Calculus For Engineers: Chapter 16 - Laplace Transforms - Solutions

1
EXERCISES 16.1
Solutions to Even-numbered Exercises
CHAPTER 16
EXERCISES 16.1
1
1
1
2
+
4. L{e2t + 2et } = L{e2t } + 2L{et } =
+
2
s
s1
s+2 s1
s
12
L{cos 2t 3 sin 4t} = L{cos 2t} 3L{sin 4t} = 2
s + 4 s2 + 16

3
3
t3
2
1
1
t
1
1
1
L
=
2(1)
3
4 = 2L
3L
=
2
s s
s
s4
3!
2

3
1
= 3L1
= 3et
L1
s1
s1

5
2s
s
1
1
1
1
=
2L
5L
=
2
cos
sin
3t
L1
2t
5
s2 + 2 s2 + 9
s2 + 2
s2 + 9
3
5
= 2 cos 2t sin 3t
3
st 4
st
Z
Z 4
Z
e
e
st
st
st
F (s) =
e f (t) dt =
e
dt +
2e
dt =
+2
s
s 4
0
0
4
0
2. L{t + et } = L{t} + L{et } =

6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
1 2e4s
1 + e4s
e4s
+ +
=
, provided s > 0
=
s
s
s
s
1
2
Z
Z 1
t st 2t st
2 st
st
2 st
16. F (s) =
e f (t) dt =
t e
dt = e
2e
3e
s
s
s
0
0
0
2
es
3 (s2 + 2s + 2), provided s > 0
3
s
s

Z
Z
(t 1)2 st 2(t 1) st
2 st
st
2 st
e
18. F (s) =
e f (t) dt =
(t 1) e
dt =
e
3e
s
s2
s
0
1
1
2 s
= 3 e , provided s > 0
s
Z
Z 1
Z 2
20. F (s) =
est f (t) dt =
test dt +
(2 t)est dt
=
1
2
t st
1 st
1 st
1 2es + e2s
t 2 st
e
= e
2e
+
+ 2e
=
,
s
s
s
s
s2
0
1
Z
Z 1
Z
22. F (s) =
est f (t) dt =
(1 + t2 )est dt +
2test dt

0
st
t
2t
2
e
est 2 est 3 est
s
s
s
s
1
provided s > 0

t st
1 st
+2 e
2e
s
s
1
0
1 2(1 es )
= +
, provided s > 0
s
s3
st b
Z b
Z
eas ebs
e
, provided s > 0
est f (t) dt =
est dt =
=
24. F (s) =
s a
s
0
a
Z
Z
Z
2
1
1 su2
est dt =
26. If we set u = t, or, t = u2 , then F (s) =
e
(2u du) = 2
esu du. We
u
t
0
0
0
now set v = su, in which case

r
Z
Z
2
2
2
2
dv
=
.
F (s) = 2
ev
ev dv =
=
2
s
s
s
s
0
0
EXERCISES 16.2
EXERCISES 16.2
2. Since f (t) = [h(t) h(t 4)] + 2h(t 4) = 1 + h(t 4),
F (s) = L{1 + h(t 4)} =
1 + e4s
1 e4s
+
=
.
s
s
s
4. Since f (t) = t2 [h(t) h(t 1)] = t2 t2 h(t 1),

2
2
F (s) = L{t2 t2 h(t 1)} = 3 es L{(t + 1)2 } = 3 es L{t2 + 2t + 1}
s
s

2
2
2
1
es (s2 + 2s + 2)
2
s
= 3 e
= 3
+ 2+
.
s
s3
s
s
s
s3
6. Since f (t) = (t 1)2 h(t 1),
F (s) = L{(t 1)2 h(t 1)} = es L{(t + 1 1)2 } = es L{t2 } =
2es
.
s3
8. Since f (t) = t[h(t) h(t 1)] + (2 t)[h(t 1) h(t 2)] = t + (2 2t)h(t 1) + (t 2)h(t 2),
1
+ es L{2 2(t + 1)} + e2s L{(t + 2) 2}
s2
1
1
2
1
1 2es + e2s
= 2 + es L{2t} + e2s L{t} = 2 2 es + 2 e2s =
.
s
s
s
s
s2
F (s) = L{t + (2 2t)h(t 1) + (t 2)h(t 2)} =
10. Since f (t) = (1 + t2 )[h(t) h(t 1)] + 2t h(t 1) = 1 + t2 + (2t 1 t2 )h(t 1),
1
2
+ 3 + es L{2(t + 1) 1 (t + 1)2 }
s s
2
2
1
1
2 s
1 2(1 es )
s
2
= + 3 + e L{t } = + 3 3 e = +
.
s s
s s
s
s
s3
F (s) = L{1 + t2 + (2t 1 t2 )h(t 1)} =
ebs
eas ebs
eas
=
.
s
s
s
14. Since f (t) = 2[h(t) h(t 1)] + [h(t 1) h(t 2)] + (t 2)h(t 2) = 2 h(t 1) + (t 3)h(t 2),
12. Since f (t) = h(t a) h(t b), F (s) = L{h(t a) h(t b)} =
2 es
2 es
F (s) = L{2 h(t 1) + (t 3)h(t 2)} =
+ e2s L{(t + 2) 3} =
+ e2s L{t 1}
s
s
s
s

2 es
(1 s)e2s
2 es
1
1
+ e2s
=
+
=
.
2
s
s
s
s
s
s2
16. Since f (t) = (1 t)[h(t) h(t 1)] + (t 1)2 [h(t 1) h(t 2)] = 1 t + (t2 t)h(t 1) (t 1)2 h(t 2),
F (s) = L{1 t + (t2 t)h(t 1) (t 1)2 h(t 2)}
1
1
= 2 + es L{(t + 1)2 (t + 1)} e2s L{(t + 2 1)2 }
s s
1
1
= 2 + es L{t2 + t} e2s L{t2 + 2t + 1}
s s

1
1
1
2
1
2
2
s
2s
= 2 +e
+ 2 e
+ 2+
s s
s3
s
s3
s
s
s
2
2s
s 1 (s + 2)e
(s + 2s + 2)e
=
+
.
s2
s3
s3
18. Since f (t) = sin t h(t 2),
F (s) = L{sin t h(t 2)} = e2s L{sin (t + 2)} = e2s L{sin t} =
e2s
.
s2 + 1
EXERCISES 16.2
20. Since f (t) = 2et [h(t) h(t ln 2)] + h(t ln 2) = 2et + (1 2et )h(t ln 2),
2
+ es ln 2 L{1 2e(t+ln 2) }
s+1

1
2
es ln 2
2
2
1
s ln 2
t
s ln 2
+e
+e
=
+
.
=
L{1 e } =
s+1
s+1
s s+1
s + 1 s(s + 1)
F (s) = L{2et + (1 2et )h(t ln 2)} =
2 3t
22. L{t e } = L{t }|s3 =
2
s3

|s3
2
(s 3)3
5
10a
5
= 2
24. L{5eat 5eat } =
sa s+a
s a2
3t
3t
26. L{2e
sin 3t + 4e cos 3t} = 2L{sin
3t}
|s+3 + 4L{cos

3t}|s3
4(s 3)
6
3
s
+
=2 2
+4 2
=
2
s + 9 |s+3
s + 9 |s3
(s + 3) + 9 (s 3)2 + 9
3e4s
28. L{sin 3(t 4)h(t 4)} = e4s L{sin 3(t + 4 4)} = e4s L{sin 3t} = 2
s +9

(8s + 1)e3s
8
1
30. L{(t + 5)h(t 3)} = e3s L{(t + 3 + 5} = e3s L{t + 8} = e3s
=
+
s2
s
s2
s
se
32. L{cos t h(t )} = es L{cos (t + )} = es L{ cos t} = 2
s +1
44s
e
34. L{et h(t 4)} = e4s L{et+4 } = e4 e4s L{et } =
s1
t
s
t+1
cos 2(t + 1)} = es eL{cos 2(t + 1)}|s1
36. L{e cos 2t h(t 1)} = e L{e

2 sin 2
s cos 2
= e1s L{cos 2 cos 2t sin 2 sin 2t}|s1 = e1s

s2 + 4 s2 + 4 |s1

2 sin 2
e1s [s cos 2 (cos 2 + 2 sin 2)]
(s 1) cos 2
=
= e1s
(s 1)2 + 4 (s 1)2 + 4
s2 2s + 5
1
1
38. F (s) =
L{[h(t) h(t a)] [h(t a) h(t 2a)]} =
L{1 2h(t a) + h(t 2a)}
1 e2as
1 e2as

e2as
(1 eas )2
1 eas
1
1 2eas
+
=
=
=
1 e2as s
s
s
s(1 + eas )(1 eas )
s(1 + eas )
1
40. F (s) =
L{t[h(t) h(t a)] + (2a t)[h(t a) h(t 2a)]}
1 e2as
1
=
L{t + (2a 2t)h(t a) + (t 2a)h(t 2a)}
1 e2as

1
1
as
2as
=
+
e
L{2a
2(t
+
a)}
+
e
L{t
+
2a
2a}
1 e2as s2

(1 eas )2
2eas
e2as
1 eas
1
1
= 2
+
= 2
=
2as
2
2
2
as
as
1e
s
s
s
s (1 + e )(1 e )
s (1 + eas )

1
1
1
1
42. L1
= L1
= et L1
= et sin 2t
2
2
2
s 2s + 5
(s 1) + 4
s +4
2

2s
1
e
= t, L1
= (t 2)h(t 2).
44. Since L1
s2
s2

5s

s
se
1
=
cos
= cos 2(t 5) h(t 5).
46. Since L1
2t,
L
2
2
s +2
s +2
4
48.
50.
52.
54.
56.
58.
60.
EXERCISES 16.2

1 1
1 1
1
1
1
=
L
=
L
L1
4s2 6s 5
4
s2 3s/2 5/4
4
(s 3/4)2 29/16
(
)

1 3t/4 1
2/ 29
1 3t/4 1
2/ 29
1
= e
= e
+
L
L
4
s2 29/16
4
s + 29/4 s 29/4
1
29 (3+29)t/4
3t/4
29t/4
29t/4
= e
[e
(e
+e
)=
e(3 29)t/4 ]
58
2 29

1
4s
+
1
4s
+
1
1
1
L
= L
(s2 + s)(4s2 1)
4
s(s + 1)(s + 1/2)(s 1/2)

4
4
4
4
1 1
+
+
= 1 + et et/2 + et/2
= L
4
s s + 1 s + 1/2 s 1/2

1
1
1
1
1
Since L
=L
= et e2t ,
s2 + 3s + 2
s+1 s+2

e2s
1
L
= [e(t2) e2(t2) ]h(t 2) = [e2t e2(2t) ]h(t 2).
s2 + 3s + 2

1 1
1 1 5(s + 2/3) 16/3
5s 2
5s 2
1
= L
= L
L
3s2 + 4s + 8
3
s2 + 4s/3 + 8/3
3
(s + 2/3)2 + 20/9
!

1 2t/3 1 5s 16/3
1 2t/3
8
2 5t
2 5t
= e
= e
sin
5 cos
L
3
s2 + 20/9
3
3
3
5

1
s
(s + 1) 1
1
L1
= L1
= L1
5
5
4
(s + 1)
(s + 1)
(s + 1)
(s + 1)5

3

4
t
t3 (4 t)et
1
1
t
t
=
e
=
= et L1
s4
s5
3! 4!
24

2
1/4
1/8
s
1/8
1/4
L1
= L1
+
+
(s2 4)2
s 2 (s 2)2
s + 2 (s + 2)2

1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
= e2t L1
+ 2 + e2t L1
= e2t (1 + 2t) + e2t (2t 1)
2
8
s s
8
s
s
8
8
2
1 2
1
t
[h(t) h(t 1)] (t 4t + 2)[h(t 1) h(t 3)]
F (s) =
L
1 e4s
4
4

1
2
+ (t 4) [h(t 3) h(t 4)]
4
2

1 2
1 2
1
1
t
2
(t
(t
(t
4)
L
2t
+
1)h(t
1)
+
6t
+
9)h(t
3)
h(t
4)
=
1 e4s
4
2
2
4

1
2
2es L{(t + 1)2 2(t + 1) + 1} + 2e3s L{(t + 3)2 6(t + 3) + 9}
=
4(1 e4s ) s3

4s
2
e L{(t + 4 4) }

1
2
s
2
3s
2
4s
2
2e L{t } + 2e L{t } e L{t }
=
4(1 e4s ) s3

1
2
1
2
s
3s
4s
=
+ 3 (2e + 2e
e ) = 3
(1 2es + 2e3s e4s )
4(1 e4s ) s3
s
2s (1 e4s )
(1 es )2
(1 es )2 (1 e2s )
=
= 3
2s (1 + e2s )(1 e2s )
2s3 (1 + e2s )
EXERCISES 16.3
EXERCISES 16.3
2. Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1, we take Laplace transforms of
both sides of the differential equation and use the initial conditions,
[s2 Y s(1) 2] + 2[sY 1] Y =
1
.
s1
We solve this for the transform Y (s),

