CHAPTER 2 LOGIC

Classification of terms
Simple apprehension
-is defined as the first act of the intellect by
which it knows the essence or nature of the
thing without affirming or denying about it.
Idea

Univocal
-is term used in an identical sense.
-it expresses only one meaning or sense
when applied to several objects.
A term maybe univocal if it falls under the
following conditions:

-the mental product of apprehension.

-it is the mental or intellectual image or
representation of the object, because it
represents the object or thing in the intellect.
Term
-the external manifestation or sign of an
idea.
-idea exists in the mind, but when it is
expressed or manifested verbally, then it
becomes a term.

The term has no other possible meanings

other than itself.
The term used is defined.
Terms used are taken to signify one
meaning or two instances.
2. Equivocal
-is term that expresses two or more different
unrelated meanings.
-may be externally the same, but different in
sense.
a.Pronunciation
peak-pick
reign-rain
son-sun
b. Spelling

Comprehension-is the sum total of the

attributes or thought elements which
constitute the idea.
it is the meaning, the signification,
the thought-content or connotation of
the idea.

ground-surface of the earth, or

motive, past tense of grind
hunk means a very large person, a
chunk.
trunk of a tree, of a car
c. Both in spelling and pronuciation

Extension -is the sum total of the

individuals, things or beings or groups to
which the idea can be applied.
book(comprehension)
A set of written, printed, or blank pages
fastened along one side and encased
between protective covers.
Basic Handbook in Logic, The Alchemist,
Harry Potter, The Da Vinci Code (extension)

head-head

star-star

3. Analogous -is a term that expresses a

meaning that is partly different and partly
the same, or meanings that are related.
pretty chair, pretty face.
bad days, bad breath

Definition -is a statement which explains

what a thing is.

definiendum(term to defined)

square-is a four sided polygon. A four

sided polygon is a square.= invalid
4.) Should be affirmative not negative

Definition=
Definiens (defining term)
Kinds of Definition

Predicaments and Predicables

1.) Nominal -simply explains the meaning

of a term or word.

Predicaments- refer to the set of

fundamental
ideas in terms of which all other ideas can
be expressed.
-they are the basic manners of
being to which all reality can be reduced.

a. ostensive definition-indicates
the meaning of a term by showing or
pointing at the object.
word

(1) Substance -it is that which has its

existence not in another but in and for itself.

e.g.

e.g.plant dog man ballpen table

Contraband-smuggling

B. Accident it refers to everything added to

a substance as a further determination.

b.synonym-equivalent term or

tree

Boo-boo-mistake
cordial-friendly
Nota bene-note well
c. Etymological definition-gives the
origin of the word
Polygamy- (poly, many; gamos
marriage) means many marriages

2. Quantity-the modification
of a substance as regards the
effect of having extension and
divisibility.
50 kgs 25 ft. long
100 pesos
200 sq. m.
3. Quality

Polyandry(andros, man) is when a

woman has more than one wife.
2. Real definition -tells what the thing is.
-clarifies the question regarding its
nature.
Rules of definition
1.) Clearer than the subject being
defined
2.) The definition must not contain the
term being defined.
3.) The definition must be convertible
with the term being defined.

-formal determination of a
substance which may be a
disposition, capacity or the
form and figure of a thing.
Intelligent
hot
Red
figure of a woman

soft

4. Relation- the manner in which

substances refer to each other.
father
husband
leader

teacher
brother
mistress

5.. Action -production of an effect in another.

Running
Walking

swimming
dancing

6. Passion -reception of an effect from

another.
e.g.Being killed
are burned
was shot
being accepted

-answers the question what differentiates it

from that of other species?
*Man is rational.
*A pentagon is five-sided.
*Hammer is used for pounding nails.

7. When (time) -situation in time

e.g.
At 8 p.m.
today
Now
tomorrow
Last time
next week

3. )Species - a universal idea that

expresses the complete essence of a thing.
-It is constituted by adding the specific
difference to the genus.
*Man is a rational animal.
*A pentagon is a five-sided polygon.
*Hammer is a tool used for pounding nails.

8. Where (place) -position or localization of

the substance in space.
Here
in the office
at home
park
Jollibee

4.) Property -a universal idea that expresses

an attribute that belongs to the thing by
natural necessity.
*Man is capable of learning grammar, of
thinking, of morality, of laughter.

9. Posture -determination of the substance

as the disposition of its parts.
Lying
standing
squatting
Sitting stooping
slanting

*Triangle has angles that add up to 180.

10. Habit -determination of the substance as

to the external appearance or outfit.
In red gown
Clothed in black suit
Covered with lace
Predicables refer to the kinds of relations
which may be obtained between a term and
the subject of which it is predicated.
1.)Genus- a universal idea which expresses
a part of the essence of a thing, that part is
common with other speciesin the same
class.
-answers the question what is it?
*Man is an animal.
*A pentagon is a polygon.
*Hammer is a tool.
2.)Specific difference -a universal idea
which expresses a part of the essence of a
thing, that part which differentiates it from
that of other species.

*Water freezes at 32C; boils at 100C.

5. Logical Accident -a universal idea that is
not a part of the essence of a thing but
something that belongs to the thing, not by
natural necessity, but by contingency, i.e.
that something is but need not be
*Jose is tall and intelligent.
*The bridal gown looks elegant.