Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
4 See Communication from the European Commission Increasing the Impact of EU Development
Policy: an Agenda for Change. COM (2001) 637 final, p.3. See also European Commission (2008),
Changing the World Locally. 25 success stories of development cooperation at local level.
the OECD. These strategies include the use of private sector development
approaches and tools such as value chain development, linkages with
microfinance institutions, skills development, institutional capacity-building and
green jobs. The purpose of local economic development (LED) is to build up the
economic capacity of a local area to improve its economic future, and to improve
the quality of life for all. It is a process by which public, business and nongovernmental sector partners work collectively to create better conditions for
economic growth and employment generation. 6 It is found that local
governments have an essential role in creating favorable environments for
business success and job creation. To do this optimally, LED is undertaken
through partnerships between local government, business and community
interests.7
Migration and development
In the last two decades, the development effect and potential of migrants has
become an increasingly important and coherent field in economic and social
science research. Its significance has not only been highlighted in a growing
body of international research literature, but also in publications by international
organizations and institutions. The wider view of migration as a development tool
is supported by the increasing inclusion of migration aspects in countries
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, or PRSPs.
Depending on the conceptualization, there are four stages of migration
that may have developmental effects. The first is emigration. The second
consists of the interactions between the migrants and the homeland during the
migrants stay abroadso-called diaspora options. The third stage comprises
eventual return migration, and the fourth and last is re-migration, thus starting
the conceptual circle da capo.8
Issues related to out-migration, or emigration, are highly disputed. Best
known in this context is the example of brain drain, understood as the
emigration of a sizeable number of the best and brightest, which depletes the
country of origin of its talent. However, this is only one possible effect emigration
may have. It has been argued that legal and safe emigration, together with predeparture training will have the best effects on migrants, their countries and
regions of origin, as well as on the countries of transit and destination.
While migrants from a given country are abroad, the country of origin may
benefit in many ways. Activities by diaspora actors may have direct,
5 Conclusions of the First World Forum of Local Development Agencies (2011), Territory, Economy
and Local Governance: New Viewpoints of Times of Change, p. 38.
9 Ibid., Chapter 3.
10 JMDI (2011) handbook Migration for Development: A Bottom-Up Approach.
Migrants rights underpin and reinforce the positive linkages that can be
made between migration and development. Protection of migrant rights, both
in countries of origin (prior departure) and of destination is of fundamental
importance to realizing its full potential. Projects can in particular promote
migrants rights, enhance their application, and increase the protection of
vulnerable migrants.
12 These 16 target countries were: Algeria, Cape Verde, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Georgia, Ghana,
Jamaica, Mali, Moldova, Morocco, Nigeria, the Philippines, Senegal, Sri Lanka and Tunisia.
the local level, this has to take into account the institutional and regulatory
framework at the national level, and stakeholders and actors from the regional
and national sphere. Thus, the mapping will take into account the levels of
decentralization and fiscal resources of local authorities that directly impact their
ability to implement the assessed initiatives. The study will also shed light on the
link between the national and the local level (vertical dimension) as well as the
local-to-local dimension (horizontal dimension). In addition, several international
stakeholders matter for such practices, namely migrants and migrants
organizations, actors of international development cooperation, at the national
and the local-to-local level, as well as international organizations. This
enumeration of involved actors is not exhaustive, but evidences the complex and
multi-stakeholders context of the study.
Local
Local authorities
Local NGOs/CSOs
Local businesses
Local
strengths/weaknesses/etc.
Global
Diaspora actors
Bilateral int. cooperation
for
Horizontal int. cooperation
(local-to-local)
Int. NGOs/CSOs
Int. organizations
National
Institutional framework
migration
development
decentralization
National NGOs/CSOs-
The objective of the study is to support the JMDI to map and analyze migration
and development practices of local authorities, especially those undertaken in
partnership with civil society organizations. This includes an assessment of the
training needs of local authorities to successfully initiate, implement and
evaluate migration and development initiatives.
The findings of this mapping will support JMDI in its next project phase to
identify up to ten projects or initiatives that could be enhanced and scaled up
through additional funding.
This inception report is structured as follows:
B. Methodological framework
In this methodological framework, we explain the main phases of inquiry,
provide definitions for some key concepts, and elaborate upon each phase of
the study with the relevant research methodology used.
Definitions
Local authorities: For this study, local authorities are a broad category that
includes the largest variety of sub-national levels and branches of
government, i.e., municipalities, communities, districts, counties, provinces,
and regions.
