CHEMISTRY PROJECT

RATE OF
EVAPORATION

NAME :
NIRANJA RAVI

CLASS : XII-A
ROLL
NO: 17.

Index
Acknowledgements
.3
Theory
4

Aim
..8
Requirements
..8
Procedure
8
Observation
9
Result
..10

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher Mrs.Mridula as well as
our principal mrs.Suma who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic rate of evaporation , which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research and
i came to know about so many new things
I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.

Theory
Introduction :

Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or

molecules in a liquid state gain sufficient energy
to enter the gaseous state. It is the opposite
process of condensation.
The thermal motion of a molecule of liquid must
be sufficient to overcome the surface tension and
evaporate, that is, its kinetic energy must exceed
the work function of cohesion at the surface.
Evaporation therefore, proceeds more quickly at
higher temperature, at higher flow rates between
the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with
lower surface tension (i.e. higher vapour
pressure).
Since only a small proportion of the molecules
are located near the surface and are moving in
the proper direction to escape at any given
instant, the rate of evaporation is limited.
Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape, the
remaining molecules have lower average kinetic
energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus
decreases. This phenomenon is also called
evaporative cooling.
Fun Fact: This is the reason that evaporating
sweat cools the human body.
If the evaporation takes place in a closed vessel,
the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor

above the liquid. Many of the molecules return to

the liquid, with returning molecules becoming
more frequent as the density and pressure of the
vapor increases. When the process of escape and
return reaches an equilibrium, the vapor is said
to be "saturated," and no further change in either
vapor pressure or density or liquid temperature
will occur.
Gas has less order than liquid or solid matter,
and thus the entropy of the system is increased,
which always requires energy input. This means
that the entropy change for evaporation
(Hevaporation) is always positive.
Forced evaporation is a process used in the
separation of mixtures, in which a mixture is
heated to drive off the more volatile component
(e.g. water), leaving behind the dry, less volatile
component.
It is a misconception that at 1 atm, water vapour
only exists at 100C. Water molecules are in a
constant state of evaporation and condensation
flux near the surface of liquid water. If a surface
molecule receives enough energy, it will leave
the liquid and turn into vapour pending an
allowable vapor pressure. Under a pressure of 1
atm, water will boil at 100C.

Factors influencing rate of

evaporation :
Concentration of the substance in air:
If the air already has a high concentration of
the substance evaporating, then the given
substance will evaporate more slowly.
Concentration of other substances in
air:
If the air is already saturated with other
substances, it can have a lower capacity for
the substance evaporating.
Rate of flow of air:
If fresh air is moving over the substance all
the time, then the concentration of the
substance in the air is less likely to go up
with time, thus encouraging faster
evaporation. In addition, molecules in
motion have more energy than those at rest,
and so the stronger the flow of air, the
greater the evaporating power of the air
molecules.

Temperature of the substance:

Higher temperatures also increase the rate
of evaporation. At higher temperatures,
molecules or atoms have a higher average
speed, and more particles are able to break
free of the liquids surface. For example, a
wet street will dry faster in

Inter-molecular forces:
Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of
evaporation of a liquid because strong
intermolecular attractions hold the
molecules in a liquid together more tightly.
As a result, liquids with strong
intermolecular attractions evaporate more
slowly than liquids with weak intermolecular
attractions. For example, because water
molecules have stronger mutual attractions
than gasoline molecules (the electric
charges are more evenly distributed in
gasoline molecules), gasoline evaporates
more quickly than water.

Surface Area:
Because molecules or atoms evaporate from
a liquids surface, a larger surface area

allows more molecules or atoms to leave the

liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly.
For example, the same amount of water will
evaporate faster if spilled on a table than if
it is left in a cup.

Aim:
To compare the rate of evaporation of water,
acetone and Benzaldehyde.

Requirements:
Three weight bottles, 10 mL pipettes,
stopwatches, water, acetone, and
Benzaldehyde

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the three weight bottles
and label the A, B, and C.
2. Pipette out 10 mL of water, acetone and
Benzaldehyde onto the three weight bottles
A, B and C.

3. Cover the three bottles with a stopper.

4. Weigh each of the bottles and record their
weights. 5.Remove the stopper from all the
three bottles and start the stopwatch.
6.Let the bottles remain exposed for fifteen
minutes. Now cover each of the bottles
again and weigh them again

Observations:
Weight
Liquid

Water
Acetone
Benzene

Liquid

Empty

After
Evaporat
ion

Change

Bottle

Before
Evaporati
on

w1

w2

w3

g
10
12.9
12.9

g
12
15.2
15.1

g
11.9
14.7
14.7

w=w2w3
g
0.10
0.50
0.40

Change
in
Weight
w
g

Time

t
min

Rate of
Evaporat
ion
R=w/t
g/min

Water
Acetone
Benzene

0.10
0.50
0.40

15
15
15

0.006
0.033
0.026

Result:
Rate of evaporation increases as:

Inference:
Extent of intermolecular hydrogen bonding
increases as: