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Table of contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 11 Development of Network Planning Technology....................................................11-1
11.1 GPRS Basic Principle.................................................................................................... 11-1
11.1.1 GPRS Network Structure....................................................................................11-1
11.1.2 GPRS BSS and MS Function Introduction..........................................................11-2
11.1.3 GPRS Signaling Model.......................................................................................11-4
11.1.4 Wireless Packet Channel Configuration..............................................................11-4
11.1.5 Packet Access Mode...........................................................................................11-6
11.1.6 Paging Processing.............................................................................................. 11-7
11.1.7 Discontinuous Reception (DRX)..........................................................................11-8
11.1.8 Wireless Resource Distribution...........................................................................11-8
11.1.9 Packet System Message.....................................................................................11-9
11.1.10 Radio Link Control.............................................................................................11-9
11.1.11 Channel Codec and CS Change Control.........................................................11-10
11.1.12 Radio Link Monitoring.....................................................................................11-10
11.1.13 Radio Frequency Power Control.....................................................................11-11
11.1.14 Cell Reselection Control..................................................................................11-11
11.1.15 Flow Control and QoS Guarantee...................................................................11-12
11.1.16 Mobility Management and Communications Management..............................11-13
11.2 GPRS Network Planning............................................................................................. 11-14
11.2.1 GPRS Capacity Planning..................................................................................11-14
11.2.2 GPRS Coverage Planning................................................................................11-16
11.2.3 GPRS Frequency Planning...............................................................................11-19
11.2.4 Summary........................................................................................................... 11-20
11.3 WCDMA System Overview.......................................................................................... 11-21
11.3.1 UMTS System Network Composition................................................................11-22
11.3.2 System Interface............................................................................................... 11-24
11.3.3 Basic Principle of Spread Spectrum Communication........................................11-24
11.3.4 Some of the Key Technologies in the WCDMA System.....................................11-28
11.3.5 The Receive Sensitivity of the WCDMA System...............................................11-32
11.4 WCDMA System Network Planning.............................................................................11-34
11.4.1 The Content of the WCDMA Network Planning.................................................11-34
11.4.2 WCDMA Wireless Capacity Calculation............................................................11-37
11.4.3 WCDMA Service Description and Calculation...................................................11-45
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC
E
SM-SC
C
Gd
MSC/VLR
HLR
D
Gs
A
MT
R
BSS
Um
SGSN
Gn
Gc
Gr
Gb
TE
SGSN
Gn
Gp
Gi
PDN
GGSN
TE
Gf
EIR
GGSN
Other PLMN
Signalling Interface
Signalling and Data
Transfer Interface
Controlling the conversion of the wireless channel between packetswitched services and circuit-switched services;
Besides, the operation and maintenance commands on BTS via OMC must be
controlled or transferred by BSC, and the channel configuration for the PCU and the
Pb/G-Abis interface configuration are mainly conducted at BSC.
II. BTS
BTS is the wireless part of the BSS, and controlled by BSC, BTS is the wireless
transceiving equipment serving a specific or several cells.
The main responsibilities of BTS include:
III. PCU
PCU is the equipment introduced by BSS to support GPRS, and its main functions
include:
IV. GPRS MS
(1) Terminal Equipment
Terminal Equipment (TE) is the computer terminal equipment operated and
maintained by terminal subscribers. It is used to transceive the packet data of
terminal subscribers in the GPRS system.TE can be independent desktop computer.
The functions of TE can also be integrated into the hand-held mobile terminal
equipment, and become one entity with the mobile terminal (MT). To some extent, all
the functions provided by the GPRS network are to set up a packet data transport
passageway between TE and external data networks.
(2) Mobile Terminal
Mobile Terminal (MT) on the one hand communicates with TE; on the other hand, it
communicates with BTS via air interface, and the logic link to SGSN can be
established. The MT of GPRS must be configured with GPRS function software to
access GPRS system services. In the data communications process, from the
perspective of TE, the function of MT is equivalent to the Modem connecting TE to the
GPRS system. The functions of MT and TE can be integrated into one physical
device.
(3) Mobile Station
Mobile Station (MS) can be viewed as the integrated entity with all the functions of MT
and TE. It can be one physical entity or two (TE+MT).
MS has three types:
Type A: it allows simultaneous packet switching service and circuit switching service.
Type B: it can be attached to the GPRS network and the GSM network
simultaneously, but it does not allow the simultaneous circuit switching service and
packet switching service.
Type C: it cannot attach to the GPRS network and the GSM network simultaneously.
(4) MS Multiple time slot Capability Level
MS can be divided into 29 levels based on the multiple time slot capability, which has
been detailed in the following table. MSs at different levels have different packet
channels simultaneously available. A handset reports its multiple time slot capability
level in the packet resource request information. BSS should comprehensively
consider such aspects as the MS data traffic, required class of quality of services,
available wireless channel condition, etc. when assigning wireless resources for MS.
The multiple time slot capability of MS should try to be met with the observance of the
principle of making full use of the wireless resources. The multiple time slot capability
is usually represented as X (RX)+X (TX), that is the maximum time slot number
allowed for the downlink and the maximum time slot number allowed for the uplink.
For example, 3+1 GPRS handset refers to the one with three time slots maximally
allowed for the downlink reception and one time slot maximally allowed for the uplink
transmission.
Multislot
class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Multislot
class
Tx
Rx
1
2
2
3
2
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
5
Sum
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
NA
NA
NA
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
2
2
3
4
3
4
5
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Tx
6
7
8
2
3
4
4
6
2
3
4
4
6
8
Sum
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
GMM/SM
LLC
LLC
Relay
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
GSM RF
MS
BSSGP
BSSGP
Network
Service
GSM RF L1bis
Network
Service
L1bis
Um
Gb
BSS
SGSN
LLC: Logical Link Control
PDTCH is used to transmit subscriber data in the packet switching mode, and the
transmission rate ranges from zero to 22. 8kbps. All PDTCHs are unidirectional, either
uplink (that is PDTCH/U used for the data transmission form MS to the GPRS
network) or downlink (that is PDTCH/D used for the data transmission from the GPRS
network to MS).
