A COMPILATION OF OUTPUT

in
ENGLISH 4 - TECHNICAL WRITING WITH ORAL
COMMUNACATION

A. Report in Engine Department

B. Business Letters
C. Technical Research

EFREN P. ASPERA II
BS Mar E 2-D
2nd Semester 2012-2013

A. Reports in Engine Department

February 9, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, MV Sharengan
Re: MONTHLY MAIN ENGINE PERFORMANCE REPORT
Please be informed that during the month of January, 2013 the main engine Sulzer Model no.
21527 had satisfactorily performed during the period covered. It incurred a total of 696 running hours
at a speed of 20 knots. The itinerary during the period was Egypt to Brazil, vice versa.
This submitted for record purposes.
C/E EFREN P. ASERA II
cc: File

February 12, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, MV Sharengan
Re: ENGINE DAMAGE REPORT
It was on or about 0800 hours of February 6, 2013 when the vessel was navigating
somewhere in South China Sea the engine was observed to have knocking sound. It occurred when
the undersigned was the officer of the watch together with Oiler Alcala.
The engine was observed until arrival at port, the main engine was checked and
troubleshooting followed which lasted for two hours. After which, the vessel resumed its operation with
the main engine already running.
This is submitted for record purposes.
C/E EFREN P. ASPERA II
cc: File

February 17, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, MV Sharengan
Re: FUEL CONTAMINATION REPORT
Please be informed that the fuel we had been using since February 15, 2013 to the present is
believe to be contaminated for the following reasons:
1. The smell is pungent.
2. The color of the smoke is darker than the usual.
3. The engine chokes every now and then.
It is recommended that we get a sample of it for assay upon arrival next port.
Your approval is appreciated.

C/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

cc: File

February 17, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, MV Sharengan
Re: FIRE IN THE ENGINE ROOM

At about 0900 hours of even date, Oiler Alcala and Oiler Danay were doing some cutting and welding
tasks in the working area adjacent to the engine room. In the process, sparks reached the soiled rags nearby
unnoticed by the concern crew. This developed into a small fire.
The two oilers immediately took the fire extinguisher and sprayed it over the burning rags until the fire
was completely extinguished. There was no damage or loss to the property resulting from the said incident.
It is recommended that proper housekeeping must be observed in every working area on board to
prevent the occurrence of the same or similar incident in the future.
Thank you for the kind attention given to this recommendation.

C/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

cc: File

February 17, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, MV Sharengan
Re: INJURY BY ACCIDENT REPORT
There was no advisory for typhoon or low pressure in South China Sea area. On even date,
the vessel was navigating on rough seas at more or less 0900 hrs. On board, oiler Alcala was
descending at the accommodation ladder going to the engine room. Because of the motion of the
vessel, he lost his balance and fell to the deck escaping through seven steps. The victim lost his
consciousness. He was given the first aid and allowed to rest. The victim did not sustain any injury.

It is recommended that we shall periodically conduct drills relevant to safety consciousness on

board and allow the oiler to see a medical specialist for through evaluation of his case upon arrival
next port.

C/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

February 17, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, MV Sharengan

Re: INJURIES INFLICTED BY OTHER PERSON

It was on or about 2000 hours of even date, an altercation took place between 2/E Moraleja
and Oiler Alcala while they tending to their watch. All of a sudden, Oiler Alcala stuck 2/E Moraleja with
his fist hitting the victim. The two were pacified by undersigned.
It is recommended that a thorough investigation will be conducted. After which, disciplinary
action should be imposed to the instigator as deterrence to similar or related incident in the future.
Thank you for the kind attention given to this report.

C/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

cc: File

B. BUSINESS LETTER

February 29, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Human Resource Officer
NYK-Fil Ship Management, Inc.
Jaro, Iloilo City

Madam:
Greetings!
I am grateful to have completed my nine months apprenticeship on board MV Sharengan of
your company last February 9, 2012. May I know if the company has employment preference to its
graduate cadets?
May I hear from you soon? Thank you and God Bless.