Practices: Relevant and ongoing practices by local authorities, including
initiatives, projects and programmes. Unless otherwise indicated, for the
purpose of this inception report, the terms initiatives, projects and
programmes are used interchangeably and as synonyms for practices.
Local Economic Development: The purpose of local economic development is to
build up the economic capacity of a local area to improve its economic
future, and to improve the quality of life for all. It is a process by which
public, business and non-governmental sector partners work collectively to
create better conditions for economic growth and employment generation. 15
Local development: The First World Forum of Local Development Agencies
concluded, local development has economic, social, human and
sustainability components, though there this no single, specific definition of
it.16 It is an umbrella concept that includes local economic development,
adjusting local development strategies to reach the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), and local governance. 17
Decentralization: Decentralization refers to a process involving the transfer of a
range of powers, competences and resources from the central government
to elected local (sub-national) governments and entails three inextricably
linked dimensionspolitical, administrative and fiscal. 18
17 UNDP (2012), unpublished, draft report, UNDP and UNCDF Interventions in Local Development
and Local Governance Areas in West and Central Africa.
Scaling up: Scaling up processes can take many forms, and range from a
national outreach covering the entire population to a policy reform spurred
by a successful pilot. This can imply replicating pilot project to more
communities or to extend it to the regional or even to the national levels in
order to impact a wider population. 19
19 UNDP (2012), unpublished, draft report, UNDP and UNCDF Interventions in Local Development
and Local Governance Areas in West and Central Africa. Scaling up entails the following
dimensions: social (social inclusiveness), physical (replication), political (policy and budget
commitments), and conceptual (changing the mind set and power relations-deep transformation of
power and administrative structures).
policy
We elaborate below upon each phase of the study with the relevant research
methodology used.
(1)Elaborating a conceptual framework to link local governance, local
development and local economic development to concepts of
migration and development
Based on reports and publications by the UNDP partner agencies and the
European Commission on local development, local economic development
and decentralized cooperation, as well as research literature on migration
and development, the research team will elaborate a conceptual framework
to link local governance, local development and local economic development
to concepts of migration and development.
This theoretical exercise will be supplemented by the empirical findings of
this study.
22 Edith van Ewijk and Isa Baud, Partnerships between Dutch Municipalities and Municipalities in Countries of
Migration to the Netherlands: Knowledge Exchange and Mutuality, Habitat International Vol. 33, No. 2 (2009): 21826.
Tunisia
Also Tunisia is of particular importance for the mapping. The countrys 11th
Development Plan for the 2007-2016 decade published by the Government of
Tunisia (2006) includes references to migration. The country has created the
Ministry of Social Affairs, Solidarity, and Tunisians Abroad and the 651,600
Tunisian emigrants constitute 6.3 percent of the countrys population (2010). The
country also established external voting provisions that ensure the political
influence of emigrants. In addition, Tunisia has introduced a special category of
deposit accounts at commercial banks in countries of origin, where members of
the diaspora can deposit their savings.
Tunisia is also one of the four pilot countries for the UNDP-IOM-GMG project on
mainstreaming migration into national development planning.
The country is also of importance for immigration to the EU, as several EU
Member States host large communities of Tunisian-born persons, namely France
(370.600), Italy (85.200), Germany (26.000), Belgium (11.000). 25 Importantly, the
EU is in the process of offering a Mobility Partnership to Tunisia, which was a
target country during the first phase of the JMDI.
The following first evidence on local authorities practices in the field of migration
and development further justifies the selection of Tunisia:
23 ICPD and IOM, The Moroccan Experience. Linking Emigrant Communities for More Development. Inventory of
Institutional Capacities and Practices.
advice and guidance to Filipinos abroad who are interested in investing in the
Philippines. The Business Advisory Circle is a network of individuals and
organizations that help prospective overseas Filipino entrepreneurs set up
business partnerships in the Philippines. BAC has a technical working group
comprised of business advisers of many government agencies and NGOs,
including Go Negosyo, the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry
(PCCI), the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), the Philippine Franchising
Association (PFA), the Womens Business Council of the Philippines (WBCP),
and the European and American Chambers of Commerce in the Philippines.
These partners offer advice and support to businesses.
