Mat 4030

HW 1 Solution
18 Sep, 2007

do Carmo P.7 Q.1

(t) = (3t, 3t2 , 2t3 )
0 (t) = (3, 6t, 6t2 )

We can consider the direction of the line l , y = 0, z = x , as (1, 0, 1) .

Let (t) be the angle made by the tangent line to at t and l. Then
< (1, 0, 1), 0 (t) > = |(1, 0, 1)| |0 (t)| cos (t)
< (1, 0, 1), (3, 6t, 6t2 ) > = |(1, 0, 1)| |(3, 6t, 6t2 )| cos (t)

3 + 6t2 = 2(3 + 6t2 ) cos (t)

1
cos (t) = ,
which is a constant.
2
So, the tangent lines to (t) make a constant angle with the line l.

do Carmo P.7 Q.6

(t) = (aebt cos t, aebt sin t),

t R, a > 0, b < 0

(a) Since b is a negative constant, as t tends to , bt goes to . So

ebt 0

t .

as

And as a is a positive constant, | cos t|, | sin t| is bounded by 1,

(t) (0, 0)

as

t .

(b)
0 (t) = (abebt cos t aebt sin t, abebt sin t + aebt cos t)
p
|0 (t)| = aebt b2 + 1
1

lim

Z t
p
2
| (t)|dt = a b + 1 lim
ebt dt
0

t0

t0

ap 2
=
b + 1( lim ebt ebt0 )
t
b
ap 2
=
b + 1(ebt0 )
as lim ebt = 0.
t
b

Oprea 1.1.23

For 0 t < 2,
1
1
(t) = ( cos t, sin t, cos t)
2
2
1
1
0
(t) = ( sin t, cos t, sin t)
2
2
1
1
00 (t) = ( cos t, sin t, cos t)
2
2
r
1
1
sin2 t + cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
|0 (t)| =
2
2
Z 2
L() =
1dt = 2
0

As |(t)| = 1 for all t , (t) lies on the unit sphere S2 in R3 . In addition,

(t) lies on the plane x = z, and so the trace of is a great circle in S2 .

Oprea 1.2.5

From example 1.1.12 of the Opreas book, a circle of radius r can be parametrized by
(t) = (r cos t, r sin t)
0 (t) = (r sin t, r cos t)
|0 (t)| = r

t [0, 2)

Rt
Define s(t) = 0 rdu = rt.
The inverse function of s(t) is then t(s) = s/r, s [0, 2r).
Define (s) = (t(s)) = (r cos rs , r sin rs ) for s [0, 2r).
s
s
0 (s) = ( sin , cos )
r
r
| 0 (s)| = 1
s [0, 2r)
So (s) is a circle of radius r with unit speed.
2

Oprea 1.3.2

Let = (s) be the angle between the unit tangent vector T (s) of (s) and
e1 = (1, 0). As |T (s)| = 1,
< T (s), e1 >= cos
< T (s), e2 >= sin
Differentiating both side with respect to s,
< T 0 (s), e1 >= (sin )(
< T 0 (s), e2 >= (cos )(

d
)
ds

d
)
ds

Thus,
d
d
T 0 (s) = ((sin )( ), (cos )( ))
ds
ds
r
d
d
|T 0 (s)| = (sin2 + cos2 )( )2 = | |
ds
ds
So, up to sign, the curvature of is given by

d
ds .

Oprea 1.3.11
1

(s) = (

(1 + s) 2 (1 s) 2 s
,
, )
3
3
2

for s (1, 1)

1.
1
1
1
1
1
0 (s) = ( (1 + s) 2 , (1 s) 2 , )
2
2
s
r
1
1
1
| 0 (s)| =
(1 + s) + (1 s) + = 1
4
4
2

2.
T (s) = 0 (s)
1 1
1
1
T 0 (s) = ( (1 + s) 2 , (1 s) 2 , 0)
4r
4
1
1
1
|T 0 (s)| =
+
4 1+s 1s
1
=p
8(1 s2 )

3. By Frenet Formulas,
T 0 (s) = N (s)
p
1 1
1
1
N (s) = 8(1 s2 ) ( (1 + s) 2 , (1 s) 2 , 0)
4
4
p
p
2(1 s)
2(1 + s)
=(
,
, 0)
2
2
B(s) = T (s) N (s)



j
k 
1 i 1
1
 (1 + s) 2 1 (1 s) 2 1 
=  2
2
s

 2(1s)

2(1+s)


0
2
2

1+s 1s
2
= (
,
,
)
2
2
2
4.
1
1
1
1
B 0 (s) = ( (1 + s) 2 , (1 s) 2 , 0)
4
4
(s) = |B 0 (s)|
r
1
1
1
+
=
4 1+s 1s
= (s)