Compressed natural gas (CNG)

Compressed natural gas (CNG) transportation is used in very small systems in environmentally sensitive areas. Trucks, ships, or barges transport the gas from a
remote well to a pipeline or from a pipeline to a customer location. Sometimes the gas is transported to remote filling stations for CNG-fueled vehicles. Largescale transportation of CNG is not yet commercialized but is considered economically feasible and is being pursued actively by several companies.

Contents
1 History
2 CNG process
2.1 Production
2.2 Transportation
2.3 Receiving
2.4 Storage
3 Screening criteria
4 Key consideration
5 References
6 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro
7 External links
8 See also

History
In the 1960s, Columbia Natural Gas of Ohio tested a CNG carrier. The ship was to carry compressed natural gas in vertical pressure bottles; however, this
design failed because of the high cost of the pressure vessels. Since then, there have been several attempts at developing a commercially viable CNG carrier. In
the past five years, several competing CNG ocean transport designs have evolved. Each design proposes a unique approach to optimizing gas transport while
using as much off-the-shelf technology as possible to keep costs competitive.

CNG process
The CNG chain consists of the following components:

Production
Transportation
Receiving
Storage

Production
The production facility for CNG is simpler than other remote gas utilization options such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) (/Liquified_natural_gas_(LNG)), gas to
liquid (GTL) (/Gas_to_liquids_(GTL)), ammonia, or methanol. It typically consists of compression, cooling, dehydration, and possibly liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) separation. The extent of compression and cooling is different for the various CNG processes. The scope of the production facility depends on the
quality of the gas and reservoir pressure, but is a small fraction of that of a comparably sized LNG or GTL facility.

Transportation
A large portion of the CNG carriers capital cost is the gas containment system and associated safety and gas control systems. The means for transporting
CNG differentiates the various CNG processes that have emerged over the last few years. These processes include:
Coselle CNG carrier[1]
Volume-optimized transport and storage (VOTRANS)[2]
Coiled-pipeline (CPL) carrier[3]
Gas transport modules[4]
The pressurized natural gas concept[5]
The central idea behind the Coselle CNG carrier, patented by Cran and Stenning Technology Inc., is to create a large but compact CNG storage with a pipe.
A Coselle consists of several miles of small-diameter pipe coiled into a carousel, hence the name Coselle. Enersea Transport LLC is commercializing the
VOTRANS technology. VOTRANS consists of long, large-diameter pipes encased in an insulated shell. The technology is different from other CNG concepts
in terms of the lower compression requirements because of lower pressure and temperature of storage. C-Natural Gass CPL carrier uses a coiled-pipeline
configuration, which is easily adaptable to existing maritime shipping with nominal modifications to the off-the-shelf ship design. The pressure and temperature at
which CNG is stored vary depending on the CNG process. A typical range of storage pressures is 140 to 200 bar.

Receiving
The CNG ship unloads gas into a pipeline at the receiving station. The CNG receiving terminal is relatively simple and includes a dock with high-pressure
pipeline connections and possibly an expander to allow energy to be recovered from the high-pressure gas. A scavenging compressor may be needed to empty
the ships below the pressure of the pipeline. This will make it possible to transport larger quantities of gas, which will reduce the number of ships required to
transport a given quantity of gas.

Storage
Storage at the production and receiving terminal is required to maintain continuous operation. Assuming that the time between shipments is not great, a practical
approach may be to have extra ships and keep them in the port for storage purposes.

Screening criteria
The volume reduction for CNG depends on the conditions at which the compressed gas is stored but is typically in the range of 250 to 300, compared with gas
at atmospheric conditions. CNG is considered a viable transportation option for markets that are 1000 km or less from the source of the gas. As the distance
from the market increases, LNG or GTL becomes more favorable assuming sufficient volume of gas is available. The threshold volumes required for CNG are
expected to be relatively smaller compared with LNG and GTL. CNG can handle gas volumes ranging from less than 100 MMscf/D to more than 1 Bscf/D.
The CNG design is modular. By adding ships, the volumes handled can grow with growing demand. The CNG process is energy efficient with energy
consumption approximately half of that of an LNG project and significantly lower compared with syngas-based generation routes.[6] The fuel required for the
compression of the gas at the production facility ranges from approximately 0.5 to 1.0% of the feed gas depending on the feed-gas pressure.
Additional fuel consumption during transportation is a function of the distance of the market from the source. The cost of transportation is dependent on
specific-project conditions, shipping distance, and number of ships. A Coselle study indicates that the cost of transporting 300 MMscf/D over a distance of
1,100 miles is U.S. $1.4/million Btu excluding the cost of gas at the wellhead.[1] Because there are no commercial CNG units in operation at this time and the
technology is still under development, cost of these projects are not yet predictable and should be verified on a project-specific basis.

Key consideration
The key issue with CNG as a gas monetization option has been the ability to obtain financial backing for a real project. As with all new technologies that are not
commercialized, CNG faces the first-adopter syndrome. It has been difficult to put a project together that is financially attractive and at the same time not too
large to be considered too risky to be the first mover. One of the key variables that affects the cost of the CNG option is the cost of ships. The ship cost is a
function of the amount of steel, which in turn depends on the safety factor used for the design of the containment system. Currently, there are no specific codes
that govern CNG carriers. The regulations that determine the safety factor used to design the containment system could have an impact on the economics of
CNG projects. Other issues with the CNG option include evaluation of controlled loading, unloading and emergency depressuring to confirm the use of carbon
steel as the material of construction, and safety-related concerns.

References
1. 1.0 1.1 Stenning, D. 1999. The Coselle CNG Carrier: A New Way to Ship Natural Gas By Sea. Paper presented at the 1999 NOIA Conference,
Newfoundland, Canada, 1417 June.
2. EnerSea Transport Plans to Commercialize Marine Delivery of CNG by Mid-2004. 2001. Remote Gas Strategies (October), 1.

3. Klimowski, S.R. 2001. Oceanic Transport of Natural Gas as Compressed Natural Gas (Floating Pipeline). Paper presented at the 2001 Monetizing
Stranded Gas Reserves Conference, Denver, 1012 October.
4. Wagner, J.V. 2002. Marine Transport of Compressed Natural GasA Potential Export Alternative for Fuel Gas. 2002 AIChE Spring Natl. Meeting,
New Orleans, 1014 March.
5. Norway Riding Crest of a Wave with PNG Concept. 2001. Upstream (9 July).
6. Wagner, J.V. 2001. Alternative Transport. Fundamentals of the Global LNG Industry, The Petroleum Economist, London.

Noteworthy papers in OnePetro

Use this section to list papers in OnePetro that a reader who wants to learn more should definitely read

External links
Use this section to provide links to relevant material on websites other than PetroWiki and OnePetro

See also
Gas utilization options (/Gas_utilization_options)
Liquified natural gas (LNG) (/Liquified_natural_gas_(LNG))
Monetizing stranded gas (/Monetizing_stranded_gas)
Stranded gas (/Stranded_gas)
PEH:Monetizing Stranded Gas (/PEH%3AMonetizing_Stranded_Gas)
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