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NATURAL GAS

NaturalGas

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Gasreservestoproduction(R/P)ratios

Distributionofprovedgasreserves

Source:BPStatisticalReviewofWorldEnergyJune2011

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Gasproduction/consumptionbyregion

Gasconsumptionpercapita

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Chartofgasprices

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Majorgastrademovements

Chartofnaturalgastrade

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NATURALGAS
Naturalgasesareclassifiedaccordingtotheirhydrocarbon
composition
Gascomposedofalmostmethaneisdrygas.
Iftheproportionofethane(C2H6)andheaviermolecules
propane,andbutaneexceedssomeofarbitralvalues(4
or5%),thegasiscalledwet gas.
Naturalgasesconsistinglargelyofmethanemayhaveany
one of three distinct origins
oneofthreedistinctorigins
Petroleumgas
Coalgas
Bacteriagas

FluidProperties:NaturalGas
Naturalgasismostly(60
80%)methane,CH4.Some
heaviergasesmakeupthe
rest.
Gascancontainimpurities
suchasHydrogenSulphide,
H2SandCarbonDioxide...

Impurities
CarbonDioxide(CO2):Volcanic
andorganicsources
d
i
Dilutehydrocarboncontent
Greenhouseproblem
Maybecommerciallyexploitable

HydrogenSulphide(H2S):Sour
gas
Poisonous
Corrosionproblem

Nitrogen
Nitrogen,Helium,Argon,
Helium Argon
Hydrogen

12

5/29/2012

HYDROCARBON GASES
Defined based on their occurrence
y
gas
g that exists in the gaseous
g
Free gas is a hydrocarbon
phase in a reservoir and remains in the gaseous phase
when produced.
Dissolved gas is defined as natural gas in solution in crude
oil in a reservoir. The reduction in pressure when oil is
produced from a reservoir often results in dissolved gas
being emitted from oil as free gas.
Associated gas is natural gas which occurs as a gas cap
which overlies and is in contact with crude oil within a
reservoir. Nonassociated gas is natural gas in reservoirs
that do not contain crude oil.

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LIQUIFIED GASES
NGL, natural gas liquids, are hydrocarbon liquids
separated from the produced gas stream.
C d
Condensates
t are an important
i
t t type
t
off natural
t l gas
liquid.
LPG, liquified petroleum gas, is comprised of
heavier hydrocarbon gases, usually propane and
butane, stored under pressure in a liquid form.
LNG, liquified natural gas, is natural gas,
commonly methane, which is compressed into
liquid for storage and transportation.

NaturalGasLiquid(NGL)
Classifiedinto
INORGANIC ORIGIN
Inert Gases
Helium
Argon
Krypton
Radon
Nitrogen
Also
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide

ORGANIC ORIGIN
Hydrocarbon Gases
Methane (dry)
Ethane (wet)
Propane
Butane

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FluidProperties:WhatisOilandGas?

17

HydrocarbonClassification
Hydrocarbonsarealsodefinedbytheirweightandthe
Gas/Oilratio.Thetablegivessometypicalvalues:

Wetgas
Condensate
Volatileoil
Blackoil
Heavy oil
Heavyoil
Tar/bitumen

GOR(cf/bbl)
100,000
5100,000
3,000
1002,500
0
0

APIGravity
5070
5070
4050
3040
10 30
1030
<10

Thespecificgravityofanoilisdefinedas:
o

API =

141.5

131.5

or

141.5
API + 131.5
18

5/29/2012

FluidProperties
TypicalhydrocarbonshavethefollowingcompositioninMolFraction
HydrocarbonC1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6+

Drygas

.88

.045

.045

.01

.01

.01

Condensate.72

.08

.04

.04

.04

.08

Volatileoil.6.65

.08

.05

.04

.03

.15.2

Blackoil

.03

.05

.05

.04

.42

.01

.01

.04

.8

.41

Heavyoil.11

.03

Tar/bitumen

1.0

The'C'numbersindicatedthenumberofcarbonatomsinthemolecular
chain.
19

AVERAGECOMPARISIONOFCRUDEOIL,
NATURALGAS,ASPHALT
Element Crudeoil

Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Oxygen

Asphalt

%Weight

%Weight

82.2 87.1
11.7 14.7
0.1 5.5
0.5 1.5
0.1 4.5

80 85
8.5 11
2 8
0 2

Naturalgas
%Weight
65 80
1 25
trace 0.2
1 15

10

5/29/2012

FluidProperties:Condensate
Veryoldandformedwith high temperature andpressure therefore
foundverydeep
Very lighthydrocarbonsthataregaseswhentheyarebelowground
butcondensewhenreducedintemperatureandpressure
Veryhighgravity(>60API),lightyellowandrunnylikewater
Premiumproduct
easytodistil
containlargeamountsofnaphthaforfuels and petrochemicals

21

FluidProperties:Colorofliquid
3rd/4th/5th flow initially light yellow and later dark brown

If cooled to 0 degC,
Some sticky part
appear

Condensate from gas inside string:

1~2 hours after opening well

Condensate + some oil in reservoir:

More than 1~2 hours flow

22

11

5/29/2012

FluidProperties:LightOil
Oldinageandformedwith muchheatandpressure thereforefound
atdeepdepths
HighgravityAPI>28API,colour blackcoffee,quiterunny like
milkshake
Highvalue product
Easierandlessexpensivetoextractbecauseitislessviscous andless
densethanheavyoil
Easierandlessexpensivetorefinebecauseitcontainslesssulphurand
morelightpetroleumdistillateslikegasoline,naphtha,keroseneand
dieseloilthanheavyoil

23

FluidProperties:ColorofLiquid
Colorofoil:DarkBrown

Oil

Oil

Emulsion
Mud

Mud
Solid
(barite)

Solid
((barite))

1st flow

1st flow

2nd flow

2nd flow

(4hrsafterwellopen)

(9hrsafter)

(4hrsafterwellopen)

(12hrsafter)

DrillingMud+Oil
BSW=80%
WHT=50degC

DrillingMud+Oil
BSW=10~25%
WHT=71degC

100%Oil
BSW=0%
WHT=46degC

100%Oil
BSW=0%
WHT=48degC
24

12

5/29/2012

HydrocarbonVolumes
Fluidsatbottomholeconditionsproducedifferentfluidsatsurface:
Oilbecomesoilplusgas.
GasusuallystaysasgasunlessitisaCondensate.
Waterstaysaswaterwithoccasionallysomedissolvedgas.

25

OilTerminologyandConversions
Barrel=42USgallons,159L
BOPD,BPD=BarrelsofOil
perDay
bbl/d=BlueBarrelsofOil
perDay
STB=StockTankBarrels(Oil
willchangeinvolumeasit
goesfromthereservoirinto
theStockTankasthegasis
removed

1bbloil=0.159kLoil
1kLoil=6.29bbloil
1bbl ofoilistheenergy
equivalentof6 MSCF of
naturalgas Barreloil
equivalent(BOE)

26

13

5/29/2012

GasTerminologyandConversions
MMCFD&MCFD=Million
CubicFeetofGasperDay(M
means Mille French for
meansMilleFrenchfor
1,000)
MMSCFD&MSCFD=Million
StandardCubicFeetperDay
TCF=TrillionCubicFeet(1012)

1m3 =35.3standardcubic
feet(SCF)
1tonneLNG=1,333m3 gas@
0o C
1milliontonnesofLNGper
year(mtpa)=1.333BCMpa=
47BCFpa

27

Th trngkh
Trnc s bocos 270/KVNNKK,ngy04
th 2 2010 T C T Kh (PV
thng2nm2010caTngCngTyKh(PV
Gas)trnhTponDuKhQucGiaVit
Namv viccnicungcukhkhuvc
NamB,tnhtonnguncungvnhucu
khcakhuvcnytronggiaion2011
2015.
Nguncungcpkhctnhtont:

14

5/29/2012

B CuLong(BchH,Rng,iMi,C
N Vng,ST,STV,STT,Rngng,Phng
Ng
V ST STV STT R
Ph
ng,HST,HS,TGicTrng,Khkh);
B NamCnSn(HiThch,McTinh,Lan
Ty,Lan,Rngi,ChimSo,Khkh);
B MalayTh Chu(PM3CAA&46CN,Hoa
Chu (PM3CAA & 46CN Hoa
Mai,LB48&52,Khkh).

Nhucukh bngtrnctnhchocc
T
Trungtmtiuth
t ti th NamB
N
B nh:
h
in mngNamb;
in mTyNamb.

15

5/29/2012

Da trn kt qu tnh ton cho thy t nm

2015 khu vc NamB
2015khu
Nam B s thiu khong 1.16t
1 16 t
3
m kh,tng dn trong nhng nm sau v vo
nm 2025s thiu khong 8.03t m3.
Vic xem xt pht trin thm cc m kh,
condensat cc khu vc mi l ht sc cn
thit,nhm m bo anninh nng lng Quc
Gia v kch thch pht trin kinh t x hi cho
nhng nm ti.

Natural gas
Proved reserves

Australia
Bangladesh
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
M
Myanmar
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia Pacific
Total Asia Pacific
Total World

At end 1990
Trillion
cubic
metres
0.9
0.7
0.3
1.0
0.7
2.9
1.6
03
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.2

0.3
9.9
125.7

At end 2000
Trillion
cubic
metres
2.2
0.3
0.4
1.4
0.8
2.7
2.3
03
0.3
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
12.3
154.3

At end 2010
At end 2009
Trillion
Trillion Trillion
cubic
cubic
cubic Share
metres
feet
metres of total
2.9 103.1
2.9 1.6%
0.4
12.9
0.4 0.2%
0.3
10.6
0.3 0.2%
2.8
99.2
2.8 1.5%
1.1
51.2
1.5 0.8%
3.0 108.4
3.1 1.6%
2.4
84.6
2.4 1.3%
03
0.3
11 8
11.8
0 3 0.2%
0.3
0 2%
0.8
29.1
0.8 0.4%
0.4
15.6
0.4 0.2%
0.3
11.0
0.3 0.2%
0.7
21.8
0.6 0.3%
0.4
12.4
0.4 0.2%
15.8
571.8
16.2 8.7%
186.6 6608.9
187.1 100.0%

R/P
ratio
58.0
18.3
24.7
29.0
28.5
37.4
36.1
2
27.5
20.9
*
8.6
66.0
20.4
32.8
58.6

16

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TheEnd

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33

17