Truly yours,

EFREN P. ASPERA II

cc: File

March 1, 2013

CDT. EFREN P. ASPERA II

Catig, Sara, Iloilo

Dear Cadet Aspera:

This is to acknowledge receipt of your letter of inquiry dated February 29, 2013.
We are happy that you have successfully completed your apprenticeship on board MV Sharengan for
nine months. Please be informed, however, that the company does not have employment preference for its
cadets. On the other hand, if you are interested to join the work force of this company, you may file your
application letter together with the necessary supporting documents.
Rest assured that we will communicate with you when the need arises.
We wish you luck, therefore, in your other undertakings.
Truly yours,

MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Human Resource Officer
cc: File

March 2, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, MV Sharengan

Please consider this letter our request to purchase the following items for buffer purposes:
Item #

Specification

Qty/Unit

1.

Shoes,Safety,S10,CAT,Black

2 pairs

Unit Prize
(Php)
3,4200.00

2.

Boots,rubber,S7,CAT,Black

2 pairs

1,500.00

3.

Gloves, Rubber,S4,CAT,Blue

2 pairs

500.00

4.

Mask welding, CAT, Black

1pc.

800.00

5.

Bulbs,Spiral,10watts,akari, white

1 dozen

2,400.00

Cost
(Php)
6,400.0
0
3,000.0
0
1,000.0
0
800.00

2,400.0
0
Total Cost=Php 13,600.00

Your favourable action is very much appreciated.

C/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

cc: File

1st Endorsement
March 2, 2013

Respectfully forwarded to the Office of the Operations Division Manager the attached
documents of Cdt. Efren P. Aspera II for evaluation purpose.
Corresponding appropriate action is deemed necessary.
Thank you.

C/E SHAHAREH P. LAGARTO

March 2, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Human Resource Officer

NYK-Fil Ship Management, Inc.

Jaro, Iloilo City

Dear Madam:
I read in your job advertisement published in the Manila Bulletin dated February 28,
2013 that you are in need of a third engineer. Please consider me an applicant to the said
position.
I am Efren P. Aspera II, 21 yrs. old and had been a third engineer on board one vessel
of the PAL Maritime Inc. during my last embarkation. Attached are my credentials for your kind
evaluation.
May I hear from you soon? You can reach me through this no. 09301281848.
More power.

Very truly yours,

C/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

January 09, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA
Master, M/V Sharengan
Re: ENGINE DAMAGE REPORT

The incident happened at about 0200H last December 30, 2012. The vessel departed from the Port
Bacolod at 0100 hours bound for Zamboanga. While on its way to its destination at more or less 2
hours after departure an unusual sound was heard from the main engine. At more or less 20 minutes
thereafter the main engine bogged down.
An emergency meeting was conducted to gather information why the main engine bogged down.
The officer of the watch was interviewed, the electrician and the oiler. It was found out that there was a
leakage on pipe line fitted to the main engine. Repair was immediately done and the damaged pipe
line was also repaired by welding then the main engine back to its normal function.
It is recommended that we must check all the piping system to maintain the normal condition of all
piping system.
Submitted for your kind perusal.
C/E REY D. PANGANIBAN

INVESTIGATIVE REPORT
Name: JOCEL H.JAVELLANA
Position Held: ELECTRICIAN

Age: 18
Nationality: FILIPINO

1. Where were you when the incident happened?

Ans. I was on the engine room when the incident happened.

M/S: SINGLE

2. Who were the persons you know present during the occurrence of the incident?
Ans. The persons I knew during the occurrence of the incident were oiler Alcala and Engineer on
watch and Engineer Poras.
3. Tell/Narrate what do you know about the incident?
Ans. It was on or about 0300 hours of December 30, 2012 when the incident happened. The
vessel departed from Iloilo at 0200hours bound for Bacolod. While on its way to destination and at
more or less 2 hours after departure, I was checking the voltage that supply the generator and I
heard an unusual sound coming from the main engine.
4. What have you done in relation to the incident?
Ans: I immediately reported to the chief engineer.
This is to certify that the foregoing statements are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and
belief.
JOCEL H. JAVELLANA
Electrician
January 16, 2013
Investigated by:
C/E REY D. PANGANIBAN
Date: January 16, 2013

INVESTIGATIVE REPORT
Name: JANREY E. PORAS
Position Held: OFFICER IN WATCH

Age: 19
M/S: SINGLE
Nationality: FILIPINO

1. Where were you when the incident happened?

Ans: I was on my duty in the auxiliary engine when the incident happened.
2. Who were the person(s), you knew, present during the incident?