(2) Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH)
PBCCH is to broadcast the necessary parameters resulted from MS access to the
network because of packet services. Besides, it also broadcasts circuit switching
service parameters, which have already been broadcast by BCCH. MS in the GPRS
Attach mode only monitors PBCCH, and pays no attention to BCCH.
If there is PBCCH in a cell, BCCH will indicate it. That is to say, via system message,
SI13 tells MS that this cell has already been equipped with PBCCH. If there is no
PBCCH, BCCH will broadcast parameters that will be used in the packet services.
(3) Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCH)
PCCCH includes the following types of channels:
The PCU of Huawei Technologies Co, Ltd. can support all packet channel functions.
Channels of the third combination type are mainly used for uplink and downlink
packet data transmission. Each cell can be equipped with one or several channels of
this combination type.
The GPRS PCU system of Huawei Technologies Co, Ltd. supports all of the channel
combination types, where the third type can be divided into fixed PDCH and dynamic
PDCH. The fixed PDCH is specially used for GPRS packet data transport, and cannot
be forcefully occupied by circuit-switched services, while the dynamic PDCH can
dynamically switch from TCH and PDTCH according to service requirements. It is
TCH in the initial state of the system, and it will switch to PDCH when there is packet
service demand, while it will switch from PDCH to TCH when there is circuit service
demand.
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
X: idle frames
PBCCH channel: it can be mapped to such radio blocks as B0, B3, B6,
and B9. The specific number is determined by the busy degree of its
broadcasting channel, and the mapping sequence is in conformity with
the above-mentioned order.
PCCCH: PAGCH and PPCH can map to any radio block of the
downlink channels except the one occupied by PBCCH. PRACH is the
uplink frame corresponding with the radio block occupied by PBCCH,
PAGCH, PPCH, etc.
PDTCH: it can map to all the radio blocks, and it is used for packet data
transmission.
PACCH: it can map to all the radio blocks, and it is used to transmit the
wireless signaling of the air interface.
When the data to be transmitted are less than eight RLC blocks, the
channel request type of MS will be short access, where he number of
data packet will be determined by CS-1 coding.
When the data to be transmitted are more than eight RLC blocks, and
the RLC mode is required to be the confirmed mode, the channel
request type of MS will be one-phase access or two-phase access.
Besides, the channel request type also includes paging response, cell
renewing, and mobility management. However, this kind of channel
request type is often treated as one-phase or two-phase access.
For short access and one-phase access, MS will be assigned wireless resources
once and for all such as TFI, dynamic assigned USF or fixed assigned radio block bit
table, etc. Then MS begins transmitting data. For two-phase access channel request,
for the first time only one radio block will be assigned to MS, and MS transmits packet
resource request information via the single assigned radio block. After that, MS will
undergo resource assignment (including TFI, USF, or radio block bit table) for the
second time, and MS begins transmitting data via the assigned resources. Because
the packet channel request is only the eight-bit or eleven-bit access pulse, the carried
information is very little, whereas the packet resource request is a RLC/MAC
signaling packet coded by CS-1. Therefore, it carries comparatively much more
information including TLLI of MS, the multiple time slot capability of MS, wireless
priority, etc. , which is of benefit to the proper resource assignment for MS.
The system of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. supports all the access types, where
such access types as paging response, cell renewing, and mobility management will
be treated as two-phase access treatment.
I. Packet Paging
When there is downlink data to be transmitted to MS, SGSN should initiate packet
paging to accurately locate MS. The paging request message initiated by SGSN will
be sent to PCU via Gb interface, and PCU will transform it into packet paging request
to be transmitted via Um interface. If there exists PCCCH in the BSS system
configuration, the request message transmits directly via PPCH. If there is no PCCCH
in the BSS system configuration, PCU will send this message to BSC via Pb
interface, and BSC will transmit it via PCH.
After MS receives the packet paging message, it will initiate uplink temporary block
flow (TBF) to establish a procedure, and then send to PCU the paging response
packet as data mode via air interface. PCU then transfers it to SGSN. After SGSN
receives the paging response, within a certain processing period, the downlink data
will be able to be transmitted.
PCU transfers the paging message to BSC via Pb interface, and BSC will transmit
this circuit paging via PCH.
If there is no Gs interface between SGSN and MSC, and the GPRS/GSM system can
only run in the Network Operation Mode Two and Three, the circuit paging message
will be transmit via CCCH.
MS connects to RACH on the reception of this circuit paging message, and initiates
circuit connection establishing process. If the MS is currently engaged in the GPRS
service, it will initiate GPRS SUSPEND process to suspend the GPRS service. The
MS will not resume the GPRS service until the circuit is released.
The PCU of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. supports the above-mentioned packet
paging and circuit paging functions.
Fixed Distribution
The radio block used by the MS has been allocated by PCU before hand. If the radio
block has been used up and there are still data to be transmitted, PCU has to
distribute radio blocks for a second time.
Dynamic Distribution
The radio block used by the MS has been allocated by PCU temporarily. When PCU
distributes radio resources to MS, it will assign MS several wireless channels and the
uplink state flag (USF) value for each wireless channel. After the MS receives the
assignment message, it will monitor the USF value of the downlink radio block of the
assigned channel. If this value is the same with the assigned USF value, then MS will
transmit data in the corresponding uplink radio block.
The resource distribution mechanism is the same with that of dynamic distribution.
The only difference lies in that the number of time slot used by the MS may exceed its
multiple time slot capability. After MS receives the USF value of one of the channels,
it can transmit data in this channel and the other channels with a bigger number.
The BSS system of Huawei Technologies, Co., Ltd has realized the dynamic
distribution function. It can choose MAC mode according to the subscriber
configuration within the cell or the TRX range.
number of packet channels that can be used concurrently. When PCU distributes
radio resources to MS, it should take into consideration the MS data transmission
quantity, the required quality grade of services, available wireless channels, etc. The
MS multiple time slot capability should try to be satisfied while observing the principle
of making full use of wireless resources.
