Ch26b Final 2004 (Rev)

THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
EXAMINATIONS OF
Code and Name of Course:
APRIL/MAY
2004
CH26B Process Dynamics and Control I
Paper:
Date and Time:
Duration:
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: This paper has
pages and
3 hrs.
questions
Calculators may be used in this examination. They must be silent, cordless and non-programmable.
Calculators will be examined to ensure that they comply with these requirements.
Answer questions 1, 2, and two of questions 3, 4, 5, 6.

1.
(a)
Solve the ordinary differential equation:

P
u
2
(1.1)
[7 marks]
(b)
Find the inverse Laplace transform of

y ( s)
s 1
s ( s 5 s 6)
2
(1.2)
[6 marks]
(c)
For each of the following functions y (s ), what can you say about
y (t ), (0 t ) without solving for y (t ) ? In other words, what are y (0)
and y () ? Is y (t ) converging or diverging? Is y (t ) smooth or oscillatory?
(N.B. y (t ) L1 [ y ( s ) ].)
(i)
y ( s)
6
( s 9 s 20) ( s 4)
(ii)
y ( s)
10 s 2 3
( s 2 6 s 10) ( s 2)
(iii)
y (s)
16
s 9
[12 marks]
The University of the West Indies
Course Code
CH26B
2003/2004
DO NOT WRITE ON THE BACK OF THIS SHEET: USE ONE SIDE ONLY
INSTRUCTIONS: Each page of this draft must be signed by the UNIVERSITY EXAMINER. Completed forms should be handed to the Assistant
Registrar (Examinations). The EXTERNAL EXAMINER is requested to sign the draft paper and return it with comments, if any, to the Assistant
Registrar (Examinations).
...........................................
First Examiner
...........................................
University Examiner
........................................
Second Examiner
External Examiner (where applicable)
Date: 20....../......./......
Date: 20././.
page 2
2.
Consider the cylindrical surge tank illustrated in Fig. Q2. Liquid flows into the vessel at
volumetric flowrate Fin (t ) and is pumped out at the rate Fout (t ). The height of liquid
in the tank is to be denoted by the symbol h(t ).
Fin(t)
LC
h(t)
Fout(t)
Figure Q2 - Cylindrical receiver.
At steady-state, the inlet and outlet flows are 0.05 m3/s with accumulated liquid at a level
of P
The cross-sectional area and height of the tank are given by A = 1.5 m2
2
and hmax 6 m. The installed characteristics of the control valve are linear with a
range of 0 0.1 m3/s corresponding to 0 100% controller output.
u
(a)
Prove that the transfer function relating the flow imbalance Fout Fin to the
liquid level is
G (s)
Kp
(2.1)
where the velocity gain K p 2 / 3 m -2 .

[5 marks]
(b)
Sketch the open-loop response of h(t ) h(t ) hss to a step increase of B m3/s
in the outlet flowrate. The inlet flowrate may be assumed constant. Why is K p
called the velocity gain and not the steady-state gain of this process?
[5 marks]
Course Code
CH26B
2003/2004
.........................................
First Examiner
...........................................
University Examiner
..........................................
Second Examiner
Date: 20....../......./......
Date: 20././.
page 3
(c)
Draw a well-labelled block diagram for the system of Fig. Q2 assuming that the
LC is a proportional-integral controller with K c 2 % / % and I 300 sec .
Dynamics associated with the control valve and level measurement sensor may be
neglected, i.e.
Gv ( s ) K v
0.1 m 3 /s
,
100 %
Gm ( s ) K m
100 %
6 m
(2.2)
[5 marks]
(d)
Show that the closed loop transfer function between the manipulated outlet
flowrate and the level setpoint is given by
Fout ( s )
SP ( s )
0.09 (300 s 1) s
13500 s 2 300 s 1
(2.3)
(The overbar here denotes the Laplace transform of a deviation variable, e.g.
(t ) ] L [ Fout (t ) Fss ].)
Fout ( s ) L [ Fout
Compute the damping
coefficient of this response.
[5 marks]
3.
(e)
To what value does Fout (t ) converge following a 5% step decrease in setpoint?

Justify your answer by reference to the physical process.
[5 marks]
(a)
The temperature of a continuous stirred-tank reactor is regulated by an electronic

(4-20 mA) controller which manipulates the cooling water valve position. The
control valve is linear trim and air-to-open with valve size coefficient Cv 4.
The pressure drop across the valve is a constant 25 psi. If the steady-state
controller output is 12 mA, how much cooling water is going through the valve?
[5 marks]
(b)
Consider the distillation column represented in Fig. Q3. For each of the indicated
control loops, specify the action of the valve (e.g. fail-open or fail-shut) and the
action of the controller, e.g. reverse (increase-decrease) or direct (increaseincrease). Explain your reasoning.
[20 marks]
Course Code
CH26B
2003/2004
.........................................
First Examiner
...........................................
University Examiner
..........................................
Second Examiner
Date: 20....../......./......
Date: 20././.
page 4
Pu
2
Figure Q3 - Distillation column.
Course Code
CH26B
2003/2004
.........................................
First Examiner
...........................................
University Examiner
..........................................
Second Examiner
Date: 20....../......./......
Date: 20././.
page 5
4.
(a)
In heterogeneous catalysis, the reaction kinetics take on the so-called LangmuirHinshelwood form. That is, the rate of reaction of component A is given by
r (C A , C B )
k C A CB
1 K A C A K B CB
(4.1)
where C A and C B represent the concentrations of reactants A and B, which are