Y (s) =
1
s+4
+
.
(s 1)(s2 + 2s 1) s2 + 2s 1
The inverse transform of this function is the solution of the initial-value problem

s+4
s/2 + 5/2
1
1/2
1
1
y(t) = L
+
=L
+
(s 1)(s2 + 2s 1) s2 + 2s 1
s 1 s2 + 2s 1

1 t
1 t
s+5
(s + 1) + 4
1
1
=
e +L
=
e +L
2
s2 + 2s 1
2
(s + 1)2 2
(
)

1 t
1
2
+
1/2
2
+
1/2
1
s
+
4
=
e + et L1
= et + et L1
+
2
s2 2
2
2
s+ 2
s 2

1
1
1
1
= et + et
2 e 2t +
+ 2 e 2t
2
2
2
2
!
!
1 t
2
2
1
1
(1+ 2)t
e
+
e(1+ 2)t .
= e +
+
2
4
2
4
2
[s2 Y s(0) 1] + 2[sY ] + Y =
1
.
s2

Y (s) =
1
1
1
1
+
=
+ 2
.
s2 + 2s + 1 s2 (s2 + 2s + 1)
(s + 1)2
s (s + 1)2

1
1
2
2
1
2
1
y(t) = L1
=
L
+
+
+
(s + 1)2
s2 (s + 1)2
(s + 1)2
s s2
s+1

2
= 2 + t + 2et + et L1
= t 2 + 2et + 2tet .
s2
[s2 Y s(1) + 2] + Y =
1
.
s2

Y (s) =
1
s2
+ 2 2
.
2
s + 1 s (s + 1)

1
s3
s2
1
1
y(t) = L1
+
=
L
= t + cos t 3 sin t.
+
s2 + 1 s2 (s2 + 1)
s2
s2 + 1
EXERCISES 16.3
[s2 Y 2s 1] + 6[sY 2] + Y =
s2
3
.
+9

Y (s) =
2s + 13
3
+ 2
.
+ 6s + 1 (s + 9)(s2 + 6s + 1)
s2

3
2s + 13
y(t) = L1
+
s2 + 6s + 1 (s2 + 9)(s2 + 6s + 1)

9s/194 + 12/194 397s/194 + 2588/194
= L1
+
s2 + 9
s2 + 6s + 1

2
1 1 397(s + 3) + 1397
9
cos 3t
sin 3t +
L
=
194
97
194
(s + 3)2 8

9
2
e3t 1 397s + 1397
=
cos 3t
sin 3t +
L
194
97
194
s2 8
(
9
2
e3t 1 (794 2 1397)/(4 2) (794 2 + 1397)/(4 2)
=
cos 3t
sin 3t +
L
+
194
97
194
s+2 2
s2 2
9
2
e3t h
(794 2 1397)e2 2t + (1397 + 794 2)e2 2t
cos 3t
sin 3t +
=
194
97
776 2
i
9
2
1 h
(794 2 1397)e(3+2 2)t + (1397 + 794 2)e(3+2 2)t .
=
cos 3t
sin 3t +
194
97
776 2
[s2 Y s(1) 2] 4[sY (1)] + 5Y =
1
.
(s + 3)2

Y (s) =
1
s + 6
+
.
s2 4s + 5 (s + 3)2 (s2 4s + 5)

1
s + 6
1
y(t) = L
+
s2 4s + 5 (s + 3)2 (s2 4s + 5)

1/26
343s/338 + 2050/338
5/338
= L1
+
+
s+3
(s + 3)2
s2 4s + 5

5 3t
t
1 1 343(s 2) + 1364
e
L
=
+ e3t +
338
26
338
(s 2)2 + 1

5 3t
t 3t
e2t 1 343s + 1364
e
L
=
+ e
+
338
26
338
s2 + 1
2t
5 3t
t
e
=
e
(343 cos t + 1364 sin t).
+ e3t +
338
26
338
EXERCISES 16.3

1
s
1 + cos 2t
=
+
.
[s2 Y ] + 2[sY ] 4Y = L{cos2 t} = L
2
2
2s 2(s + 4)

Y (s) =
1
s
+
.
2s(s2 + 2s 4) 2(s2 + 2s 4)(s2 + 4)

s
1
1
+
y(t) = L
2s(s2 + 2s 4) 2(s2 + 2s 4)(s2 + 4)

1/8 s/20 + 1/20 7s/40 + 12/40
1
=L
+
+ 2
s
s2 + 4
s + 2s 4

1
1
1 1 7(s + 1) + 5
1
cos 2t +
sin 2t + L
=
8 20
40
40
(s + 1)2 5

t
1
1
e
1
7s + 5
1
cos 2t +
sin 2t +
L
=
8 20
40
40
s2 5
(
)
1
1
et 1 (7 5 5)/(2 5) (7 5 + 5)/(2 5)
1
cos 2t +
sin 2t +
L
+
=
8 20
40
40
s+ 5
s 5
1
1
1
et
=
cos 2t +
sin 2t + [(7 5 5)e 5t + (7 5 + 5)e 5t ]
8 20
40
80 5
1
1
1
1
cos 2t +
sin 2t + [(7 5)e(1+ 5)t + (7 + 5)e(1+ 5)t ].
=
8 20
40
80
[s2 Y ] + 4[sY ] 2Y =
4
.
s2 + 16

Y (s) =
(s2
4
.
+ 16)(s2 + 4s 2)

4
4s/145 18/145 4s/145 + 34/145
1
1
=L
+
y(t) = L
(s2 + 16)(s2 + 4s 2)
s2 + 16
s2 + 4s 2

1
9
4(s + 2) + 26
=
4 cos 4t sin 4t + L1
145
2
(s + 2)2 6

1
4s + 26
2t 1
8 cos 4t 9 sin 4t + 2e L
=
290
s2 6
"
(
)#
1
(2
6
13)/(2
6)
6
+
13)/(2
6)
(2
8 cos 4t 9 sin 4t + 4e2t L1

=
+
290
s+ 6
s 6

1
13
13
=
8 cos 4t 9 sin 4t + 4e2t 1
e 6t + 1 +
e 6t
290
2 6
2 6
h
6
1
(8 cos 4t + 9 sin 4t) +
=
(2 6 13)e(2+ 6)t + (2 6 + 13)e(2+ 6)t .
290
870
EXERCISES 16.3
[s2 Y ] + 2[sY ] + Y = L{t[h(t) h(t 1)]} =
1
1
es L{t + 1} = 2 es
2
s
s
1
1
+
2
s
s