The PCU system of Huawei Technologies at present supports MS with 1~12 grade
multiple time slot capability, and can make the best resource distribution based on the
MS multiple time slot capability and the radio resources.
PSI4 mainly includes the PDCH list used in the MS measurement in the
serving cell.
PSI13 is the same as the SI13 which is broadcast via the BCCH, and it
mainly includes the access-related information which is unique of the
GPRS cell.
PSI1~PSI4 can be broadcast both via PBCCH and via PACCH. PSI5 can be
broadcast only via PBCCH. PSI13 can be broadcast only via PACCH. When there is
PBCCH in a cell, the PSI13 message then will not be broadcast via PACCH, which
will however cyclically broadcast PSI1. When there is no PBCCH in a cell, PACCH
can only cyclically broadcast PSI13 message.
The BSS system of Huawei Technologies, Co, Ltd. can perform the transmission of all
the system messages related to the GPRS service, and it can realize the control
retransmission, fast retransmission, low-speed retransmission of the system
messages. It can also control the system message transmission via PACCH based on
the PBCCH/PCCCH configuration of the cell.
When confirmed mode is adopted, each transmitted data block of Temporary Block
Flow (TBF) needs the confirmation from the receiver. Otherwise, it has to be
retransmitted. The TBF cannot be released until all the data have been transmitted
and the confirmation by the receiver has been received. When the unconfirmed mode
is adopted, the transmitted data block needs no confirmation from the receiver. The
lost data or the error data can be replaced by filling bits. TBF can be released once
the data transmission is finished.
The PCU system of Huawei Technologies, Co. Ltd. supports both the confirmed and
unconfirmed modes. It can specify the uplink data transmission RLC mode according
to the MS request information, and determine the downlink data transmission RLC
mode according to the downlink LLC-PDU packet type.
Rate (kbps)
9. 05
13. 4
15. 6
21. 4
Different channel code modes have different transmission rates and different
requirement for air transmission quality. The higher the transmission rate is, the
higher the requirement for transmission quality is. In the data transmission process,
BSS can dynamically adjust channel code mode according to the changes of wireless
transmission quality so as to realize the purpose of trying to improve transmission
rate on the principle of making full use of radio resources and guaranteeing the
transmission quality.
The PCU system of Huawei Technologies, Co., Ltd. at present supports four code
modes: CS-1~CS-4. It can dynamically change between these four modes according
to the wireless transmission quality.
10
NC1: MS performs
measurement report.
11
cell
selection
automatically,
and
sends
The BSS system of Huawei Technologies, Co., Ltd can determine network control
mode according to the subscriber data configuration. At present, NC0 mode is
supported.
12
Best Effort grade at present. That is to say, data will be transmitted as soon as
possible according to the principle of making the best use of resources.
Because services with different QoS occupy different system resources, and the
subscriber service quality is also different, carriers can differentiate subscribers
according to the different QoS grades and adopts flexible charge policies, which is
beneficiary for the spread of the GPRS service.
The PCU of Huawei Technologies, Co., Ltd can assign MS radio resources based on
the radio priority required by the data transmission, peak load grade, and average
load grade. The MS with higher radio priority and higher load grade will be granted
priority in the radio resources distribution. The QoS requirement will be met according
to the Best Effort grade.
13
AN
N
BN A n
n!
The packet data traffic can not directly employ the Erlang B table, which is due to the
unique features of the packet data. The packet traffic of the fixed network has a
calculation solution, which is very difficult to be used in the mobile environment.
GPRS data traffic model has something to do with application occasions such as
Email, web browsing, online games, etc. Different types of application have different
data quantity, which is determined by the byte number, packet number, delay class,
and service type.
The LLC frame format is: LLC header (9-byte)+SDNCP header (4 byte)
+ IP data +FCS (3 byte). Each packet occupies one RLC length of
indication byte.
14
CS4, the number of the LLC PDU bits transmitted by each RLC data
packet is 20 bytes, 30 bytes, 36 bytes, and 50 bytes respectively.
The protocol header of the FR, NS, BSSGP, LLC, and SNDCP of the
Gb interface is 53 bytes.
The following formula can be used to estimate the average data rate of the IP layer in
various kinds of CS coding methods.
M A1 / B
T (M M0. 2M0. 1) 20
VIP A2 / T
VGbVIP(15053) / 1501. 327 VIP
Where:
B is the total number of all the LLC PDU bytes supported by each RLC
data block
Xrepresents the upper round-off for X, whileXrepresents the lower round-off for
X.
The result of the calculation is as follows:
CS-1
(Kbps)
CS-2
(Kbps)
CS-3
(Kbps)
CS-4
(Kbps)
9.05
5.42
13.4
8.14
15.6
9.77
21.4
13.63
16
16
32
32
7.19
10.79
12.96
18.09
Suppose the proportion of the CS1 and CS2 in the designed network is 1:9. The
average IP layer rate per time slot in the network is:
5. 42*10%8. 14*90%=7. 868Kbps.
Suppose the future mainstream MS type is 3+1, and the subscriber multiple time slot
capability is employed by 60%. The average access rate for each subscriber will be 7.
868*3*60%=14. 162Kbps.
S = r1r2(AnTr3R / 3600)
15
r1 stands for the busy day concentration coefficient, which refers to the
percentage of the traffic in the busiest day agaist the traffic in a whole
month. It has nothing to do with the service type, and usually is set to
be 1/20 or so.
r2 stands for the busy hour concentration coefficient, which refers to the
percentage of the traffic in the busiest hour agaist the traffic in a whole
day. It has much to do with the service type.
r3 stands for idle-seizure ratio, which refers to the ratio between the
data downloading period and the whole online period. It is set to be 1/4.
where:
According to the above method, China Mobile has conducted an estimation on the
average traffic for each GPRS subscriber during 2001-2002, and the result is 180bps.
After the average traffic for each subscriber has been estimated, it will not be hard for
us to plan the capacity of the whole network.
The coverage area estimation still adopts Okumura-Hata Model (for the distance
longer than one kilometer) and Walfish-Ikegami Model (for small base stations).