both functions of time. The rate constant k and adsorption equilibrium constants
K A and K B do not vary with time. Linearize Eqn. (4.1) about the steady-state
operating point (C A, ss , C B , ss ).
[5 marks]
(b)
Consider balances of the cell density x(t) and food concentration S(t) in a simple
fermentor model:
dx
D x (S ) x
dt
(4.2)
dS
1
D ( S in S )
(S ) x
dt
Y
where
(S )
(4.3)
m S
Km S
(4.4)
The coefficients Y , m and K m are constants. Input variables which can vary
with time are inlet concentration S in (t ) and dilution rate D(t). Derive the transfer
functions which relate S in (s ) and D (s ) to cell density x (s ).
[20 marks]
Course Code
CH26B
2003/2004
.........................................
First Examiner
...........................................
University Examiner
..........................................
Second Examiner
Date: 20....../......./......
Date: 20././.
page 6
5.
(a)
Table Q5a contains experimental observations of a process variable made following

a 10% step increase in the controller output with the controller operating in
manual mode. Plot the data on the graph paper provided and fit a first-order-plusdeadtime transfer function
PV ( s )
K e D s
G ( s)
s 1
CO ( s )
(5.1)
to this response.
Table Q5a - Open-loop step test data.
Time
Process Variable
<%>
<min>
0
50
0.25
50
0.5
50
0.75
50
50
1.25
51.0
1.5
51.9
53.6
56.6
59.0
62.6
65.1
10
66.7
15
68.8
20
69.6
[8 marks]
Course Code
CH26B
2003/2004
.........................................
First Examiner
...........................................
University Examiner
..........................................
Second Examiner
Date: 20....../......./......
Date: 20././.
page 7
(b)
Replace the delay term in Eqn. (5.1) with the Pad approximation
e D s
1 ( D / 2) s
1 ( D / 2) s
(5.2)
Compute the response of the approximate model to a 10% step increase in CO(t)
and plot it on the graph developed in part (a). Comment on your results.
[10 marks]
(c)
Employ the direct substitution method to estimate the ultimate gain and ultimate
period of this system. Derive PID tuning constants from the Ziegler-Nichols and
Tyreus-Luyben tuning relations provided in Table Q5c. Which controller is more
likely to become unstable following changes in the process dynamics?
Table Q5c - Ziegler-Nichols and Tyreus-Luyben PID tuning rules.
Ziegler-Nichols
Tyreus-Luyben
KC
KC
Ku
1.7
Pu
2
Pu
8
Ku
2.2
2.2 Pu
Pu
6.3
[7 marks]
Course Code
CH26B
2003/2004
.........................................
First Examiner
...........................................
University Examiner
..........................................
Second Examiner
Date: 20....../......./......
Date: 20././.
page 8
6.
(a)
(b)
There are 3460 pounds of water in the jacket of a reactor that are initially at 145
F. At time zero, 70 F cooling water is added to the jacket at a constant rate of
416 pounds per minute. The holdup of water in the jacket is constant since the
jacket is completely filled with water, and excess water is removed from the system
on pressure control as cold water is added. Water in the jacket can be assumed to
be perfectly mixed.
(i)
How many minutes does it take the jacket water to reach 99 F if no heat is
transferred into the jacket? The specific heat capacity of the cooling water
may be taken as 1 Btu/(lbm F).
[8 marks]
(ii)
Suppose a constant 362,000 Btu/hr of heat is transferred into the jacket

from the reactor, starting at time zero when the jacket is at 145 F. How
long will it take the jacket water to reach 99 F if the cold water addition
rate is constant at 416 pounds per minute?
[9 marks]
An object is heated in an oven to 175 C, then taken out and left in a room at 20
C. After 5 minutes, it has cooled to 140 C. What is its temperature after 10
minutes? [Hint: According to Newtons Law of Cooling, the rate of change of an
objects temperature with time is proportional to the difference between its
temperature and that of its environment.]
[8 marks]
END OF QUESTION PAPER
Course Code
CH26B
2003/2004
.........................................
First Examiner
...........................................
University Examiner
..........................................
Second Examiner
Date: 20....../......./......
Date: 20././.

Ch26b Final 2004 (Rev)

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THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

CH26B Process Dynamics and Control I

Date and Time:

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: This paper has

Answer questions 1, 2, and two of questions 3, 4, 5, 6.

Solve the ordinary differential equation:

Find the inverse Laplace transform of

The University of the West Indies

External Examiner (where applicable)

where the velocity gain K p 2 / 3 m -2 .

The University of the West Indies

External Examiner (where applicable)

To what value does Fout (t ) converge following a 5% step decrease in setpoint?

The temperature of a continuous stirred-tank reactor is regulated by an electronic

The University of the West Indies

External Examiner (where applicable)

The University of the West Indies

External Examiner (where applicable)

where C A and C B represent the concentrations of reactants A and B, which are

The University of the West Indies

External Examiner (where applicable)

Table Q5a contains experimental observations of a process variable made following

The University of the West Indies

External Examiner (where applicable)

The University of the West Indies

External Examiner (where applicable)

Suppose a constant 362,000 Btu/hr of heat is transferred into the jacket

The University of the West Indies

External Examiner (where applicable)

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