Y (s) =
1
es (s + 1)
1
es
=
.
+
s2 (s2 + 2s + 1) s2 (s2 + 2s + 1)
s2 (s + 1)2
s2 (s + 1)

es
1
y(t) = L1
+
s2 (s + 1)2
s2 (s + 1)

2
1
1
1
1
2
1
s
= L1 + 2 +
+
+
e
+
s s
s + 1 (s + 1)2
s s2
s+1
= 2 + t + 2et + tet + [1 (t 1) e(t1) ]h(t 1).
18. We set y 0 (0) = A. Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1, we take Laplace
transforms of both sides of the differential equation and use the initial conditions,
[s2 Y s(1) A] + 3[sY 1] 4Y =
2
.
s+4

Y (s) =
s+A+3
2
+
.
s2 + 3s 4 (s + 4)(s2 + 3s 4)
The inverse transform of this function is the solution of the boundary-value problem

2
2
s+A+3
s+A+3
1
1
y(t) = L
+
=L
+
s2 + 3s 4 (s + 4)(s2 + 3s 4)
(s + 4)(s 1) (s + 4)2 (s 1)

5A/25 + 22/25 (3 5A)/25
2/5
+
= L1
s1
s+4
(s + 4)2

A
2t
A 22 t
3
=
+
e +
e4t e4t .
5
25
25
5
5
Since y(1) = 1,
1=
A 22
+
5
5
e+
A
3
25
5
2
e4 e4
5
A=
25e4 22e5 + 7
.
5(e5 1)
Thus,

25e4 22e5 + 7 4t 2t 4t
25e4 22e5 + 7 22 t
3
+
e
e
+
e
25(e5 1)
25
25
25(e5 1)
5

4
5
4
5e 3 t
5e 5e 2 4t 2t 4t
e +
e
=
e .
5e5 5
5e5 5
5
y(t) =
[s2 Y s(1)] 4[sY 1] + 3Y = F (s).
Y (s) =
F (s)
s4
F (s)
s4
+
=
+
.
s2 4s + 3 s2 4s + 3
(s 1)(s 3) (s 1)(s 3)
EXERCISES 16.3

F (s)
1/2
1/2
s4
3/2
1/2
+
= L1
+
+
+
F (s)
(s 1)(s 3) (s 1)(s 3)
s1
s3
s1
s3
Z t
1
1
3
[etu + e3(tu) ]f (u) du.
= et e3t +
2
2
2 0
y(t) = L1
22. We set y(0) = A and y 0 (0) = B. Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1,
we take Laplace transforms of both sides of the differential equation and use the initial conditions,
[s2 Y As B] + 16Y = F (s).
Y (s) =
F (s)
As + B
+ 2
.
s2 + 16
s + 16
Z
B
1 t
y(t) = A cos 4t + sin 4t +
sin 4(t u)f (u) du
4
4 0
Z
1 t
sin 4(t u)f (u) du.
= A cos 4t + C sin 4t +
4 0

1
1
1
1
24. Since L
= 1 and L
= et ,
s
s+1
Z t

t
f (t) =
eu du = eu 0 = 1 et .
26. Since L1
1
s+4
= e4t and
1
s
2
s 2
=L
1/2
1/2
+
s+ 2 s 2
1 2t
(e
+ e 2t ),
2
it follows that
f (t) =
1
2
2u
(e
2u
+e
Z th
i
e4t+(4 2)u + e4t+(4+ 2)u du

0
"
#
1 e 2t e4t
e 2t e4t
=
+
+
2
4 2
4+ 2
4 2
4+ 2
0
"
#
!
!
!
4+ 2
4
1
2
2
2
4
4
+
e 2t +
e 2t +
e4t
=
2
14
14
14
14
!
!
4+ 2
4 2
2
2t
e
e 2t e4t .
=
+
28
28
7
1
=
2
1
2
)t
)e4(tu) du =
4t+(4 2)u
4t+(4+ 2)u
28. We set y 0 (0) = A and y 0 (0) = B. Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1,
[s2 Y As B] 2[sY A] + 4Y =
2
.
s3

Y (s) =
2
As + B 2A
+ 3 2
.
s2 2s + 4
s (s 2s + 4)
10
EXERCISES 16.3

1/4
2
As + B 2A
As + B 2A 1/4 1/2
1
1
+ 3 2
=L
+ 2 + 3 2
y(t) = L
s2 2s + 4
s (s 2s + 4)
s2 2s + 4
s
s
s 2s + 4

1/4 1/2
As + C
A(s 1) + D 1/4 1/2
+ 2 + 3 = L1
+ 2 + 3
= L1
(s 1)2 + 3
s
s
(s 1)2 + 3
s
s

2
t
t
t2
D
t
As + D
t
= et L1
A
cos
+
+
=
e
+
3t
+
3t
+
sin
s2 + 3
4
4
4
4
3
2
t
t
= et (A cos 3t + E sin 3t) + + .
4
4
[s2 Y As B] + Y = F (s).
Y (s) =
F (s)
As + B
+ 2
.
s2 + 1
s +1

Z t
F (s)
As + B
1
y(t) = L
+ 2
= A cos t + B sin t +
f (u) sin (t u) du.
s2 + 1
s + 1)
0
[s2 Y As B] + 4[sY A] + Y =
1
2
+ .
2
s
s

Y (s) =
2s + 1
As + B + 4A
+ 2 2
.
s2 + 4s + 1
s (s + 4s + 1)

2s + 1
1
2s + 7
As + B + 4A
As + B + 4A 2
1
y(t) = L1
+
=
L
+
+
s2 + 4s + 1
s2 (s2 + 4s + 1)
s2 + 4s + 1
s s2
s2 + 4s + 1

2
1
Cs + D
C(s + 2) + D 2C
= L1
+
2+t
= L1
s2 + 4s + 1 s s2
(s + 2)2 3

G
Cs + E
F
2t 1
= t 2 + e2t L1
=
t
2
+
e
+
L
s2 3
s+ 3 s 3
3t
= t 2 + e2t (F e
3t
+ Ge
3)t
) = t 2 + F e(2+
3)t
+ Ge(2+
34. We set y 0 (0) = A and y 0 (0) = B. Assuming that the solution of y 00 + 9y = teti satisfies the conditions of
Corollary 16.5.1, we take Laplace transforms of both sides of the differential equation and use the initial
conditions,
[s2 Y As B] + 9Y =
1
.
(s i)2