Senegal
West Africa is an important area for many aspects related to migration. 28
Senegal is an important country of origin that has created a Ministry of
Senegalese Abroad. This again may increase the possibilities for searching
for information and contacting authorities. In addition, there are provisions
for external voting, stressing again the voice of migrants in the country. At
the level of the national development plan, the TPRSP (07/316) from
September 2007 mentions the importance of migration, and the plan is
supposed to be reviewed in the period 20102012. Furthermore, Senegalese
projects received funding during the first phase of the JMDI.
The UNDP ART Gold programme is very active in supporting local
development, and can facilitate access to the field. The decentralization of
Senegal and its Decentralization Act that came into force in January 1997,
are additional reasons for inquiring into Senegals local practices in the field
of migration and development. In addition, Senegal issues consular cards to
its migrants (cartes consulaires).
The total emigrant stock is reported to be 632,200, or 4.9 per cent of the
countrys population. In Europe, France hosts the majority of Senegalese
migrants (108.300), followed by Italy (55.900), and Spain (55.200). 29
The IOMs MIDA project is operating in Senegal, and there has been a specific
Senegal-MIDA project, launched in Italy thanks to funding from the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and implemented by IOM Italy in partnership with CeSPI (the
Centre for International Political Studies).30
28 Promoting government and civil society partnerships in migration and development in North Africa, Conference Report,
EU-UN Joint Migration and Development Initiative (JMDI), North Africa Regional Conference 27-28 March 2012 Tunis.
An existing mapping of Senegalese CSOs in Italy will also facilitate the search
for projects in Senegal and joint initiatives of CSOs and local governments. 31
In addition, the Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale provides training on
migration and development for authorities in Senegal. This may enhance the
potential to learn about training needs.
A review by the International Center for Migration Policy Development
(ICMPD) and IOM also identified special provisions to link migration and
development in Senegal.32
Foreign investors and Senegalese nationals residing abroad who would like to
engage in corporate activity in Senegal enjoy fiscal advantages in the project
setup period (three years), and the exploratory phase of an enterprise or
project (up to a maximum of five to eight years), and they also get discounts
on or exemptions from certain state taxes. Law No. 2008-47 includes fiscal
incentives relating to the creation of mutual savings and microcredit, which
can be of particular interest to Senegalese nationals living abroad.
The benefits of engaging local authorities in migration and development are
also emphasized in a project of Senegalese migrant communities building
partnerships with local authorities for development. The Veneto Regional
Authority in Italy and local authorities in Veneto region collaborate with
Senegalese local labour agencies and Chamber of Commerce to facilitate
rural development valuing the skills, relations and resources of migrants and
to strengthen the capacity of migrants to act as development agents through
entrepreneurship. This project involved: the creation of a financial instrument
for access to microcredit to support migrant investments; Support Centres for
Migrant Initiatives in Italy and Senegal to support migrants business ideas;
creation of a business forum and multi-stakeholder partnerships; creation of
the Central Equo System dedicated to the insurgence of cooperatives of local
producers in Senegal.
Ecuador
Ecuador has established external voting provision and the Plan Nacional para
el Buen Vivir 2009-2013 published by the Government of Ecuador (Spanish,
2009) with references to migration. The UNDP ART Programme has
contributed to the decentralization process and to the National Decentralized
System of Participatory Planning. 33 ART representatives recommended
Ecuador as an important focus country because of the level of information,
the involvement and facilitation possibilities of UN agencies, and the
innovative approach local governments show toward development. In 2010,
31 Ibid. Annex 5.
32 ICPD and IOM, The Senegalese Experience. Linking Emigrant Communities for More Development. Inventory of
Institutional Capacities and Practices.
34 Ibid., p. 35.
35 OECD data for 2008.
JMDI will place an appeal for collaboration on the website of the JMDI
community of practice, asking participating practioners to share
information on relevant practices.
The list of questions that form the basis for semi-structured interviews
may also be used to send written queries in the form of
questionnaires to selected initiatives.
In order to supplement the findings of the qualitative research,
statistical data will be included into the analysis, including local,
regional or national demographic data, as well as social, health and
economic indicators.
(5)Based on the assessment in (4), choosing a limited number of
initiatives that will be visited and assessed more in detail during
missions to the five focus countries.
From all information obtained on ongoing practices by local authorities, the
research team will select a limited number of initiatives that will be examined
in-depth and through country visits. The selection of initiatives will be guided
by four overarching criteria for the assessment of practices.
First, it will be focused on whether initiatives are implemented by
meaningful consortia made of civil society organizations and local
authorities. Specific attention will be brought to initiatives that include
social partners and the private sector, who have a crucial role to play
in development processes.
