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Interpretation of
Effective Stress
Friction Angle from
In-Situ Tests
Triaxial:
'peak = 'cs +
(PSC) = cv + 5 IRD
(TC) = cv + 3 IRD
100
Relative Density
(DR) of Clean
90
Unaged Quartzitic
Sands from SPT
80
Reid-Bedford*
70
Platte River*
Standard Concrete*
60
50
40
30
20
D R = 100
10
and CPT
( N 1 ) 60
60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
OCR = 1
10
100
90
80
NC sands
70
OC sands
60
50
26 Different Series
n = 677 data points
40
30
20
DR
10
= 100
qT 1
300 OCR 0.2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
(Trofimenkov, 1974)
Ladd, et al.
(ICSMFE,
Tokyo, 1977)
55
0.5
' = [15.4(N1)60]
50
+20
45
40
35
qc proportional
with sqrt vo'
30
SM (Piedmont)
25
H&T (1996)
20
20
30
40
Normalized (N1)60
50
60
' (deg)
10
Friction Angle,
50
45
Frankston Sand
40
Ticino Sand
Edgar Sand
35
Hokksund Sand
Lone Star Sand
30
R&C (1983)
25
10
100
1000
Assume: (peak)
Assume: (peak)
qc directly
proportional
to vo'
qc/(vo)0.5
qc/vo
100
200
300
400
500
' (deg)
46
44
42
2
40
38
36
34
32
'
0.5
Ziggy
GT Test Site
West Campus
Atlanta, Georgia
Drilled Shaft Load Test Program
Sponsored by:
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Piedmont Residuum:
20
30
40
50
60
PWR
70
GRANITIC GNEISS
80
10
20
30
40
50
20
30
40
50
0
Crew 1
10
20
Crew 1
10
Crew 2
Crew 2
Crew 3
Depth (feet)
Depth (feet)
10
30
40
50
20
Crew 3
30
40
50
60
60
qT (MPa)
10
20
30
40
50
20
30
Depth (feet)
10
fS (kPa)
6
8
10
12
Depth (m)
Depth (feet)
10
100
200
300
8
10
12
40
50
60
14
14
16
16
18
18
20
20
0 to 3 m
1000
Silty
Sands
100
Sandy Silts
& Silts
Sands
Silty Sands
10
Clayey
Silts
Sandy Silts
& Silts
Clays
1
0
Clayey
Silts &
Silty Clays
100
3=clay
4=silty clay
5=clayey silt
10
6=sandy silt
3
7=silty sand
Zone 3 - Clay
Zone 1
Sensitive
Clay
9=sand
1
0
10=gravelly sand
3 = Clays
4=Silt Mixtures
SBT 5
5=Sand Mixtures
SBT 4
6=Sands
SBT 3
7=Gravelly Sand
SBT 2
Gravels &
Sands
0 to 3 m
n = 0.66
10
9=Stiff Clays
3 to 20 m
n = 0.83
n = 1.0
100
SCN = 4
Sands
SCN=3
Sand Mixtures
SCN=2
10
Silt Mixtures
Clays
8=Stiff Sand to
Clayey Sand
1
1
n = 0.6
2=Organic
SBT 6
SCN=1
Peats
Clay/Peat
1
0.1
10
qc/N60 Interrelationship
ADSC Load Test at West GT Campus
Penetration Resistance
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
R = 3.3
Depth (meters)
Normalized Q = (qt-vo)/vo'
SBT 9
100
0.1
2=organic soil
soil
3 to 20 m
1 = Sensitive Clay
SBT 1
1000
SBT 8
10
1=sensitive clay
fine grained
8
0 to 3 m
1000
SBT 7
Very stiff
9
3 to 20 m
Zone 11 -
to clayey sand
10
3 to 20 m
Sands
0 to 3 m
Zone 12 - sand
Zone
10
CPT qc (atm)
12
R*SPT-N
(blows/0.3m)
14
600
25
500
30
400
40
45
50
10
' = 36.0o
300
c' = 0
200
100
Correlation by
Hatanaka &
Uchida, 1996
20
30
40
0
0
100
200
300
400
500 600
700
800
50
900 1000
60
30
35
' (deg)
40
45
25
30
' (deg)
40
45
50
Tr iaxial
30
40
50
Depth (feet)
10
H & U'96
20
20
H & U'96
30
T riaxial
40
Schmertmann'75
50
60
60
30
40
20
30
CPT qt
(C&R'83)
CPT qt
(K&M'90)
Triaxial
Tests
CPT qt
(C&R'83)
Triaxial
Tests
6
8
10
40
50
Depth (meters)
Depth (meters)
35
10
Depth (feet)
35
Depth (feet)
6
8
10
12
12
14
14
(Mimura, 2003)
0
1
Yodo River
Natori River
Tone River
Edo River
K&M90
2
3
Depth (meters)
45
40
qt
'
vo atm
35
po
p1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
30
0
100
200
300
14
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Pressure (kPa)
25
30
35
40
45
Depth (m)
1
2
Marchetti, 1997
Marchetti, 1996
C& R 1991
Lab Triaxial
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Bq = 0.1
100
Resistance Number, Nm
50
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10
Bq = (u2-u0)/(qt- vo)
1
20
30
40
' (degrees)
50
Sands,
Silts,
and
Clays
(psi-phi)
1000
NM = (qt-vo)/vo'
Resistance Number, Nm
Sci-Fi
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10
Bq = (u2-u0)/(qt-vo)
1
20
1 + N u Bq
'
40
qt vo
vo '+ a '
400
600
800
1000
0
2
Depth (meters)
4
6
qt
ub
10
12
14
1200
800
200
800
50
(degrees)
30
0.1
100
Professor Mike
Jamiolkowski
Politechnico Torino
Nm =
Bq =
0
700
600
500
400
300
200
Nm = Q = 6.3
100
0
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Bq = 0.65
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Effective Overburden,
120
vo'
140
(kPa)
160
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
16
18
20
Gloucester, Ontario
Bq = 0.1
100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Resistance Number, Nm
B q = (u2-u0)/(qt- vo)
Konrad
& Law
(1987):
35o for
silty clays
10
Resistance Number, Nm
For a = 0:
Nm = Q
=(qt-vo)/vo'
30
40
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Bq = (u2-u0)/(qt-vo)
10
1
25
30
'
35
40
45
(degrees)
50
' (degrees)
Bq
NM = (qt-vo)/vo'
20
34.50
1
20
100
20
Normalized Porewater, Bq
9
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
25
30
35
40
45
50
1.2
Depth (meters)
Depth (meters)
10
10
15
15
20
20
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
50
100
Porewater, ub (MPa)
150
10
10
10
20
20
20
30
30
30
40
40
40
50
50
50
60
60
60
70
70
70
80
80
80
3000
Depth (meters)
Depth (meters)
2000
1000
Nm = 3.43
0
0
100
200
300
400
Effective Overburden,
500
vo'
600
700
(kPa)
Resistance Number, Nm
Porewater Pressures
Bq = 0.80
1000
500
500
1000
1500
qt-vo
10
Bq = (u2-u0)/(qt- vo)
20
2000
(kPa)
30
40
50
' (degrees)
= 32.30
250
250
200
q = (1'-3')/2
q = ( 1'- 3')/2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
NM = (qt-vo)/ vo'
200
B q = 0.1
100
1500
u2
(kPa)
2000
c' = 0 kPa
150
100
c' = 0 kPa
150
100
50
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
Effective '
Normalized Bq
10
0.0
0.5
1.0
20
25
30
35
40
45
10
Depth (meters)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10