Y (s) =
1
As + B
+
.
s2 + 9
(s i)2 (s2 + 9)
11
EXERCISES 16.3

As + B
1
y(t) = L
+
s2 + 9
(s i)2 (s2 + 9)

i/32
1/8
is/32 5/32
As + B
1
+
+
=L
s2 + 9
s i (s i)2
s2 + 9

i/32
1/8
i
D
t
Cs + D
+
= C cos 3t + sin 3t eti + eti .
= L1
2
2
s +9
s i (s i)
3
32
8
1
t
1
cos t + sin t.
32
8
If we take imaginary parts, we get y(t) = C cos 3t + E sin 3t
[s3 Y s2 (1) + 2] 3[s2 Y s(1)] + 3[sY 1] Y =
2
.
(s 1)3

Y (s) =
2
2
s2 3s + 1
s2 3s + 1
+
.
+
=
s3 3s2 + 3s 1 (s 1)3 (s3 3s2 + 3s 1)
(s 1)3
(s 1)6
2

2
1
2
1
s 3s + 1
1
1
y(t) = L1
=
L
+
(s 1)3
(s 1)6
s 1 (s 1)2
(s 1)3
(s 1)6

t2
1
t5
1
2
1
= et L1
2 3 + 6 = et 1 t +
.
s s
s
s
2
60
38. The initial-value problem is
1 d2 x
+ 10x = 0
5 dt2
x00 + 50x = 0,
x(0) = 0.03,
x0 (0) = 0.
Assuming that the solution satisfies the conditions of Corollary 16.5.1, we take Laplace transforms of
[s2 X + 0.03s] + 50X = 0.
We solve this for the transform X(s),
X(s) =
0.03s
.
s2 + 50

0.03s
x(t) = L1 2
= 0.03 cos 5 2t m.
s + 50
1 d2 x 3 dx
+ 10x = 4 sin 10t
+
5 dt2
2 dt
2x00 + 15x0 + 100x = 40 sin 10t,
x(0) = 0,
x0 (0) = 0.
2[s2 X] + 15[sX] + 100X =
s2
400
.
+ 100
12
EXERCISES 16.3
X(s) =
(s2
400
.
+ 100)(2s2 + 15s + 100)

400
12s/65 80/65 24s/65 + 340/65
1
=
L
+
x(t) = L1
(s2 + 100)(2s2 + 15s + 100)
s2 + 100
2s2 + 15s + 100

1
1
12s + 170
= (12 cos 10t + 8 sin 10t) + L1
2
65
65
s + 15s/2 + 50

1
1 1
12(s + 15/4) + 125
= (12 cos 10t + 8 sin 10t) + L
65
65
(s + 15/4)2 + 575/16

1
e15t/4 1
12s + 125
= (12 cos 10t + 8 sin 10t) +
L
65
65
s2 + 575/16
!
e15t/4
5 23t
100
5 23t
1
12 cos
+ sin
m.
= (12 cos 10t + 8 sin 10t) +
65
65
4
4
23
1 d2 x
1 dx
+ 5x = 0
+
10 dt2
20 dt
2x00 + x0 + 100x = 0,
x(0) =
1
,
20
x0 (0) = 2.

h
i
s
1
2
2 s X+
2 + sX +
+ 100X = 0.
20
20
X(s) =
s/10 + 79/20
.
2s2 + s + 100

1 1
s/10 + 79/20
2s + 79
x(t) = L1
=
L
2s2 + s + 100
40
s2 + s/2 + 50

1 1 2(s + 1/4) + 159/2
et/4 1 2s + 159/2
=
L
=
L
40
(s + 1/4)2 + 799/16
40
s2 + 799/16
"
#

et/4
799t 159
799t
4
=
2 cos
+
sin
40
4
2
4
799
!
et/4
159
799t
799t
=
cos
m.
sin
20
4
4
799
EXERCISES 16.4
13
EXERCISES 16.4
2. When we take Laplace transforms of both sides of the differential equation and use the initial conditions,

1 e4s
2
.
[s Y s(1) 2] + 9Y = L{2[h(t) h(t 4)]} = 2
s
s
Y (s) =
2(1 e4s )
s+2
+
.
s2 + 9
s(s2 + 9)

2(1 e4s )
s/9
s+2
s+2
1/9
1
4s
y(t) = L1
+
=
L
+
2
+
(1
e
)
s2 + 9
s(s2 + 9)
s2 + 9
s
s2 + 9
2
2
2
= cos 3t + sin 3t + (1 cos 3t) [1 cos 3(t 4)]h(t 4).
3
9
9
2
2
2 7
= + cos 3t + sin 3t [1 cos 3(t 4)]h(t 4).
9 9
3
9
[s2 Y s(1)] + 4[sY + 1] + 4Y = L{(2 t)[h(t) h(t 2)] + (t 2)h(t 2)}
1
2
= L{2 t + 2(t 2)h(t 2)} = 2 + 2e2s L{t}
s s
1
2
e2s
= 2 +2 2 .
s s
s
Y (s) =
2
1 2e2s
s+4
s+4
2
1 2e2s
+
.
s2 + 4s + 4 s(s2 + 4s + 4) s2 (s2 + 4s + 4)
(s + 2)2
s(s + 2)2
s2 (s + 2)2

s+4
2
1 2e2s
y(t) = L1
+
(s + 2)2
s(s + 2)2
s2 (s + 2)2

3/2
3
1/4
1/4
1/2
1/4 1/4
2s
(1
2e
+
+
= L1
+
)
s
s + 2 (s + 2)2
s
s2
s + 2 (s + 2)2
1
1 3
= e2t 3te2t + (1 t e2t te2t )
2 2
4
1
+ [1 + (t 2) + e2(t2) + (t 2)e2(t2) ]h(t 2)
2
t
7
3
13t 2t 1
e
= e2t
+ [3 + t e2(2t) + te2(2t) ]h(t 2).
4 4 4
4
2
1
es L{sin (t + )}
s2 + 1
es
1
1
es L{ sin t} = 2
+ 2
.
= 2
s +1
s +1 s +1
[s2 Y s(1) 2] + 4[sY 1] + 3Y = L{sin t[h(t) h(t )]} =

Y (s) =
s2
1 + es
s+6
1 + es
s+6
+ 2
=
+ 2
.
2
+ 4s + 3 (s + 1)(s + 4s + 3)
(s + 1)(s + 3) (s + 1)(s + 1)(s + 3)
14
EXERCISES 16.4

1 + es
s+6
1
+
y(t) = L
(s + 1)(s + 3) (s2 + 1)(s + 1)(s + 3)

