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RESEARCH PAPER
Abstract
Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem
health optimizing biological cycles and soil biological activity. Such optimization often relies on so called
biofertilizers which could improve the soil nutrient management. With aim to study the effect of such group of
biofertilizers on productivity and quality of economically-importanbt crop such as pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
variety Kurtovska Kapiya 1619, an experiment was carried out in 2009-2011 on the experimental fields of the
Agroecological Centre at the Agricultural University-Plovdiv (Bulgaria). Solid biofertilizers, i.e. Boneprot and
Lumbrical, and a liquid biofertilizer Baikal EM were tested. The content of the total digestible N, K2O and humus
at the end of the vegetation showed the highest values after application of Boneprot in an optimum concentration.
The highest standard yield was measured after Baikal EM on basic fertilization with Lumbrical, i.e. 15980 kg.ha-1
in 2009. The result was confirmed in 2011, i.e. 16540 kg.ha-1. The increase in comparison with the control
variants was by 61.8% and 43.8 % respectively. Upon the combined application of Baikal EM on basic fertilization
with Lumbrical, there was an increase of the number of fruits in 2010, i.e. 8.7 pcs/plant that was confirmed in
2011, i.e. 7.9 pcs/plant. The highest mass of the fruits was shown after Baikal EM on basic fertilization with
Boneprot (in 2010 and 2011). The maximum value of the pericarp thickness was detected for the fruits of the
variant treated with Baikal EM on basic fertilization with Boneprot. The combined application of biofertilizers
showed a higher stimulative impact than the single application of biofertilizers. The higher total sugars and
Vitamin C content in the pepper fruits after treatment with Baikal EM on basic fertilization with Lumbrical,
determined this combination as favourable.
* Corresponding
Introduction
Organic
agriculture
production
Within
management,
production.
this
is
holistic
holistic
production
having
undesirable
impact
on
the
plant quality.
vegetable production.
Materials
Place of experiment
maintaining
long-term
soil
fertility
and
certified
the
yield
(Fuentes-
through
different
mechanisms
Demonstration
Agricultural
organic
farm
University-Plovdiv
on
the
(Bulgaria).
does not
sufficiently
Vegetable tested
belongs
growth.
Agrotechnology
to
the
Genus
Capsicum
of
Family
high-levelled
spring.
NO3)- 30.5 ppm; P2O5- 1410 ppm and K2O- 1910 ppm.
seed-bed
formation
in
Baikal EM-1Y
(Ukraine)
has
the
following
content:
effective
m2.
Treatments (Variants)
Boneprot
Basic
Basic
(optimum
fertilization
concentration);
with
Lumbrical
3.
(optimum
field.
The
biofertilizers
were
applied
in
kg.ha-1
two
for the
Union.
Boneprot
composition:
organic
nitrogen
(N)-
4.5
%;
Parameters studied
in water- 6- 8.
assimilated forms of nitrogen (N-NH4 and N-NO3BDS ISO 14255- mg/kg); mobile forms of P2O5 and
Lumbrical
vegetation.
2. Yield as a standard yield (kg.ha-1)
Results
parameters
nitrogen
2009) (2009, 2010 and 2011) (Table 1). Also, the P2O5
%)
and
total
sugars
(according
to
Schoorl-
content
was
within
the
range
that
and
9.0
variance
STATISTICA
(MNOVA,
StatSoft).
StatSoft
An
Treatment
analysis
of
pH
EC
digestible P2O5
K2O
mg/kg mg/kg
Humus %
2009
7.30
2.83
13.0
3.6
16.6
16.40
22.10
2.00
2010
7.50
2.25
10.8
3.8
14.6
8.20
24.21
2.01
2011
7.30
2.49
11.5
3.9
15.4
8.42
25.10
1.95
Average
7.37
2.52
11.8
3.8
15.5
11.01
23.80
1.99
Lumbrical.
combined application of
Baikal EM on basic
soils.
Table 2. Agrochemical parameters in the end of the vegetation- pH, N-NO3, N-NH4 and total nitrogen.
Parameters
pH
1: 2.5 (20)
N- NO3
mg/kg
N- NH4
mg/kg
Total
digestible N
mg/kg
Years
Treatments /variants/
Control
Boneprot (opt.)
7.55 ab
Boneprot
(50
%) + Baikal EM
7.51 b
Lumbrical
(opt.)
