open during cleaning,
except for if this is prevented by special fire-technical or acoustic requirements.

7.1.2

High cabinets shall extend all the way to the ceiling. Cabinets shall be fixed to the wall min.
250 mm above the floor. If floor support is desirable, a full base will be preferable. If legs

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to the floor are required, the number shall be minimized and their min. height shall be 250
mm. Cabinets shall not have dust collecting moldings.
7.1.3

Electric contacts and switches shall be flush mounted and easily accessible. The
recommended height for all installations is 900-1100 mm above the floor.

7.1.4

Obstacles that prevent efficient cleaning shall be avoided. The following measures may be
considered:
-

loose wires attached to the wall

telephone installed on the wall
waste baskets installed on the wall
sizeable drawers (e.g. below beds) can be drawn out all the way for simple cleaning
televisions installed on the walls in pivoting racks
curtain boards shall be avoided, the wall should be extended over the window
minimal use of shelves

7.1.5

Arrangements shall be made for simple transportation between the landing place and areas
of use, preferably by having these at the same level. A device for goods transportation to
the helideck shall be considered.

7.1.6

A central vacuum cleaner shall be considered. The power outlet should be installed on the
wall and available without special tools. The range of the hose should be sufficient for easy
cleaning of areas that require frequent cleaning.

7.1.7

Large garbage containers should consist of plastic bags in frames, rather than fixed
containers.

7.2

Offices

7.2.1

The size should be adapted to equipment and use. Net area for a permanently manned
office should be min. 6 m2 per work station.

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The office chair should meet the following requirements:

-

7.2.3

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hydraulic adjustment of the seat height

the seat should be level, with firm and good padding and a rocking mechanism
the height of the back support shall be adjustable, and the support should have a
good anatomic shape, and a height and width suited to the relevant tasks
seat and/or back support should be adjustable at the horizontal level for adjustment
to the thigh length
the lower part of the chair should be stable, 5 legs with wheels

The workdesk shall meet the following requirements:

-

size as required
possibilities to connect additional table leaves
easy height adjustment
integrated terminal well facilities
mobile drawer sections
minimal support frame in the sitting area

7.2.4

Computer work stations shall be designed in accordance with acknowledged standards.

7.3

Medical Office

7.3.1

Requirements 7.2.2 to 7.2.4 also apply to the Medical Office.

7.4

Reception

7.4.1

Requirements 7.2.2 to 7.2.4 also apply to the reception.

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7.4.2

The desk height shall be adjusted to standing or seated work.

7.5

Radio room

7.5.1

Requirements 7.2.2 to 7.2.4 also apply to radio rooms.

7.6

Helitower

7.6.1

Requirements 7.2.2 to 7.2.4 also apply to the helitower.

7.7

Toilets, showers

7.7.1

All toilets should be fixed to the wall. The recommended seat height is 450 mm.

7.7.2

All sinks should be fixed to the wall and either have an upturned edge toward the wall or
have min. 50 mm clearance for effective cleaning. The recommended sink height is 900 mm.
No cabinet is recommended below the sink.

7.7.3

There shall be no tinshowerhead permanently installed.

7.7.4

If tiles are used in the shower, the surface of the grout shall be smooth and elastic to facilitate
cleaning.

7.7.5

Access for sewage pipe rodding shall be effectively arranged.

7.8

Lockers

7.8.1

Requirement 7.7 "toilet, shower" also applies to lockers where relevant.

7.8.2

Washdown arrangements shall be made.

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7.8.3

Lockers shall as far as possible be attached to the wall without any legs to the floor and extend
to the ceiling. If space permits, there shall be a bench in front (380-450 mm high).

7.9

Cabins

7.9.1

The requirements in chapter 7.7., "Toilets, showers" also apply to "Cabins".

7.9.2

Bunk beds must be avoided.

7.9.3

Beds must have a base directly on the floor and there must be no gap between the base and
the wall. The maximum height of the mattress must be 550-600 millimeters above the floor.
A light top mattress is recommended.

7.9.4

A combined bed/settee is not recommended. In cases where a combined bed/settee is used,

it must be possible to convert the bed/settee in one simple movement.