Suppose the interference in the serving area is constant and there is no frequency
hopping, it stands for the serving area in different channel coding condition.
Compared with voice and circuit-switched data subscribers, it theoretically refers to
the serving area when the C/I is 9dB.
Table 11-2 The Percentage of the Serving Area with the GPRS Channel Coding Compared with Voice Subscriber Serving
Area (%)
Channel Coding
Okumura-Hata
16
Walfish-Ikegami
80
63
57
37
cs-1
cs-2
cs-3
cs-4
Figure 11-6 The relationship between C/I and distance (GPRS load 0--100%)
17
Figure 11-7 illustrates the relationship between C/I distribution probability and GPRS
load. The curve also shows that C/I decreases with the increase of the GPRS load.
On the other hand, when the C/I is 9dB, the coverage rate falls from 90% to 86%.
Figure 11-7 The relationship between C/I distribution and GPRS load (0100%)
Figure 11-8 illustrates the relationship between C/I and multiplexing factor, where k
ranges from seven to nineteen. k=7 is not the best condition for the GPRS. The
bigger the multiplexing factor is, the more powerful it will be to support comparatively
heavy GPRS load.
Figure 11-8 The relationship between noncoverage rate and K (GPRS load from 0-100%)
18
.Q
Q
6
D
R
(1)
3 N
(2)
19
Channel Coding
Scheme
Voice
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
9
10. 8
12. 8
13. 7
17. 2
79
9
12
13
>19
The frequency close multiplexing technology of the current GSM network, which targets the
improvement of the frequency efficiency and has a low requirement for error code for the voice
service, can be used in the GPRS network. But the data communication has a high requirement
for error code, and the dense multiplexing technology cannot meet the data transmission
requirement. Generally, the data service and the voice service will exist together. The channels
required by the GPRS data services and voice services are dynamically distributed. Therefore, all
the channels which are used by the GPRS services should be guaranteed to satisfy the C/I
requirement in the design.
The fixed GPRS channels should choose the frequencies whose multiplexing distance can meet
the C/I requirement.
The GPRS channels which are not fixed should start choosing the frequencies from those that
have longer multiplexing distance. Compared with voice channels, they have an option
mechanism.
Summary
The GPRS network planning should try to guarantee the QoS of the existing voice services, and
try to reduce the unfavorable effect on the voice services caused by the GPRS services. At the
initial stage, in order to simplify the network planning work, a location area can include only one
routing area. After the GPRS service has been developed, a location area should be divided into
several routing areas according to the geographic distribution condition and GPRS service
distribution condition.
Frequency hopping has no obvious advantage for the GPRS service. It can improve the CS-1
performance, has no obvious influence for CS-2/3, and lower the CS-4 performance. At the initial
stage of the GPRS introduction, in order to avoid network planning complexity, the original
frequency hopping parameters should not be changed. In order to make full use of the GPRS
coding technology advantage and to reduce the effect on the voice services, independent
frequency planning should be taken for the GPRS network.
It is recommended that at the beginning only the uplink power control be adopted, and the
downlink power control be gradually introduced.
Frequent change of the channel coding method should be avoided. Otherwise, the concussion
effect will be present.
GPRS is a new planning subject. The unsolved problems require further study in the future.
20
UE
3G CN
RAN
EXTERNAL
3G CS
MSC
VLR
GMSC
gsmSSF
PSTN
SERVI CE
APPLI CATI ON
UTRAN
HLR, SCP
Internet
3G PS
SGSN,GGSN
lu
Node B
USIM
Cu
ME
RNC
Node B
lub
MSC/
VLR
lur
GMSC
PLMN PSTN
ISDN,etc
GGSN
INTERNET
HLR
Node B
RNC
SGSN
Node B
UE
UTRAN
CN
External Networks
21
CNCore Network
CN is responsible for the connection to other networks and the communication and management
of UE. The major function modules are as follows:
(1) VMSC/VLR
VMSC/VLR is the WCDMA core network CS domain function node. It connects to UTRAN via Iu
CS interface, connects to external networks such as PSTN, ISDN, and other PLMN via
PSTN/ISDN interface, connects to HLR/AUC via C/D interface, connects to VMSC/VLR or SMC
via E interface, connects to SCP via CAP interface, and connects to SGSN via Gs interface. The
major function of VMSC/VLR is to provide CS domain call connection, mobility management,
authentication, and encryption.
(2) GMSC
GMSC is the gateway node between WCDMA mobile network CS domain and external networks.
It is a selectable function node. It connects to external networks such as PSTN, ISDN and other
PLMN via PSTN/ISDN interface, connects to HLR via C interface, and connects to SCP via CAP
interface. Its major function is to accomplish the incoming and outgoing calling routing function of
the VMSC functions.
(3) SGSN
SGSN is the WCDMA core network PS domain function node. It connects to UTRAN via Iu_PS
interface, connects to GGSN via Gn/Gp interface, connects to HLR/AUC via Gr interface, connects
to VMSC/VLR via Gs interface, connects to SCP via CAP interface, connects to SMC via Gd
22
interface, connects to CG via Ga interface, and connects to SGSN via Gn/Gp interface. The major
functions of SGSN is to provide PS domain functions such as routing transfer, mobility
management, conversation management, authentication and encryption.
(4) GGSN
GGSN is the gateway GPRS support node. It connects to SGSN via Gn interface and connects to
external networks (Internet /Intranet) via Gi interface. GGSN provides data packet routing and
encapsulation between WCDMA mobile network and external data networks. The major function of
GGSN is the interface function for the external IP packet networks. GGSN should provide the
gateway function for UE to access external packet networks. From the perspective of external
networks, GGSM functions as all the subscribers IP router of the addressable WCDMA mobile
network. It needs to exchange routing information with external networks.
(5) HLR
HLR is the home location register of the WCDMA mobile network. It connects to VMSC/VLR or
GMSC via C interface, connects to SGSN via Gr interface, and connects to GGSN via Gc
interface. The major function of HLR is to provide functions like subscriber signature information
storage, new service support, and enhanced authentication.
OMC
OMC function entities include equipment management system and network management system.