7.48 b
Lumbrical (50 %)
+ Baikal EM
7.59 a
2009
7.26 c
2010
2011
Average
2009
7.46 b
7.54 ab
7.42
10.2 c
7.48 b
7.57 a
7.53
16.3 a
7.58 a
7.51 b
7.53
11.1 b
7.46 b
7.51 b
7.48
7.1 d
7.47 b
7.58 a
7.55
10.8 b
2010
2011
Average
2009
3.4 e
6.6 b
6.73
2.7 b
5.8 c
8.4 a
10.17
3.6 a
5.2 d
5.4 c
7.23
3.5 a
6.7 b
5.4 c
6.4
2.6 b
8.3 a
5.4 c
8.17
2.5 b
2010
2011
Average
2009
1.9 d
2.2 c
2.27
12.9
2.4 c
2.6 a
2.87
19.9
2.0 d
2.7 a
2.73
14.6
3.4 b
2.1 c
2.70
9.7
3.7 a
2.5 ab
2.90
13.3
7.2
8.1
9.97
10.1
7.5
9.10
12.0
7.9
11.07
2010
5.3
8.2
2011
8.8
11.0
Average
9.0
13.03
Duncans Multiply Range Test (<0.05).
The K2O content in the soil in the end of the
substances
to
the
soil.
Aiming
at
long-term
Standard Yield
kg.ha-1
Table 3. Agrochemical parameters at the end of vegetation, i.e. P2O5, K2O and humus.
Parameters
Years
Treatments /variants/
Control
Boneprot (opt.)
Boneprot (50 %) +
Lumbrical
Lumbrical (50 %)
Baikal EM
(opt.)
+ Baikal EM
P 2O 5
2009
23.53 c
28.87 a
27.08 b
22.12 d
21.43 e
(mg/100g)
2010
8.98 d
12.35 b
10.33 c
13.02 a
8.98 d
2011
6.29 e
17.06 a
8.33 d
12.78 b
11.23 c
Average
12.93
19.43
15.25
15.97
13.88
K2O
2009
27.28
(mg/100g)
2010
15.49 c
18.17 a
2011
13.47
19.49
Average
18.75
23.12
20.27
18.97
18.60
Humus
2009
2.90
3.35
2.93
3.25
2.99 c
(%)
2010
2.45 b
2.45 b
2.57 a
2.16 d
2.25 c
2011
2.05 e
2.11 d
2.20 c
2.25 b
2.49 a
Average
2.47
2.64
2.57
2.55
2.58
31.69
28.61
27.95
23.47 e
17.83 b
14.60 d
14.37 e
14.37
14.35
17.95 b
2011
2010
2009
Years
Treatments /variants/
Control
Boneprot (opt.)
Mean;
9870 230.3 b
St. Dev.
GD
Base
GD 5 %; 1%; 0.1% 295.92; 403.59; 546.15;
Mean;
10960 316.2 a
St. Dev.
GD
Base
GD 5 %; 1%; 0.1% 169.44; 231.09; 312.72;
Mean;
11500 138.0 c
St. Dev.
11510 84.2 ab
GD
Base
GD 5 %; 1%; 0.1% 97.73; 133.30; 180.38;
Average
11777
Boneprot
(50 %) + Baikal
EM
15460 102.4 ab
Lumbrical
(opt.)
Lumbrical
(50
%) + Baikal EM
12690 545.4
15980 267.7 a
ab
n.s
+++
n.s
+++
13810 349.7 a
16930 526.3 a
14810 155.2 a
16790 118.2 a
++
+++
+++
+++
12450 66.5 bc
16150 22.1 a
13010 14.7 b
16540 49.0 a
ns
+++
++
+++
12590
16180
13503
16437
g.kg-
kg.ha-1.
Table 5. Number of fruits per plant, variety of Kurtovska Kapiya 1619 (from 2009 to 2011).
Years
Treatments /variants/
Control
Boneprot
Boneprot
(opt.)
(50 %) +
Baikal
Lumbrical
Lumbrical
(opt.)
%) + Baikal EM
(50
EM
2009
Mean;
5.4 0.882 b
6.1 0.782 b
7.9 0.782 a
7.7 0.500 a
Base
++
+++
+++
+++
4.2 0.833 c
6.0 0.500 b
8.3 0.500 a
6.6 0.726 b
8.7 0.500 a
Base
+++
+++
+++
+++
4.3 1.225 c
4.8 0.667 c
7.3 0.707 a
5.8 1.093 b
7.9 1.054 a
Base
n.s.