7.9.5

Shelves and bedside tables should be fastened to the wall and have no support legs to the
floor.

7.10

Kitchen areas

7.10.1 When choosing the layout of the kitchen and adjacent areas (storeroom, landing place, cold
room, dining room etc.) internal walking and transportation distances must be limited to the
extent possible. The areas must be situated on the same floor and have well-proportioned
transportation routes, access ways, doors, corridors etc. The storeroom must be designed
for easy access by trolley.
7.10.2 The dish washing area must, when fully staffed, be sufficiently spacious to store baskets. The
basket rack must not exceed 1500 millimeters. It should be possible to adjust the height of
the kitchen sinks. Dishwasher in the scrubbing area should be considered.

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7.10.3 The floor covering must be of the anti-skid type and easy to clean. It must be possible to
wash down the floor using hot water and effectively drain the water to the floor outlet.
7.10.4 The floor outlet/floor grid must have a design and location which permits the strainer to be
emptied frequently. The outlet must be adapted and proportioned for fast emptying of fixed
frying and cooking utensils as appropriate.
7.10.5 There must be a tap above kitchen stoves and frying pans.
7.10.6 It must be possible to adjust the height (minimum 800-1150 millimeters) of work benches,
kitchen stoves and frying pans, and these must preferably be fixed to the wall for easy
cleaning. It must be possible to adjust the height in one simple movement.
7.10.7 Utensils which are used every day must not be located above shoulder height (1500
millimeters). All utensils must have a location which makes cleaning easy.
7.10.8 Open doors on cupboards, baking ovens etc. must not block access and passage.
7.10.9 The garbage compactor area must be designed for low lifting height of garbage.
7.11

Recreation areas

7.11.1 When selecting furniture and floor covering, emphasis must be put on facilitating cleaning.
Furniture which are easy to move should be chosen.
7.11.2 The following conditions must be evaluated in connection with chairs to be used for
recreation purposes:
-

satisfactory sitting comfort

fixed padding
good support for lower back
plastic mats for moving chairs around easily

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avoid chrome and bright surfaces

easy-to-clean materials
anti-stain treated

7.11.3 The height of chairs and tables must be adjusted to each another.
7.11.4 A water outlet through the refilling hose for drinking dispensers must be evaluated.
7.12

Dining room

7.12.1 The requirements in item 7.11.2 to item 7.11.4 also apply to "Dining Room" (not plastic
mats)
7.12.2 It must be easy to hang chairs from the table.
7.13

Conference room

7.13.1 The requirements in items 7.11.2 and 7.11.3 also apply to "Conference room".
7.14

Laundry

7.14.1 The laundry must have a central location, near an elevator, with no long transportation
distances.
7.14.2 Separate equipment and linen rooms with easy access between the rooms to all appliances,
is recommended.
7.14.3 The door to the laundry must have an opening which is minimum 900 millimeters wide.
7.14.4 There must be storage space for trolleys.
7.14.5 Fully automatic washing machine with opening at the front is recommended. Automatic

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dosing system for washing and rinsing powder must be installed. The lower edge of the
washing machine door opening must be 800-1000 millimeters above the floor. The height for
refilling washing and rinsing powder must be maximum 1500 millimeters.
7.14.6 The capacity of tumble driers must correspond to that of the washing machines. It must be
possible to clean the vent fluff filter without climbing stairs/ladders.
7.14.7 The height of trolleys and tables for transporting clothing must be adjusted to the machine
opening. Spring-loaded trolley bottom should be considered to be able to maintain a normal
working posture.
7.14.8 There must be suitable conditions for flushing. All floor outlets must be designed for and
allow strainers to be emptied frequently.
7.15

Cleaning room

7.15.1 There must be a separate room for the necessary cleaning equipment on all floors in the
living quarters, and the room must otherwise be situated in the vicinity of areas which require
cleaning regularly. The room must have sufficient shelf capacity, tool holders, sink with sand
filter, cold and hot water, utility sink with grid (height 600 millimeters) and sufficient vertical
distance to the tap for filling buckets. A dosing system for refilling detergents must be
installed. There must be sufficient floor space to park the cleaning trolley. A floor outlet must
be considered.
7.15.2 Scrubbing, polishing and carpet cleaning machines must be easy to use.