The equipment management system performs the independent network element maintenance and
management, which include performance management, configuration management, fault
management, billing management, and security management.
The network management system can realize the unified maintenance and management for all the
network elements in the network. The detailed functions also include performance management,
configuration management, fault management, billing management, and security management.
System Interface
Figure 2-2 shows that the WCDMA system has the following interfaces:
Cu Interface
Cu interface is the electric interface between USIM card and ME. Cu interface adopts standard
interface.
Uu Interface
Uu interface is the wireless interface of WCDMA. UE connects to the fixed network part of the
UMTS system via Uu interface. It can be said that Uu interface is the most important open
interface in the UMTS system.
Iu Interface
Iu interface between UTRAN and CN. It is similar to the A interface and Gb interface of the GSM
system. Iu interface is an open standard interface. This enables the UTRAN and CN connected by
Iu interface to be provided by different equipment manufacturers.
23
Iur Interface
Iur interface is between RNCs. Iur interface is a unique interface of the UMTS system. It is used
for the mobility management of MS in the RAN. For example, in the soft handoverhandover
between different RNCs, all the data of MS are transmitted from the working RNC to the candidate
RNC via Iur interface. Iur is an open standard interface.
Iub Interface
Iub interface connects Node B and RNC. Iub interface is also an open standard interface. This
also enables the RNC and Node B connected by Iub interface to be provided by different
equipment manufacturers.
When F R, that is when F/R=10-10 (10-60dB), then the system is broadband communication
system.
(2) The broadband communication system is realized by the narrowband communication system
via spectrum spread. The CDMA communication system is a typical broadband communication
system.
24
This formula shows a time-limit (T), frequency-limit (F), power-limit (S) continuous white Gaus
channel, whose capacity can be vividly represented by the volume, which is determined by three
most important parameters.
These three parameters F, T, and lg(1+ N ) forms the volume C. when the volume is invariant, the
three variables can be mutually changed. The revelation of this dialectical relationship facilitates
multiple new communication mechanism establishment. The spread spectrum communication is a
typical example.
S
(3) In the mobile communications, N is the most important contradiction. The improvement of S/N
can be at any cost. Shannon formula indicates that S/N can be improved by sacrificing frequency
band F. When C is invariant, the increase of F can reduce the receiving S/N threshold value of the
receiver lg(1+). This is the basic principle of spread spectrum communication: bartering F for S/N.
S/N OUT
S/N IN
R PN
R
NR
R
F PN
B
NB
B
where, R PN R stand for pseudo code rate and information code rate respectively;
stand for pseudo code bandwidth and information code bandwidth.
25
F PN B
P E fE/N 0 f NE/T
FT fS/N FT
0 F
P E is in direct proportion with the power S/N and signal base FT. When P E is
6
invariant, S/N is in inverse proportion with FT. Therefore, when FT=10-10 , and P E is invariant,
It illustrates that
communication can continue in very low S/N. That is to say, very strong interference is allowed.
(3) It has good security. No matter it is direct spread or frequency hopping, after spread, it will be
similar to white noise. Therefore, it has a good security performance. Digitalized subscribers can
have further encryption.
(4) Low power spectrum density. Because the spread belongs to the broadband system, the wider
the frequency spectrum is, the lower the power spectrum intensity will be. Therefore, it has good
concealment performance. At the same time, it has little interference for other communication
systems and human bodies.
(5) It is easy to realize large capacity multiple access communication. Time and frequency twodimension address division increases the number of potential addresses. Strong anti-interference
capability and low power intensity means more subscribers allowed for interference-limit systems.
(6) It is easy to realize accurate timing and distance measurement. It is suitable for the parametric
variation channel wireless communication. The spread system is more likely to realize diversity
reception in various forms and improve the anti-interference capability.
Disadvantages:
(1) It will occupy signal frequency bandwidth. The code series (chip) bandwidth after spread is far
wider than the information code series bandwidth before the spread.
(2) The system realization is complicated.
(3) It is difficult to realize synchronization on time variation channels.
(4) At present, it is difficult to realize large capacity communication due to the limitation of detecting
the number of address codes.
26
Si
Sj
CRC
CRC
Channel coding
Channel coding
Speed matching
and inner-frame
crossing
DPDCH1
Inter reuse frame
crossing
and
physical channel
mapping
DPDCH2
Speed matching
and inner-frame
crossing
DPDCHL
Pilot labels
TPC labels
MUX
DPCCH
Space-time Code
With the increase of mobile subscribers, and the mobile communication service demand tendency
from ordinary voice service to multimedia service, frequency spectrum resources become scarce.
Therefore, the pursuit for the highest frequency utilization ratio has become a challenging problem
for the present and in the future. This challenge has stirred people to develop highly efficient
coding technology, modulation technology, and signal processing technology to improve the
efficiency of radio frequency. The space-time code is one of the most important solutions proposed
in recent years, aiming at improving radio frequency utilization ratio. In the research of the spacetime code, on the one hand, Da-shan Shiu, Joseph M. Kahn, G. D. Golden and Foschini have
done much work on the layered space-time (LST) code; on the other hand, Tarokh from AT&T,
based on the summary of the previous research on the transmission diversity, has done some
innovative research on the space-time code based on the transmission diversity. All the analysis
and simulation indicates that the utilization ratio of the two space-time codes above-mentioned can
reach 20-40bps/Hz, which means they can achieve good frequency band utilization ratio. It can be
anticipated that the future mobile communication system featured by the space-time code will have
extremely large system capacity, excellent communication quality, and extremely high frequency
utilization ratio.
(1) Layered Space-time Code. The layered space-time code is first proposed by Foschini. It
divides the signal source data into several sub data stream and performs coding and modulation
independently. Therefore, it is not based on transmission diversity. The basic structure of the
layered space-time code is as follows: the transmitter has n transmitting antennae, while the
receiver has m receiving antennae (m n). In the transmitter data from the channel coding will be
divided into n directions, and flow to n antennae. The m receiving antennae at the receiving end
simultaneously receive the signals sent by the n transmitting antenna, and then perform
demodulation, channel estimation, and decoding. The layered space-time code has the following
features:
(a) n antennae use the same frequency band. The sign is in synchronization. The same
constellation graph will be used.
