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GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN

TITLE
CHILDREN

GROWTHDEVELOPMENT
IN CHILDREN

NOTE

Have a typical characteristic always growth & development different from the adult.
Children is not a miniature of the adult
The law protection of child No. 23 year 2002
Section 4 from the law protection of child : every child is entitled to be able to live, growth, develop and
participating to the manner born
Child :
conception 18 years (Convention of Child Right /CRC and Indonesian Child Protection Right)
Based on :
anatomical growth (epipyphise clossing, reproductive system maturation etc. )
Psychosocial development (adolescent adulthood)
Child not a miniature of adult !!
Specific aspects : growth and development

GROWTH the change of large, amount, measures or dimension of the cell stage, organ and individual
- body weight, body length, bone age, circumference head, circumference of the arm
DEVELOPMENT increasing of the skill in struture and body function which more complex, regular
pattern, can be forecasted, the result of process maturation

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STAGE OF
GROWTHDEVELOPMENT

STAGE
STAGE 1

The periods of
prenatal (intra uterin)

STAGE 2

The periods of
postnatal (after birth)

STAGE 3

The periods of
preschool (2-6 yr)
The periods of school
( 6-10 yr, 8-12
yr)
The periods of
adolescent (10-18
yr,12-20 yr)

STAGE 4
STAGE 5
CHARACTERISTI
C OF GROWTH

PERIOD

CHARACTERISTIC
Change of measure
Change Of proportion
The vanish of old
marking

NOTE
a. The periods of embryo conception age of eight weeks
b. The periods of
Early Foetus (9 weeks trimester 2)
foetus age of
acceleration growth, forming of physic, body
nine weeks - the
appliance have been formed & start to function
birth
Advanced foetus final trimester of growth take
place fastly & existence of growth of functions of
Ig G transfer, the accumulation of fat of esensial
(Omega 3 and Omega 6)
a. The periods of neonatal (0-28 days) adaption to environment, the
change of blood circulation, start to the function of body organ
b.The periods of
The periods of early baby (1-12 months) rapid
baby
growth, maturation process take place
continue,the increasing of nerve system function
The periods of final baby (1-2 years) speed of
growth start decrease, progress of growth of
motor & function of escretion
stable of the growth, corporeal activity increase & the increasing of
skilled & process of thinking
rapid growth, skill and intelectual more expand, like to play in the
team
the transition of period of child to adult,acceleration growth, marking
of secondary sex

NOTE
Physical ; increasing of the body organ improvement of requirement of body
increased
Head of the newborn baby relative have the bigger proportion than age furthermore.
Center body in umbilicus, adult as high as pubis symphisis.
Growth process disappearing of the thymus gland, fall out of the milkteeth, the
vanish of primitive reflects

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Appear of the new
marking

CURVE GROWTH
PATTERN

the maturation effect of organ function permanet tooth, the marking of secondary
sex

CURVE GROWTH PATTERN

PATTERN GROWTH OF GENERAL

NOTE

PATTERN GROWTH OF ORGAN LIMFOID

PATTERN GROWTH OF BRAIN AND HEAD

Characteristic body length

Fast until age 2 yr stabile (influence of
growth hormone)
Puberty
effect hormone of sex the
growth go on quickly stopping
Growth quickly until 200% at age 12 yr,
downhill gradually until adult age become
100% child at the period of puberty
stronger endurance relative
Brain & head are growth more quickly than
other organ since intrauterine

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PATTERN GROWTH OF ORGAN REPRODUCE

SEX SECONDER
DEVELOPMENT

A period of child growth development

sex organ very tardy
A period of puberty remarkable
acceleration
Growth of organ reproduce in line with
growth of ability of sexual

GIRL

BOY
Table 4. Classification of Sex Maturity Stages in Boys
(Tanner)

Table 3. Classification of Sex Maturity Stages in Girls

(Tanner)
SMR
Stage
1
2

3
4
5

PUBIC HAIR

BREAST

Preadolescent
Sparse, lightly pigmented,
straight, medial border of
labia
Darker, beginning to curl,
increased amount
Coarse, curly, abundant but
amount less than in adult
Adult feminine triangle,
spread to medial surface
of thighs

Preadolescent
Breast and papilla elevated as
small mound; areolar
diameter increased
Breast and areola enlarged,
no contour separation
Areola and papilla form
secondary mound
Mature; nipple projects,
areola part of general breast
contour