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Gym

7.16.1 It is recommended that racks for weights, weight bars etc. be fixed (to the wall) to facilitate
cleaning.
7.16.2 Equipment must be placed on the floor to the extent possible.

8.

AREA REQUIREMENTS - DRILLING UNIT

The following sub-areas are specified in the drilling unit: drill floor, driller's house, derrickman's cabin,
mud treatment/drilling area, mud logging room, pipe rack deck. For locker rooms, toilets, cleaning
rooms, offices and recreation areas, the same requirements apply as those applicable to the drilling
unit.
8.1

Common drilling unit requirements

8.1.1

The drain system must have a location and design which makes it easy to clean.

8.1.2

There must be arrangements for jet water washing in all modules.

8.1.3

When selecting floor covering for day rooms, special emphasis must be put on cleaning
friendliness, including the effect of using chemicals.

8.2

Drill floor

8.2.1

The flooring must be level.

8.2.2

There must be anti-skid flooring in work and transportation areas.

8.2.3

There must be sufficient storage space near the work area for auxiliary equipment which is
used temporarily.

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8.2.4

The heavy equipment storeroom must have a location which makes transportation/lifting
onto/from the drill floor easy.

8.2.5

Arrangements must be made to avoid unnecessary traffic on the drill floor.

8.2.6

There must be suitable conditions for appropriate handling of heavy logging instruments.

8.3.

Driller's house

8.3.1

The driller must have satisfactory visibility from his normal working posture to the rotary
table, top drive and finger board.

8.3.2

Control handles must be designed according to recognized standards.

8.3.3

Windows towards the rotary table, top drive and finger board must have an effective
cleaning system which ensures satisfactory visibility in all kinds of situations. It must be
possible to maintain the cleaning system in a simple and safe manner.

8.4

Derrickman's cabin

8.4.1

The requirements in item 9.7.1 to item 9.7.6 also apply to the "Derrickman's cabin".

8.4.2

The design of the derrickman's cabin must provide the operator with satisfactory visibility to
all loading positions from a normal sitting posture.

8.5

Mud treatment/drilling area

8.5.1

The mixing of drilling mud must be automated if technically feasible. Mixing operations which
involve manual lifting/carrying must be avoided to the extent possible.

8.5.2

As regards manual mud treatment, the chemical sack room and the mud mixing room must

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be situated on the same floor and in the immediate vicinity of each other.
8.5.3

It must be possible to put pallets of sacks on the lifting table near a possible sack cutting
machine, using a truck or pallet lift.

8.5.4

There must be suitable conditions for easy cleaning and maintenance of the shakers.

8.6.

Mud logging room

8.6.1

There must be sufficient space to carry out both office and laboratory work. It must be
possible to do this type of work in separate areas.

8.6.2

It must be easy to adjust the height and angle of computer screens and keyboards as well as
their distance to the operator.

8.7

Pipe rack deck

8.7.1

Separate storage space must be reserved for units which are stored permanently in the area.

8.7.2

Protective cowling/end covers/protectors for all piping/casings must be designed for minimal
manual handling.

9.

AREA REQUIREMENTS FOR PROCESS AND UTILITY AREAS

The following sub-areas are specified within process and utility areas: control room, laboratory,
crane driver's cabin, workshops, storerooms, main storeroom, landing places, deck areas. For
locker rooms, toilets, offices and cleaning rooms, the same requirements apply as in section 7, "Area
requirements for living quarters".
9.1

Common requirements for process and utility areas

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9.1.1

Arrangements for jet water washing using hot water must be considered for all modules.

9.2

Control room

9.2.1

Screens, panels and lighting fixtures must have a location which provides satisfactory
visibility in a normal working posture.

9.2.2

It must be possible to the adjust the height of the work table in one simple movement from a
sitting posture.

9.2.3

It must be easy to adjust the height and angle of computer screens and keyboards as well as
their distance to the operator.

9.2.4

Pointing facilities for screens must be evaluated with regard to strain on arms and shoulders.