(b) The signals sent by n antenna are independent. This is why the layered space-time code is not
based on transmission diversity.
(c) The total power of the transmission unit antennae is constant, which has nothing to do with the
number of the transmitting antennae n.
(d) The single channel with high SNR will be divided into n overlapping channels with low SNR so
as to improve the frequency spectrum efficiency.
(e) The advantage of layered space-time code is that when m n, it can be proven that the
system capacity is almost in direct proportion with the number of the transmitting antennae n.
(f) The channel gain between different receiving antennae has no relationship.
(2) The space-time code based on transmission diversity. In mobile communication system,
diversity is one of the most important methods to provide reliable communication. The ordinary
diversity modes include: time diversity such as channel coding, interleaving, which are very
effective for fast attenuation, but not effective for slow attenuation; frequency diversity such as
spread spectrum; and space diversity. Multiple antennae receiving diversity and transmitting
diversity both belong to space diversity. In the actual mobile communication system, because of
the limitation of MS size, the battery energy, and the asymmetry of media services, the best mode
is that the base station uses multiple antennae to realize receiving diversity and transmitting
diversity, while MS should not be required to use multiple antennae. Based on this, Tarokh and
other people from AT&T, based on the transmission delay diversity, formally proposed the spacetime code based on transmission diversity. Generally, the transmitting diversity is considered to be
an important technology to enhance the radio link performance. The space-time code based on
transmission diversity can be divided into Space-time block code and Space-time trellis code
according to different coding modes.
28
RAKE Reception
In the WCDMA system, the multi-path propagation is no longer a negative factor. Instead, it is an
ideal result, because RAKE receiver can combine the signals with the delay of at least 1 Chip (the
data transmission rate of the WCDMA network is 3. 84 Mbps, that is 1Chip=0. 26 microseconds,
equivalent to 78 meters) into useful signals. The working principle of the RAKE receiver is that it
demodulates several signals with different time delay respectively, and then algebraically
combines them to improve reception performance.
demodulated subscriber signal into order by the signal intensity. That is to make the signal
intensity of the first subscriber greater than that of the second subscriber, and the rest can be done
by analogy. At first the normal demodulation method will be used to demodulate the first
subscribers signal, and the information bit can be acquired after judgment. Making use of the first
subscribers demodulated signals, the second subscribers interference signal can be restored.
Judgment will be made after subtracting the second subscribers signal by the first subscribers
interference. In the same way, subtracting the third subscribers signal by the first and second
subscribers interference. The rest can be conducted by analogy. The advantage of this treatment
is dual. First, the judgment is made for the strongest signal. Because it suffers least from the
multiple access interference, the judgment can be most accurate. Secondly, the judgment of other
subscribers has already subtracted the strongest multiple access interference signals. The serial
interference suppressor has simple structure and it greatly improves the performance of the
traditional detector. The requirement for it is that the calculation speed should be great so as to
avoid bringing big time delay for weak subscribers. If the energy of two subscribers is similar, the
serial interference suppressor can be replaced by the parallel interference suppressor. Good
performance can be achieved even without ordering subscribers. The interference risk device is
most likely to get applied in the WCDMA system due to its simple structure.
In recent years the integration of various technologies has attracted wide attention of researching
people. It includes the following kinds: space-time two perspective signal processing technology,
multi-subscriber detection and channel codec integration technology, and multi-subscriber
detection and power control integration technology.
Soft Handover
GSM only has hard handover, which means connecting to new base stations after disconnecting
the original connection. The soft handover of CDMA refers to the fact that a handset can connect
to several base stations at the same time. Therefore, the handover from the serving cell to the
adjacent cells will not cause any effect. Meanwhile, in the uplink, the soft handover can bring
diversity gain (in fact, in the downlink there also may be gain, which is determined by the macro
diversity gain and the resultant interference). Soft handover can reduce the undesirable
disconnection and improve the cell peripheral service. The design should take into consideration of
the feature that a cell has soft capacity.
In a cell softer handover may occur. CDMA also have hard handover like GSM between different
frequency points, MSC, and different systems.
Code Planning
In the TDMA system, the frequencies used by one cell cannot be used in the adjacent cells. But
the CDMA frequency multiplexing coefficient is 1. Compared with the current TDMA, CDMA
frequency planning is simple, but it has introduced the code planning. The code planning at the
initial stage of the network construction is very simple. However, with the frequent use of
repeaters, the network will become complicated and the code planning will also become quite
complicated.
Others
Some of the key technologies in the WCDMA system have been discussed. Research has
indicated that space-time code, intelligent antenna, multi-subscriber detection are all effective tools
to improve the spectrum utilization ratio, and will be used widely in the future WCDMA mobile
communications system. However, there is much to be improved for the systematic theoretical
analysis of the space-time code, and there is much work to do to combine the space-time code
technology with intelligent antenna technology, multi-subscriber detecting technology, and
equilibrium technology. There is some distance to cover for the real application of the intelligent
antenna and multi-subscriber detecting technology.
Besides, there exists a dynamic relationship between the coverage and the capacity of the CDMA
system. Therefore, the capacity and coverage design of CDMA system is much more difficult than
that of TMDA, and CDMA can provide more service types. In the 3G phase, it can provide highspeed data service.
30
31
The fixed-point simulation shows that the baseband demodulation needs 4. 49dB. With the
consideration of physical realization deterioration 0. 5dB, the demodulation threshold of NodeB is
calculated to be 4. 99dB. The baseband demodulation threshold in suburb/rural areas adopts
CASE1 channel condition.
CASE 2 Channel
The fixed-point simulation shows that the baseband demodulation needs 4. 71dB. With the
consideration of physical realization deterioration 0. 5dB, the demodulation threshold of NodeB is
calculated to be 5. 21dB. The baseband demodulation threshold in urban areas adopts CASE2
channel condition.
32
33
stations necessary to meet the network capacity requirement and the base station configuration
can be worked out.