5/2
3/2
1/20
s/5 + 1/10
1/4
1
s
+
(1 + e
=L
)
s+1 s+3
s+1 s+3
s2 + 1

5
3
1 t
5e e3t 4 cos t + 2 sin t
= et e3t +
2
2
20
i
1 h (t)
+
e3(t) 4 cos (t ) + 2 sin (t ) h(t )
5e
20
i
1
1 h t
11 t 31 3t 1
e e
sin t +
cos t +
e3(t) + 4 cos t 2 sin t h(t ).
=
5e
4
20
5
10
20
[s2 Y ] + 2[sY ] + 5Y = L{4[h(t) h(t 1)] 4[h(t 1) h(t 2)]} = L{4 8h(t 1) + 4h(t 2)}
4e2s
4 8es
+
.
=
s
s
s
Y (s) =
s(s2
4
(1 2es + e2s ).
+ 2s + 5)

s/5 + 2/5
4
1/5
1
s
2s
1
s
2s
(1 2e + e ) = 4L
2
(1 2e + e )
y(t) = L
s(s2 + 2s + 5)
s
s + 2s + 5

(s + 1) + 1
4
1
(1 2es + e2s )
= L1
5
s (s + 1)2 + 4

1
1
8
4
t
(t1)
cos 2t + sin 2t
cos 2(t 1) + sin 2(t 1) h(t 1)
1e
1e
=
5
2
5
2

4
1
+
1 e(t2) cos 2(t 2) + sin 2(t 2) h(t 2)
5
2

2
4
=
2 et (2 cos 2t + sin 2t) +
2 + e1t [2 cos 2(t 1) + sin 2(t 1)] h(t 1)
5
5

2
2t
+
[2 cos 2(t 2) + sin 2(t 2)] h(t 2).
2e
5
1
L{t[h(t) h(t 1)] + (2 t)[h(t 1) h(t 2)]}
1 e2s
1
L {t + (2 2t)h(t 1) + (t 2)h(t 2)}
=
1 e2s

1
1
s
2s
+
e
L{2
2(t
+
1)}
+
e
L{t}
=
1 e2s s2

(1 es )2
1 es
1
2es
e2s
1
= 2
= 2
.
=
+
2s
2
2
2
s
s
1e
s
s
s
s (1 e )(1 + e )
s (1 + es )
[s2 Y s(2)] + 16Y =

Y (s) =
2s
1 es
+
.
s2 + 16 s2 (s2 + 16)(1 + es )
15
EXERCISES 16.4

2s
1 es
y(t) = L
+
s2 + 16 s2 (s2 + 16)(1 + es )
(
)

X
2s
1/16
1/16
+
(1 es )
= L1
2
(1)n ens
s2 + 16
s2
s + 16
n=0
(
#)

"X
X
1
2s
1
1
1
n ns
n+1 (n+1)s
+
=L
2
(1) e
+
(1)
e
s2 + 16 16 s2
s + 16
n=0
n=0

1 X
1
= 2 cos 4t +
(1)n (t n) sin 4(t n) h(t n)
16 n=0
4

1 X
1
n+1
+
(t n 1) sin 4(t n 1) h(t n 1)
(1)
16 n=0
4
1
= 2 cos 4t +
1 X
(1)n [4(t n) sin 4(t n)] h(t n)
64 n=0
1 X
(1)n+1 [4(t n 1) sin 4(t n 1)] h(t n 1).
64 n=0
12. The initial-value problem for displacement of the mass from its equilibrium position is
1 d2 x
+ 40x = 100h(t 4),
10 dt2
x(0) =
1
,
10
x0 (0) = 2.
We write the differential equation in the form

d2 x
+ 400x = 1000h(t 4),
dt2
and take Laplace transforms,
h
i
1000e4s
s
s2 X
+ 2 + 400X =
.
10
s
X(s) =
s/10 2
1000e4s
+
.
2
s + 400 s(s2 + 400)

1000e4s
s/10 2
1
x(t) = L
+
s2 + 400 s(s2 + 400)

s
s/10 2 5 1
1
4s
+
e
=L
s2 + 400 2 s s2 + 400
1
5
1
cos 20t
sin 20t + [1 cos 20(t 4)]h(t 4) m.
=
10
10
2
1 d2 x
dx
+ 40x = 100h(t 4),
+5
10 dt2
dt
x(0) =
1
,
10

d2 x
dx
+ 400x = 1000h(t 4),
+ 50
2
dt
dt
x0 (0) = 2.
16
EXERCISES 16.4

i
h
1
1000e4s
s
+ 2 + 50 sX
+ 400X =
.
s2 X
10
10
s
X(s) =
1000e4s
s/10 + 3
1000e4s
s/10 + 3
+
=
+
.
s2 + 50s + 400 s(s2 + 50s + 400)
(s + 10)(s + 40) s(s + 10)(s + 40)

1000e4s
s/10 + 3
1
x(t) = L
+
(s + 10)(s + 40) s(s + 10)(s + 40)

1/15
1/30
1/300
1/1200
1/400
1
4s
+
+ 1000
+
e
=L
s + 10 s + 40
s
s + 10
s + 40

1 10t
1
5 10 10(t4) 5 40(t4)
=
h(t 4)
e
e
+ e40t +
+ e
15
30
2
3
6
i
1 10t
1
5h
=
e
+ e40t +
3 4e10(4t) + e40(4t) h(t 4) m.
15
30
6
1 d2 x dx
+ 40x = 100h(t 4),
+
10 dt2
dt
x(0) =
1
,
10
x0 (0) = 2.

d2 x
dx
+ 400x = 1000h(t 4),
+ 10
dt2
dt

i
h
1
1000e4s
s
2
+ 2 + 10 sX
+ 400X =
.
s X
10
10
s
X(s) =
s/10 1
1000e4s
+
.
s2 + 10s + 400 s(s2 + 10s + 400)

1000e4s
s/10 1
x(t) = L1
+
s2 + 10s + 400 s(s2 + 10s + 400)

s/400 + 1/40
1
s 10
1/400
4s
= L1
+
1000
e
10 s2 + 10s + 400
s
s2 + 10s + 400

5 1
(s + 5) + 5
1
(s + 5) 15
4s
+
e
= L1
10 (s + 5)2 + 375
2 s (s + 5)2 + 375
!
e5t
15
cos 5 15t
sin 5 15t
=
10
5

5
1
5(t4)
cos 5 15(t 4) + sin 5 15(t 4) h(t 4)
1e
+
2
15
!
5t
e
15
=
cos 5 15t
sin 5 15t
10
5

5
1
+
1 e5(4t) cos 5 15(t 4) + sin 5 15(t 4) h(t 4) m.
2
15
17
EXERCISES 16.4
2
d2 x
dx
+ 512x = (t),
+ 80
dt2
dt
x0 (0) = 0.
x(0) = 0,
When we take Laplace transforms,

2[s2 X] + 80[sX] + 512X = 1.
X(s) =
2s2
1
1
=
.
2
+ 80s + 512
2(s + 40s + 256)

1 1
1
1
x(t) = L1
=
L
2(s2 + 40s + 256)
2
(s + 20)2 144

e20t 1
e20t 1 1/24
1/24
1
=
L
=
L
+
2
s2 144
2
s + 12 s 12
20t

e
1 8t
=
e32t m.
e12t + e12t =
e
48
48
2
d2 x
+ 512x = (t t0 ),
dt2
x(0) = x0 ,
x0 (0) = 0.