9.2.5

The control room chair must satisfy the general requirements for chairs (item 7.2.2) and also
be designed with a view to obtaining satisfactory sitting comfort by means of a high chair
back, headrest, rocking mechanism and upholstered arm rests.

9.3

Laboratory

9.3.1

There must be sufficient space on the work benches for a permanent setup of all standard
analyses.

9.3.2

Cupboards, benches and other units must be fixed to the wall or console to the extent
possible so that cleaning is not hampered by legs, supports etc.

9.3.3

The fume cupboard must be constructed in a manner which allows work to be carried out
without assuming unfortunate working postures.

9.4

Workshops

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9.4.1

There must be sufficient shelves for storing equipment. Heavy equipment must be located at
medium level.

9.4.2

Relief facilities (hanging arrangements, counterbalance) for heavy hand tools must be
evaluated.

9.4.3

Workplaces must be arranged to allow variation between work in a sitting and standing
posture.

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9.4.4

It must be possible to use lifting facilities in the whole of the work area in question.

9.5

Storeroom

9.5.1

The storeroom must be located near and on the same floor as the container storage area.

9.5.2

Units in everyday use must not be stored above shoulder height (1500 millimeters).
Whenever units are stored above shoulder height, it is a minimum requirement that there is
easy access to these units by staircase or ladder.

9.5.3

Mobile shelf units must be considered where appropriate.

9.6

Main storeroom

9.6.1

The requirements in chapter 9.5, "Storeroom", also apply to the "Main storeroom".

9.6.2

The landing place outside the main storeroom must be situated on the same floor as this
storeroom and be large enough for trucks etc. to be used.

9.6.3

Functional stepladders etc. must be easily available.

9.6.4

There must be sufficient space for pallets where relevant.

9.7

The Crane Driver's Cabin

9.7.1

The crane driver's cabin must be designed so that the crane driver, when sitting in a normal
position, has an unrestricted view of all loading posistions.

9.7.2

The crane driver's chair must be placed on rails so as to ensure ease of movement both
backward and forward. The chair shall be easily accessable for both entering and leaving.

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9.7.3

The crane driver's chair shall meet the general requirements for chairs, have good individual
adjustment qualities and shall be designed to provide good resting comfort. The support
provided by the armrests shall be suitably adapted to the operator and the control levers.

9.7.4

Control levers attached to the crane driver's chair shall follow the chair's movements. Other
controls shall be placed within the recommended working area.

9.7.5

Conditions must be suitable for easy and safe cleaning of windows both externally and
internally, as well as cleaning and replacement of windshield wipers.

9.7.6

It must be possible to use telephones and other communication equipment in a loudspeaking

mode.

9.7.7

There must be a chair or seat for the instructor.

9.8

Landing places

9.8.1

All landing places must be free from obstructions and be constructed for the relevant storage
needs and effective transportation of goods, including necessary use of transportation
equipment.

9.9

Deck areas

9.9.1

Separate storage space must be reserved for units which are stored permanently on deck.

9.9.2

There must be sufficient space for truck handling and parking.

Supplement A (informative)

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Ergonomic reference literature and databases

Recognized standards
Human scale (MIT Press, Massachusetts, USA)
Woodson: Human Factors Design Handbook. McGraw-Hill
Mital A, Kilbom A.: "Design, selection and use of hand tools to alleviate trauma of the upper
extremities: Part I - Guidelines for the practitioner." Int. J. Ind. Ergonomics 10 (1992): 1-6.

Waters T.R., Putz-Anderson V., Garg A., Fine L.J.: "Revised NIOSH equation for the design and
evaluation of manual lifting tasks." Ergonomics 36 (1993): 749-776.
Ergonomic reference literature
Ayoub M.M., Mital A.:"Manual materials handling". Taylor & Francis. London 1989.
Ergobase, Biomechanical Co. of America
"Antropometriske mlinger for industrien" (Anthropometric measurements for industry) (SINTEF
report STF23 A92036)
Backsoft, Biomechanical Co. of America
Imrhan S.N.: "Equipment design for maintenance: Part I - Guidelines for the practitioner."
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 10(1992):35-43.