On the other hand, when a subscriber is far away from the base station, he has to get a large part
of the transmission power so that it may cause power shortage for other subscribers. This means
the cell capacity has something to do with the actual distribution condition of subscribers. When
the subscriber density is very large, this problem can be solved by conducting statistics on the
mean value; whereas when there are few subscribers, simulation method has to be adopted to
conduct a dynamic analysis on the network.
What is worth explaining is that the WCDMA network needs to support services with different QoS
and rates, and the actual coverage of a cell is restricted by the coverage probability of the services
that need to be supported. Therefore, in the wireless network planning, different coverage
probability requirement for various kinds of services the network supports should be determined.
Generally, UMTS network planning engineers start from the radius of the intermediate-level
services. Thus the actual effective range of a cell can only partially meet the requirement of
advanced services.
The traffic of the UMTS network is asymmetric; that is to say, the data transmission on the uplink
and the downlink of the network is different. Network planning engineers should at first work out
the value in both directions, and then combine them properly. In this way, the network planning
work will be very complicated. The uplink is a typical restraint factor of the UMTS cell effective
area, or it can be said that in a certain load condition the uplink is coverage limited, while the
downlink is capacity limited. The transmission power in the uplink is provided by the handset, while
the transmission power in the downlink is provided by the base station. The radius of the forward
and backward cell is the same.
Compare the number of base stations generated by the two methods according to coverage and
capacity respectively. If they are not the same, that means there exist coverage-limited or
capacity-limited conditions. Because in the WCDMA system, there exists a dynamic relationship
between coverage and capacity, and the cell coverage is worked out based on the cell load.
Therefore, if the number of base stations generated by the two methods is not the same, the cell
load should be adjusted once again, and the above coverage and capacity estimation process
should be performed again. The ultimate result should be that the estimated number of base
stations based on the links and the number of base stations based on the capacity analysis should
be the same so that minimum number of base stations will be used to fully meet the coverage and
capacity requirements.
For the GSM network, the focus of the network estimation is on the available frequency points of
carriers and the frequency planning method which can determine the maximum number of carrier
frequencies a cell can support. The cell coverage change has nothing to do with the network load.
Therefore, the coverage and capacity estimation can be finished once. There is no repetition
process necessary.
Due to the unique features and complexity of the WCDMA network, the planning phase needs a
simulation testing process. Normally, based on the coverage prediction, the Monte Carlo system
simulation will be further used to appraise the network performance. At the same time, the statistic
result of the system simulation will be analyzed, and parameter will be adjusted based on the initial
result of the system simulation until the simulation result meets the design and system
performance requirement. Finally, the number of base stations, base station configuration and
location, the height of the antenna, the leaning angle of the antenna, and the system capacity can
be determined so as to generate a detailed wireless network planning solution.
In the WCDMA system, the power resource is very limited. Therefore, the purpose of both the
power control and the RRM algorithm is to save network resource and reduce the transmission
power of the service channels as many as possible on the premise that the quality is guaranteed.
Therefore, the configuration principle of cell parameters should take all these factors into
consideration.
In the WCDMA system, the pilot pollution is a significant factor, which affects the network
performance. In the GSM system, this kind of problem may not occur, because the BCCH
frequency points normally employ very loose multiplexing mode (such as 5*3) and they are
planned carefully. In the CDMA system, it is a common problem. The main feature of pilot pollution
34
is that there is no leading cell. To be more specific, terminals receive pilot signals from multiple
cells with the similar power, which causes the activation set to renew frequently. The pilot pollution
increases network interference and causes handover algorithm not able to work efficiently.
The reasons for pilot pollution generally include:
1. Bad system design; for example, the transmission power of the pilot channel is too big.
2. Inappropriate choice of the base station location and the antenna leaning angle;
3. Complicated geographic environment and lack of full consideration in design
From the above analysis, it can be known that the WCDMA network planning cost is much higher
than the current mobile communication network planning. 3G network planning is very
complicated, because many system parameters are closely related to each other, and have to be
calculated at the same time, whereas the current mobile communication network planning
calculate these parameters separately.
The complexity of the WCDMA network planning requires us to possess new technologies and
new knowledge at all levels. The first is the well-trained professional network planning engineers,
who are good at system technology. The second is managers who are familiar with the business
and have accurate foresight. At the beginning phase, they can know exactly the UMTS network
expansion condition and cost. The last is the outstanding planning software tool, which is
absolutely necessary for the 3G network planning.
35
Eb / No j
Pj
W 1
I TOT Pj R j v j
hence, Pj:
Pj
I TOT
1
W 1
1
Eb / No j R j v j
The interference of the subscribers of the same cell is the sum of the power with which all the
subscribers reach the receiver:
N
I own Pj
1
37
Adjacent cell subscriber interference is hard to analyze theoretically, since it relates to so many
factors such as subscriber distribution, cell layout method, antenna direction, etc. .
-The adjacent cell interference factor can be defined as:
I other
I own
When the subscriber distribution is even, for an omnidirectional cell, the typical value of the
adjacent cell interference factor is 0. 55; for a directional cell with three sectors, the typical value of
the adjacent cell interference factor is 0. 65.
PN: receiver noise base
PN = 10lg(KTW) NF
-K: Bridgman constant = 1. 3810-23 J/K
-T: Kelvin temperature, the normal temperature is 290 K
-W: signal bandwidth, WCDMA signal bandwidth 3. 84MHz
-NF: receiver noise coefficient
We can get the result:
10lg(KTW) = -108dBm/3. 84MHz
NF = 3dB (typical value for macro cell base station)
PN = 10lg(KTW) + NF = -105dBm/3. 84MHz
Therefore, the uplink interference gets
1 i
1
ITOT
PN
1
W 1
1
Eb / No j R j v j
and
I TOT
I TOT 1 i L j PN
1
We can get:
I TOT PN
1
N
1 1 i L j
1
Suppose
All the subscribers are 12. 2kbps voice subscribers, and the demodulation threshold is EbvsNo =
5dB
Voice activation factor vj = 0. 67
Adjacent cell interference factor i = 0. 55
The uplink carrier factor is defined as:
N
UL 1 i L j 1 i
1
1
1
W 1
EbvsNo j R j v j
38
1
1
I
Noise Rise TOT
N
PN 1 1 i L 1 UL
j
39
40
the designed load for macro cells normally does not exceed 75%. For example, if the load is
designed to be 60%, then the corresponding noise rise will be 4dB.