2[s2 X x0 s] + 512X = et0 s .
X(s) =
et0 s
x0 s
et0 s
2x0 s
+ 2
= 2
+
.
+ 512 2s + 512
s + 256 2(s2 + 256)
2s2

et0 s
1
x0 s
1
x(t) = L
+
= x0 cos 16t +
sin 16(t t0 ) h(t t0 ) m.
2
2
s + 256 2(s + 256)
32
2
d2 x
+ 512x = (t t0 ),
dt2
x(0) = x0 ,
x0 (0) = v0 .

2[s2 X x0 s v0 ] + 512X = et0 s .
X(s) =
2x0 s + 2v0
et0 s
x0 s + v0
et0 s
+
=
+
.
2s2 + 512
2s2 + 512
s2 + 256 2(s2 + 256)

et0 s
1
v0
x0 s + v0
x(t) = L1
+
= x0 cos 16t +
sin 16t +
sin 16(t t0 ) h(t t0 ) m.
s2 + 256 2(s2 + 256)
16
32
18
EXERCISES 16.4
X
d2 x
+ 100x =
(t n),
dt2
n=0
x(0) = 0,
x0 (0) = 0.

[s2 X] + 100X =
ens .
n=0

X(s) =
ens
.
s2 + 100
n=0
)
(
X ens
1 X
x(t) = L1
=
sin 10(t n) h(t n) m.
s2 + 100
10 n=0
n=0
19
EXERCISES 16.5
EXERCISES 16.5
2. (a) The boundary-value problem for deflections of the beam is
d4 y
mg
[h(x) h(x L)],
=
dx4
EIL
y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0,
y 00 (L) = y 000 (L) = 0.
If we set y 00 (0) = A and y 000 (0) = B, and take Laplace transforms, we obtain

mg 1 eLs
mg 1 eLs
4
=
.
s Y As B =
EIL s
s
EIL
s
A
B
mg
Y (s) = 3 + 4
s
s
EIL
1 eLs
s5
y(x) =
Bx3
mgx4
mg(x L)4
Ax2
+
+
h(x L).
2
6
24EIL
24EIL
Since the last term contributes nothing to the solution, we drop it from further consideration. The
boundary conditions at x = L require
0 = y 00 (L) = A + BL
The solution of these equations is A =
y(x) =
mgL
,
2EI
0 = y 000 (L) = B
mg
.
EI
mgL
mg
and B =
. Thus,
2EI
EI
mgx3
mgx4
mg
mgLx2
+
=
(x4 4Lx3 + 6L2 x2 ).
4EI
6EI
24EIL
24EIL
(b) The deflection at x = L is

y(L) =
mg
mgL3
(L4 4L4 + 6L4 ) =
.
24EIL
8EI

d4 y
3M g
mg
[h(x) h(x L)]
[h(x) h(x L/3)],
=
4
dx
EIL
EIL
y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0, y(L) = y 00 (L) = 0.

3M g 1 eLs/3
mg 1 eLs
4
s Y As B =
EIL s
s
EIL s
s

Ls
Ls/3
mg 1 e
3M g 1 e
=
.
EIL
s
EIL
s
Y (s) =
A
B
mg
+ 4
s3
s
EIL
1 eLs
s5
3M g
EIL
1 eLs/3
s5
y(x) =
Bx3
mgx4
mg(x L)4
Ax2
+
+
h(x L)
2
6
24EIL
24EIL
4
M gx
Mg
+
(x L/3)4 h(x L/3).
8EIL
8EIL
20
EXERCISES 16.5
Since the fourth term term contributes nothing to the solution, we drop it from further consideration.
The boundary conditions at x = L require
4
BL3
mgL3
M gL3
Mg
2L
AL2
+
+
,
0 = y(L) =
2
6
24EI
8EI
8EIL 3
2
3M g 2L
mgL 3M gL
+
0 = y 00 (L) = A + BL
.
2EI
2EI
2EIL 3
5mg 205M g
mgL 25M gL
and B =
+
.
8EI
216EI
8EI
216EI
Thus,

25M gL
205M g
mgL
mgx4
5mg
x2 +
+
x3
y(x) =
16EI
432EI
48EI
1296EI
24EIL
4
M gx
Mg
+
(x L/3)4 h(x L/3)
8EIL
8EIL
M gx4
gL(27m + 25M ) 2 g(135m + 205M ) 3
mgx4
x +
x
=
432EI
1296EI
24EIL
8EIL
Mg
(x L/3)4 h(x L/3).
+
8EIL
d4 y
P
=
(x L/3),
4
dx
EI
y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0,
y(L) = y 0 (L) = 0.
s4 Y As B =
P Ls/3
e
.
EI

Y (s) =
A
B
P eLs/3
+
.
s3
s4
EIs4
y(x) =
Bx3
P
Ax2
+
(x L/3)3 h(x L/3).

2
6
6EI

3
BL3
P
AL2
2L
+
0 = y(L) =
,
2
6
6EI
3
0 = y 0 (L) = AL +
P
BL2
2
2EI
2L
3
2
20P
4P L
and B =
.
27EI
27EI
Thus,
y(x) =
2P Lx2
10P x3
P
+
(x L/3)3 h(x L/3).

27EI
81EI
6EI
(b) Since maximum deflection should be to the right of x = L/3, we set

0 = y 0 (x) =
4P Lx 10P x2
P
+
(x L/3)2 .
27EI
27EI
2EI
The solutions are x = 3L/7 and x = L. Maximum deflection is therefore at x = 3L/7.