SMR
Stage

PENIS

1
2

None
Scanty, long, slightly
pigmented

Preadolescent
Slight
enlargement

Darker, starts to curl,

small amount

Longer

Resembles adult type, Larger; glans

but less in quantity;
and breadth
coarse, curly
increase in
size
Adult size
Adult distribution,
spread to medial
surface of thighs

5
*Adapted from Tanner JM: Growth at Adolescence, 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell
Scientific Publications, 1962

PUBIC HAIR

TESTES
Preadolescent
Enlarged scrotum,
pink texture
altered
Larger
Larger, scrotum
dark

Adult size

*Adapted from Tanner JM: Growth at Adolescence, 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell
Scientific Publications, 1962

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CHILD GROWTH
TITLE
INCREASES OF
PHYSICAL SIZES

NOTE
INCREASES OF
PHYSICAL SIZES
HEIGHT

NOTE

Addition of body length

Trimester I
:
Timester II
:
Trimester III
:
Trimester IV
:
Addition of body length

2,8
1,9
1,3
1,2

4,4
2,6
1,6
1,3

cm
cm
cm
cm

/ months
/ months
/ months
/months

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0-3 mth = 3,5 cm/mth
3-6 mth = 2,0 cm/mth
6-9 mth = 1,5 cm/mth
9-12mth = 1,2 cm/mth
1-3 yr = 1,0 cm/yr
4-6 yr = 3,0 cm/yr
Estimate of body length
a. Born = 50 cm
b. Age 1 yr = 75 cm
c. 2-12 yr = age (year) x 6 + 77

Influence of genetic to body height

Range of predictional final height at 18 years old
Boys = (Father + mother height + 13 cm )
2
Girls = (Father + mother height 13 cm)
2

WEIGHT

8,5 cm

+ 8,5 cm

Influenced by :
Genetic (clan)
Intake nutrition (eat, drink, snack)
Absorbtion of intestine & escretion
Physical activity
Metabolism of the body, hormone
Chronic disease (heart, urinary tract infection, tuberculosis)
content water and body fat
Addition of body weight
Trimester I : 700 1000 gram/month
Timester II : 500 600 gram/month

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HEAD
CIRCUMFERENCE

Trimester III : 350 450 gram/month

Timester IV : 250 350 gram/month
Relating to growth of brain volume
Circumference head more bigger (macrocephaly)
88 % IQ normally
5 % mild mental retardation
7 % severe mental retardation (Lober & Priestly, 1981)
Circumference head more small than normally (microcephaly) mental
retardation
History of pregnancy, birth, disease untill age 3 year close with mental
retardation

Age ~ brain
20 weak ~ 100 g
Born

~ 400 g

18 month ~ 800 g

FACTOR OF
GROWTH

FACTOR
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL

3 year

~ 1100 g

Adult

~ 1400 g

NOTE
father, mother, grandpa, grandma
GENATIC
INTRAUTERINE PROCESS nutrition, disease, drug, polution, toxin
nutrition, disease, polution, exercise, emotional support

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DEVELOPMENT
TITLE
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
CHARACTERISTIC OF
DEVELOPMENT

CHILD DEVELOPMENT

CHILD DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS

NOTE
Development increasing of the ability/ function from all the body organ systems; result
from increased of the maturatiy body organ system function
Development entangle the change every growth accompanied by change of function,
example development of the reproduction system accompanied by change of organ
sexual
Early development determining the growth hereinafter. Cannt pass one development
phase before passing step before all
Development have the constant pattern area lead to caudal (cephalocaudal)
area of proximal to shares of distal (proximodistal)
Development have the successive phase successive and regular pattern
Development have the different speedy
Development have the correlation with growth
Increases of all child functions
1. Sensory : auditory, visual
2. Motor : gross, fine motor
3. cognitive (knowledge, inteligence)
4. communication / language
5. socio-emotional, behavior
6. self help
7. creativity
8. leadership
9. spiritual
Increases maturation of organ system : mainly brain and
neuromuscular system
Determinant factors of child development
internal : genetic + intrauterine processes
external : nutrition, diseases, quality of family, baby sitter (care-givers),
playmates, school
4 aspects of development
1. Gross motor
4. Sosial, emosional, behavioral
2. Fine motor and vision
3. speech,language and hearing

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What is the role ?

I. Genetic
The parents : father, mother,grandmother, grandfather
Sex, ethnic, nation
II. Environment