I own j 1 j
PT
PL j
In this formula, PT is the total transmission power of the base station, including the private channel
transmission power and common channel transmission power.
N
PT PCCH Pj
1
I other j PT
1
1
PLk , j
Therefore,
K
PT
1
PT
PN
PL j
1 PLk , j
41
Pj
EbvsNo j
PL j W 1
ITOT j R j v j
And
Pj EbvsNo j
Rj
W
v j I TOT j PL j
Since
N
PT PCCH Pj
1
Hence,
N
Rj
N
K
P
1
PCCH EbvsNo j j v j PL j 1 j T PT
PN
W
PL j
1
1 PLk , j
N
K PL
j
PCCH EbvsNo j j v j 1 j PT PT
PN PL j
W
1
1 PLk , j
PCCH PN EbvsNo j j v j PL j
W
1
PT
N
R
1 1 j i j EbvsNo j j v j
W
1
Where ij is the adjacent cell interference factor of subscriber j, which can be defined as:
K
PL j
PLk , j
ij
DL 1 j i j EbvsNo j j v j
W
1
When the downlink carrier factor reaches 100%, the transmission power of base stations can
reach infinitely great, and the corresponding capacity is maximum capacity.
(2) Analysis
Different from the calculation of uplink capacity, the variables j and ij in the downlink capacity
calculation formula are both related to the subscribers location. That is to say, the downlink
capacity is related to subscribers space distribution, and can only be determined by the system
simulation. The following are the simulation parameter table and simulation result graph 11-17.
42
Parameter
Power control range
70 dB
0 dBi
11 dBi
10 dB
DL value
25 dB
HANDLING of DOWNLINK
maximum TX power
Random and uniform
across the network
non orthogonality factor macrocell
0,4
COMMON CHANNEL
Orthogonal
ORTHOGONALITY
DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO
Hexagonal with BTS
Macrocell
in the middle of the
cell
BTS type
omnidirectional
Cell radius macro
577 macro
> 19 with wrap
# of macro cells
around technique)
bit-rate speech
8 kbps
Activity factor speech
100%
Multipath environment macro
Outdoor micro
Eb/N0 target
6,1 dB
USER DISTRIBUTION
> 150
perfect PC
0%
Maximum ratio
combining
9 dB
-99 dBm proposed
43 dBm
30 dBm
30 dBm
43
Compared with the uplink capacity, this result is much greater. Therefore, in this condition, the
capacity of WCDMA is restricted in the uplink, which is completely different from that of the IS95.
It is generally accepted that the coverage uplink of the IS95 system is restricted, while the system
capacity is restricted in the downlink.
Summary
The capacity analysis of the WCDMA system should take more factors which are more
complicated into consideration:
The downlink capacity is related with subscriber space distribution, which makes the analysis
difficult;
The system simulation is en effective tool for the capacity analysis of the WCDMA system.
Conversational Class
Streaming Class
Interactive Class
Background
The features and typical examples of these four types of services are shown in the
following table:
Service QOS Type
Conversational
Streaming
Interactive
Background
Basic Feature
Information data time relationship should be
kept
Conversational mode with little time delay and
strict requirement for time delay jitter.
Information data time relationship should be
kept.
Request response mode
Data completeness should be preserved
Target has high tolerance for data delay.
Data completeness should be preserved.
Typical Example
Voice
Video telephone
Multimedia data stream
Network browsing
Network games
Email downloading at the
background
II. The Calculation Method of the Blocking Rate for Different Types of
Services
(1) Conversational Services
Conversational services have strict requirement for point-to-point time delay. For
example, it is usually required to be less than 150ms for voice services, and it cannot
exceed 400ms at the most. Otherwise, it will cause difficulty for listening. The
parameters for the typical conversational services are shown in the following table.
Conversational services are usually carried in the CS domain. The system can
process conversational services without conducting the calling queuing treatment. In
this situation, the traditional Erlang B formula or the extended Erlang B formula can
be adopted to do the calculation. The extended Erlang B formula is recommended
here, and it is assumed that 50% of the blocked subscribers will retry immediately.
(2) Streaming Services
Compared with conversational services, streaming services have lower requirement
for point-to-point time delay. The parameters for the typical streaming services are
shown in the following table.
44
Streaming services are also usually carried in the CS domain. Streaming services
have high tolerance for call waiting, and calling queuing mechanism can be provided.
In this situation, the Erlang C formula is adapted to do the blocking probability
(defined as the probability of call waiting exceeding a certain period of time)
calculation for this kind of subscribers.
(3) Interactive Services
Interactive services refer to the type of services that subscribers request data from
servers. It is described by the terminal subscriber request response mode. Therefore,
round-trip time is the most important index for this kind of services. The parameters
for the typical interactive services are shown in the following table
Interactive services are usually carried in the PS domain. Interactive services have
certain tolerance for call waiting, and the system can provide queuing mechanism.
The Erlang C formula is adopted to do the blocking rate calculation.
(4) The Calculation of the Background Services
Background services have the largest tolerance for time delay, which can reach up to
the hour level. Because of so large tolerance, the system can store such requests
when it is busy, and respond to it while it is idle. Meanwhile, this kind of service can
terminate any time when a request with higher QoS comes in.
45
Since background services can be initiated and terminated any time by the system,
both of the above-mentioned Erlang B formula and Erlang C formula do not work. The
usual calculation method is to work out the background services traffic that can be
supported according to the result of the maximal channel number of the system less
busy hour average occupied channel number.
With the consideration of the signaling overhead caused by the transmission startup
and temporary termination, the worked out traffic should be multiplied by an efficiency
factor such as 0. 8.
If the calculated traffic value cannot meet the design requirement, the corresponding
needed channels should be added to ensure enough busy hour traffic.
46