(c) Theory indicates that with a delta function nonhomogeneity, y(x), y 0 (x), and y 00 (x) should be continuous at x = L/3, but not y 000 (x). Let us show this. There is no question that the terms without the
21
EXERCISES 16.5
Heaviside function have continuous derivatives of all orders. Consider then, the Heaviside term, less the
leading constant, f (x) = (x L/3)3 h(x L/3). Clearly,
lim
xL/3+
f (x) =
lim
xL/3
f (x).
Since f 0 (x) = 3(x L/3)2 h(x L/3) and f 00 (x) = 6(x L/3)h(x L/3), we also see that
lim
xL/3+
f 0 (x) =
lim
xL/3
f 0 (x)
and
lim
xL/3+
f 00 (x) =
lim
xL/3
f 00 (x).
On the other hand, since f 000 (x) = 6h(x L/3),

lim
xL/3+
f 000 (x) = 6
and
lim
xL/3
f 000 (x) = 0.
8. The boundary-value problem for deflections of the beam is

d4 y
P
(x L/2),
=
4
dx
EI
y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0,
y 00 (L) = y 000 (L) = 0.
s4 Y As B =
P Ls/2
e
.
EI

Y (s) =
A
B
P eLs/2
+ 4
.
3
s
s
EIs4
y(x) =
Bx3
P
Ax2
+
(x L/2)3 h(x L/2).

2
6
6EI

0 = y 00 (L) = A + BL
Thus,
y(x) =
P
EI

L
,
2
0 = y 000 (L) = B
P
.
EI
P
PL
and B =
.
2EI
EI
P x3
P
P Lx2
+
(x L/2)3 h(x L/2).

4EI
6EI
6EI

d4 y
P
(x L/2),
=
4
dx
EI
y(0) = y 00 (0) = 0,
y(L) = y 00 (L) = 0.
s4 Y As2 B =
P Ls/2
e
.
EI

Y (s) =
A
B
P eLs/2
+ 4
.
2
s
s
EIs4
y(x) = Ax +
Bx3
P
(x L/2)3 h(x L/2).

6
6EI
22
EXERCISES 16.5

P
BL3
0 = y(L) = AL +
6
6EI
Thus,
y(x) =
3
L
,
2
P
0 = y (L) = BL
EI
00

L
.
2
P L2
P
and B =
.
16EI
2EI
P x3
P
P L2 x
+
(x L/2)3 h(x L/2).

16EI
12EI
6EI
12. In this situation, the beam will rotate until it is vertical, hanging from the pin at x = 0. The boundaryvalue problem for deflections of the beam is
d4 y
mg
[h(x) h(x L)],
=
4
dx
EIL
y(0) = y 00 (0) = 0,
y 00 (L) = y 000 (L) = 0.

mg 1 eLs
mg 1 eLs
=
.
s4 Y As2 B =
EIL s
s
EIL
s
Y (s) =
A
B
mg
+ 4
s2
s
EIL
1 eLs
s5
y(x) = Ax +
Bx3
mgx4
mg(x L)4
+
h(x L).
6
24EIL
24EIL
0 = y 00 (L) = BL
mgL
,
2EI
0 = y 000 (L) = B
mg
.
EI
These equations give conflicting values for B. Hence, the boundary-value problem does not give the
physical solution.
d4 y
mg
[h(x) h(x L)],
=
dx4
EIL
y(0) = y 00 (0) = 0,
y(L) = y 00 (L) = 0.

mg 1 eLs
mg 1 eLs
4
2
=
.
s Y As B =
EIL s
s
EIL
s
Y (s) =
A
B
mg
+ 4
s2
s
EIL
1 eLs
s5
y(x) = Ax +
mgx4
mg(x L)4
Bx3
+
h(x L).
6
24EIL
24EIL
23
EXERCISES 16.5
0 = y(L) = AL +
mgL3
BL3
,
6
24EI

y(x) =
0 = y 00 (L) = BL
mgL
.
2EI
mgL2
mg
and B =
. Thus,
24EI
2EI
mgL2 x mgx3
mgx4
mg
+
=
(x4 2Lx3 + L3 x).
24EI
12EI
24EIL
24EIL
Maximum deflection occurs at x = L/2,

"
#
3
4
L
5mgL3
mg
L
L
=
.
y(L/2) =
2L
+ L3
24EIL
2
2
2
384EI
For this to be less than L/100,
L
5mgL3
<
384EI
100
m<
384EIL
96EI
=
.
3
500gL
125gL2

Calculus For Engineers: Chapter 16 - Laplace Transforms - Solutions

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Calculus For Engineers: Chapter 16 - Laplace Transforms - Solutions

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1

2. L{t + et } = L{t} + L{et } =

now set v = su, in which case

4. Since f (t) = t2 [h(t) h(t 1)] = t2 t2 h(t 1),

F (s) = L{t + (2 2t)h(t 1) + (t 2)h(t 2)} =

F (s) = L{1 + t2 + (2t 1 t2 )h(t 1)} =

F (s) = L{2et + (1 2et )h(t ln 2)} =

22. L{t e } = L{t }|s3 =

= e1s L{cos 2 cos 2t sin 2 sin 2t}|s1 = e1s

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

8 cos 4t 9 sin 4t + 4e2t L1

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

e4t+(4 2)u + e4t+(4+ 2)u du

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

[s3 Y s2 (1) + 2] 3[s2 Y s(1)] + 3[sY 1] Y =

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

2x00 + 15x0 + 100x = 40 sin 10t,

[s2 Y s(1) 2] + 4[sY 1] + 3Y = L{sin t[h(t) h(t )]} =

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

[s2 Y s(2)] + 16Y =

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

We write the differential equation in the form

We write the differential equation in the form

and take Laplace transforms,

We write the differential equation in the form

When we take Laplace transforms,

When we take Laplace transforms,

When we take Laplace transforms,

When we take Laplace transforms,

We solve this for the transform X(s),

y 00 (L) = y 000 (L) = 0.

(b) The deflection at x = L is

4. (a) The boundary-value problem for deflections of the beam is

y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0, y(L) = y 00 (L) = 0.

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

(x L/3)3 h(x L/3).

The boundary conditions at x = L require

(x L/3)3 h(x L/3).

(b) Since maximum deflection should be to the right of x = L/3, we set

The solutions are x = 3L/7 and x = L. Maximum deflection is therefore at x = 3L/7.

On the other hand, since f 000 (x) = 6h(x L/3),

8. The boundary-value problem for deflections of the beam is

y 00 (L) = y 000 (L) = 0.

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

(x L/2)3 h(x L/2).

The boundary conditions at x = L require

(x L/2)3 h(x L/2).

10. The boundary-value problem for deflections of the beam is

We solve this for the transform Y (s),

(x L/2)3 h(x L/2).

The boundary conditions at x = L require

(x L/2)3 h(x L/2).

y 00 (L) = y 000 (L) = 0.

The solution of these equations is A =