The second major assessment criterion will be to choose practices that
are particularly promising to enhance local development. Given the
many different aspects of local governance and local economic
development, in particular its economic, social, human and
sustainability components, we highlight here criteria that are of
particular relevance:
o Does the initiative follow an integrated approach including social and
environmental, as well as rights and economic issues?
o In particular, what it the effect on:
To
what
extent
helps
the
initiative
to
increase
stakeholder/citizen
dialogue
and
or
engagement
on
development issues and policies?
In all likelihood, the mapping will follow the structure of the four
JMDI thematic windows (communities, capacities, remittances and
rights).
Training needs and preferences for local authorities and CSOs will be
spelled out.
The report will also include an Annex with a short description of all key
practices by local authorities sampled. The format and structure of the
descriptions will follow the JMDI project database. The practices listed
in the annex will not necessarily be screened and assessed as good
practices.
The research team will submit a draft report and invite comments from the
JMDI Evaluation Committee and the European Commission. These comments
will then be included into the final report.
Dates (all
2012)
1920 July
(Deliverable 1)
24 July
26 July
30 July
4 August
From 25 July
onward
From 25 July
onward
(Daniel)
2025 August
(Christian)
2125 August
(Daniel)
(Daniel)
(Christian)
(Deliverable 2)
25 August
1016
September
1723
September
1015
September
15 October
23 October
8 November
(Deliverable 3)
15 November
The research team consists only of two individuals whoafter the draft
inception is approvedare available for a total of 123 working days until midNovember, and who have to undertake five country missions. For obvious
reasons, this limits the feasible research activities.
The research team will contact the resource persons provided by JMDI and
use its own contacts, networks and resources to obtain information on local
authorities practices. Considering that very limited research has been
conducted on the topic, and that the research team has no own network of
local authorities to draw from, it cannot be guaranteed that a significant
number of practices will be identified. However, the research team will make
substantial efforts to gain knowledge about such practices.
The research team will aim at mediating these limitations through a thorough
preparation and triangulation of information with different sources.
A NNEX 1
The following criteria guide the selection of countries for this study:
First evidence for proactive local authorities and the number of projects in
the country:
o The level of representativeness of the different projects to cover the four
thematic windows (remittances, migrant communities, their capacities,
and their rights);
o The projects that focus specifically on the local level and civil society or
other partners (i.e., private sector);
o The maturity of the projects or activities in that country, especially at
local level (local governance and local development);
o The wealth of experiences and the chances of their generating
interesting lessons, especially through the use of innovative methods and
approaches;
o The experiences already identified in the JMDI Handbook or the report on
Lessons drawn from local authorities;
o The strategic interest of the projects or activities, for the future
anticipated direction of the JMDI;
o The way gender equality (and perhaps the equity dimension and the
rights approach) have been used as cross cutting strategies, or as a
particular project focus;
o The focus of an initiative is of particular importance to inter-agency
collaboration or to the mandate of the JMDI partner agencies;
o Local authorities are involved in projects that focus on aspects of the
SouthSouth migration dimension.
Magnitude and relevance of migration
o The significance of emigration, return migration, remittances, and other
migration and development related indictors;
o The socio-economic composition of the (e)migrant stocks, so as to
diversify between labour migration, skilled, and highly-skilled migration
flows and their effects;
o Diversify countries of origin by their emigrants main countries of
destination. The receiving climate may have important influences on the
level of organization of diasporic actors, their ideas and values, as well as
their potential to act as agents of trade, exchange of knowledge etc. In
addition, local-to-local partnership may differ from country to country.
Thus, this diversification in migrants destination/country of residence
may lead to a more diverse set of practices.
Level of centralized decision making/decentralized structures
This refers to political, administrative, and fiscal decentralization.
Importance of M&D at the national level
o The countries where migration got added to PRSPs and the repercussions
at the local level;
o Congruence and synergies with the UNDP-IOM-GMG pilot project on
mainstreaming migration into national development planning, as well
as with the drafting of Extended Migration Profiles by countries,
together with IOM and other stakeholders.
Countries where the UNDP ART Global Initiative (Articulation of Territorial and
Thematic Networks of Cooperation for Human Development), the City-to-City
initiative of the International Centre for Migration Policy Development
(ICMPD) and other initiatives that can facilitate the access to local authorities
and help to create synergies.
The cultural, ethnic, linguistic and geographical diversity of the local
activities.