+++
+++
+++
5.4
7.2
6.8
8.1
St. Dev.
GD
2010
4.3 0.707 c
St. Dev.
GD
2011
St. Dev.
GD
Average
4.3
Years
Treatments /variants/
Control
Boneprot
Boneprot (50 %)
Lumbrical
Lumbrical (50
(opt.)
+ Baikal EM
(opt.)
%)
Baikal
EM
Mass
of
2009
fruits
(g )
66.5 1.069
68.3 0.473 c
70.1 0.902 b
67.1 0.971 cd
76.8 0.265 a
69.2 0.757
70.5 1.756
77.3 0.473 a
71.3 0.850 b
76.4 0.737 a
bc
69.1 2.684
69.6 0.551 b
76.1 0.520 a
70.2 0.907 b
75.2 0.551 a
69.5
74.5
69.5
76.1
2010
2011
Average
Thickness of
2009
pericarp
(mm)
68.3
4.37 0.699
4.58
0.706 b
5.80
0.621 a
5.15 0.562
ab
5.72 0.764 a
2010
4.10 0.307
4.81 0.283 b
5.72 0.730 a
5.03 0.494 b
5.67 0.562 a
2011
4.53 0.28 c
4.61 0.47 c
5.51 0.34 a
4.73 0.39 bc
5.02 0.26 b
Average
4.33
4.67
5.68
4.97
5.47
Years
Treatments /variants/
Control
2009
6.20 d
Boneprot
(opt.)
8.94 a
2010
2011
Average
2009
8.20 a
7.40 d
7.27
5.92 e
7.80 b
8.50 a
8.41
6.68 d
8.00 ab
8.30 b
8.20
8.32 b
8.00 ab
8.10 c
8.07
8.20 c
8.20 a
8.10 c
8.10
8.48 a
2010
2011
Average
2009
8.36 b
6.80 d
7.03
163.0 d
7.21 d
7.20 c
7.03
187.0 c
7.87 c
7.80 b
8.00
205.9 b
7.33 d
7.30 c
7.61
185.0 c
8.91 a
8.40 a
8.60
220.0 a
2010
166.6 b
191.3 a
2011
163.0 d
180.7 b
Average 164.2
186.3
Duncans Multiply Range Test (<0.05).
173.7 b
175.6 c
185.1
173.7 b
172.0 c
176.9
175.4 b
221.4 a
205.6
Dry
(%)
matter
Total sugars
(%)
Vitamin C
(mg%)
Boneprot (50 %)
+ Baikal EM
8.30 b
Lumbrical
(opt.)
8.10 bc
Lumbrical (50 %) +
Baikal EM
8.00 c
b. Mass of fruits
both
basic
fertilizations
in
optimum
control variant.
mass
after
of
fruits
was
positively
impacted
to 2011).
c. Pericarp thickness
years.
EM.
Discussion
Kurtovska
water.
Kapiya
1619
is
achieved
through
in
optimum
concentrations.
These
findings
productivity.
Conclusions
in the Soil-Weed-Tomato
biological
Agricultural
productivity
uncompromising
of
environmental
pepper
quality
and
can
be
university-
Bulgaria
[in
Bulgarian].
contains
mixed
microbiological
cultures
agroecosystem
systems
of
through
fertilization
improved
depends
technological
also
on
the
physicochemical
properties
and
plant
growth.
Biofertilizers
(vermicomposting)
as
sustainable
of
Project
Vegetative
and
reproductive
Tomato (Lycopersicon
http//www. woarjournals.org/IJGAES,
Global
http://scholar.google.bg/
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of
Science
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alchev
D,
Tavekeliev
N,
2008
laying
down
detailed
rules
for
the
profile
of
Silybum
marianum.
2005.
Potentiality
of
Earthworms
for
Waste
http://www.food.actapol.net/
http://orgprints.org/14043
Tomov
Rachovski
G,
Kostadinova
S,
Pepper.
otev , Gribachev P, Nechev H, rtinova N.
Njoroge WJ, Manu C. 1999. Organic Farming. A
of Organic Agriculture.
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of
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V,
of
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plants.
of
Popov
Organic
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Impact
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of
http://www.academia.edu/482860