Human Development: Meaning, Concepts and Approaches

Human Development Meaning

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues
through the life span.
Includes growth and decline
Can be positive or negative
Approaches to Human Development
1. Traditional Perspective
Believes that individuals will show extensive change from birth to adolescence,
little or no change in adulthood and decline in late old age.
2. Life-span Approach
Believes that even in adulthood, developmental change takes place as it does
during childhood.
What are the Characteristics of the Life-span Perspective?
1. Developmental is LIFELONG
It does not end in adulthood. No developmental stage dominates
development.
2. Development is MULTIDIMENSIONAL
Development consists of biological cognitive and socio-emotional
dimensions.
3. Development is Plastic
Development is possible throughout the lifespan.
4. Development is Contextual
Individuals are changing beings in a changing world.
5. Developmental Involves
Growth, maintenance and regulation are 3 goals of human
development. The goals of individuals vary among
developmental stages.

Lawrence Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development

The Theorys Holds that..

Moral Reasoning the basis for ethical behavior

Kohlbergs scale is about how people justify behaviors

The process of moral development was principally concerned with justice

Heinz Dilemma Story

A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one
drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium
that a
druggist in the same town had recently discovered. A
woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one
drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium
that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The sick
woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the
money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which is half of
what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him
to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I
discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz
got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug for his
wife.
Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development
Level

Stage

Description

Preconventional

Punishment/Obe
dience

Mutual Benefit

Social Approval

Law and Order

Social Contract

Conventional

Post-Conventional

Universal
Principles

Cognitive Development of Preschoolers

2 Substages of Piagets Preoperational Thought
1. Symbolic Substage
Preschool children show progress in their cognitive abilities by
being able to draw objects that are not present, by their dramatic
increase in their language and make-believe play.
2. Intuitive Substage
Preschool children begin to use primitive reasoning and ask a
litany of questions.
Cognitive Developmental Milestones
Age 3

Age 4

Plays
make-believe
with
dolls, animals, and people

Understands
counting

Does puzzles with 3 or 4

pieces

Starts to understand time

Can draw a person

with at least 6 body
parts

Understands
"two"means

Remembers parts of a story

Can print some letters

or numbers

Copies a circle with pencil or

crayon

Understands the idea

"same" and "different"

of

Copies a triangle and

other
geometric
shapes

Turns book pages one at a

time

Draws a person with 2 to 4

body parts

Knows about things

used every day, like
money and food

what

Age 5
the

idea

of

Counts
things

10

or

more

Characteristics of a Preschooler's Cognitive Development

1. Egocentrism
is a child's inability to distinguish between his own perspective
and another person's perspective. Preschoolers see the world
only from their own point of view.
2. Animism
is a characteristic of a preschooler's cognitive development in
which the child gives lifelike qualities to inanimate objects.
3. Centration
is when a child comes to an illogical conclusion because he
thinks about only one aspect of the situation.
4. Irreversibility
children still have the inability to reverse their thinking.
5. Transductive Reasoning
refers to the pre-operational childs type of reasoning that is
neither inductive nor deductive.
Vygotsky
Preschool children are unable to achieve their highest cognitive
development on their own and that they can improve their cognitive
development through use of scaffolding from more-skilled children
and adults.
Zone of Proximal Developmental (ZPD)
Refer to tasks too difficult for a child to master alone but can be
mastered with the guidance and assistance of adults or more skilled
children.
The ZPD captures the preschool childrens cognitive skills that are in
the process of maturing.

The Young Childrens Theory of Mind

Theory of Mind
refers to individuals thought about how mental processes work.

K-12 Grading System

Level of Learning Outcomes
1. Knowledge
The substantive content of the curriculum, the facts and information that the
student acquires.
2. Process
Skills or cognitive operations that the student performs on facts
and information for the purpose of constructing meanings or
understandings.
3. Understanding(s)
Enduring big ideas, principles and generalizations inherent to the
discipline, which may be assessed using the facets of
understanding which may be specific to the discipline.
4. Products / Performances
Real-life application of understanding as evidenced by the
students performance of authentic tasks.
Guidelines for the Assessment and Rating of Learning
Levels of Assessment

Percentage Weight

Knowledge

15 %

Process or Skills

25 %

Understanding

30 %

Products/Performances

30 %

Total

100 %

Sample Computation

Knowledge
10/15 = 0.66

0.8*100*.25 = 20

0.9*100*.30 = 27

Understanding
18/20 = 0.9

0.66*100*.15 = 10

Process / Skill
20/25 = 0.8

Products/Performance
20/25 = 0.8

0.8*100*.30 = 24

Final Computation

Lets

Levels of Assessment

Percentage Score

Knowledge (15%)

10.00

Process/Skills (25%)

20.00

Understanding (30)

27.00

Products
(30)

24.00

Performances

Total Percentage Score

81.00

Level of Proficiency

AP
Proficiency)

(Approaching

What are your ideas about spending off school time playing
computer games in computer cafes/rooms?

What about the plan of the CHED to supply one computer unit to
each public school?

What about technology in the third world?

Basic Concepts on Integrating Technology in Instruction

FACT:
The use of computer does not mean technology has already been
integrated.
According to Pisapia, integrating technology with teaching does means
the use of learning technologies to introduce, reinforce, supplement
and extend skills.... The difference between exemplary users of
technology and technology users is the way their classes are
conducted.
There is no integrative process if for example the teacher makes
students play computer games to give them a rest period during
classes. Neither there is no integration, if the teacher merely teaches
students computer skills.
Here are some external manifestations of technology integration
into instruction:
1. Theres a change in the way classes traditionally conducted
2. The quality of instruction is improved to a higher level in such a way that
could not have been
achieved without educational technology.
3. There is a planning by teacher on the process of determining how and
when technology fits
into the teaching- learning process.
4. The teacher sets instructional strategies to address specific instructional
issues/problems.
5. The use of technology provides the opening of opportunities to respond to
these
instructional issues/problems.
Traditional instruction
1. Chalk board
2. Manila paper
3.Hand-wriiten
4. non-constructivist

It- integrated instruction

1. constructivist
2.Use of PPT
3. USB
4. internet-based

A Guide to Getting Started

What is Edmodo?
Free social learning network for teachers, students, schools and
districts
Safe and easy way to connect
Exchange ideas
Share content
Access homework, grades and school notices.
District and school subdomains give flexible suite of tools
Monitor usage
Manage users
Communicate across district

Founded in late
2008, Edmodo is
now being used by
more than 7 million
teachers and
students around
the world

Secure Platform Ensures Student Safety and Privacy

Closed environment
No private information required from students
Students join classes by the invitation of their teacher only
All communications are archived
Teacher has full management control
Sub domains allow district administrators greater control

Create Your Account

Teacher Landing Page

Store unlimited content for easy

re-use & sharing
Post assignments,
reminders, polls, or
discussion questions

Encourage
collaboration
and
participation in
classroom
discussions

Student View