Ans: I was with the oiler Alcala during the incident.

3. Tell/Narrate what you know about the incident?
Ans: It was on or about 0200 hours when the incident happened. The vessel was on its way
bound to the manila and more or less 2 hours after, I heard an unusual sound coming from
the main engine. Eventually, the main engine bogged down.
4. What have you down in relation to the incident?
Ans: I immediately went to the main engine room and checked what happened then reported
it to the chief engineer.
I certify to the truthfulness and correctness of the foregoing statements to the best of
my knowledge and belief.
JANREY E. PORAS
Date: January 16, 2013
Investigated by:
C/E REY D. PANGANIBAN
Date: January 16, 2013

INVESTIGATIVE REPORT
Name: EFREN P. ASPERA II
Position Held: OILER

Age: 18

M/S: SINGLE
Nationality: FILIPINO

1. Where were you when the incident happened?

Ans: I was on the auxiliary engine when the incident happened.
2. Who were the persons you knew present during the occurrence of the incident?

Ans: The persons I knew during the occurrence of the incident were the Electrician Javellana
and 2/E Poras.
3. Tell/Narrate what do you know about the incident?
Ans: At about 0200H of December 30, 2012 when the incident happened. The vessel
departed from the Port of Bacolod at 0900 hours bound for Zamboanga. While on her way to
her destination at more or less 2 hours after departure, I heard an unusual sound that comes
from the main engine. I hurriedly went to the main engine to check out what happened. After I
check, I found out that there was a leakage on pipeline fitted to the main engine. That cause
of main engine to bog down.
4. What you have done in relation to the incident?
Ans: When the incident took place, I called for immediate assistance to help me in the
troubleshooting.
I certify to the truthfulness and correctness of the foregoing statements to the best of
my knowledge and belief.
EFREN P. ASPERA II
January 18, 2013
Investigated by:
C/E REY D. PANGANIBAN
Date: January 16, 2013

Catig, Sara, Iloilo

March 2, 2013
CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Human Resource Manager

NYK-FIL Ship Management, Inc.

Jaro, Iloilo
Dear Madam:
I heard from a reliable source that you are in need of a third
ungiere. Please comnsider me an applicant.
I am Efren P. Aspera II, 21 yrs. old and had been a third
engineer on board one vessel of the PAL Maritime Inc. during my
last embarkation. Attached are my credentials for your kind
evaluation.
May I hear from you son? You can reach me through this no.
09301281848.
More power.
Very truly yours,
3/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

March 7, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Human Resource Officer

NYK-Fil Ship Management, Inc.
Jaro, Iloilo City

Dear Madam:
Please advise status of my application letter dated March 2, 2013.
May it merit your favorable attention?
I appreciate to hear you soon.
Very truly yours,

3/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

March 9, 2013

CDT. EFREN P. ASPERA II

Catig, Sara, Iloilo

Dear Engineer Aspera:

We are glad of your interest to work in our company. Please be informed that the position you applied
for had filled-up prior to the receipt of your application letter.
We are keeping your papers on file for our ready reference when the need arises.

Good luck.
Very truly yours,

MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Human Resource Officer

March 8, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, MV Sharengan

Thru: C/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

Sir:
I heard from reliable source that sister ship MV Sharengan is in need of a second engineer.
Please consider this letter my request for transfer thereat. I believe I am qualified to the vacancy
because of my educational qualification, experience, and license as second engineer.
Your kind attention given to this letter shall mean my professional growth.
More power.

Respectfully yours,

2/E JOHN N. DOE

March 9, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, MV Sharengan

Dear Madam:
Please consider this letter my request for cash advance in the amount of One Hundred
Thousand Pesos only (Php 100,000.00). This amount is urgently needed for the hospital of
my step brother. I promise to pay this cash advance through payroll deduction within a period
of two months starting March 21, 2013.
Your approval is a big help in this time of our financial needs.
Thank you.

Very truly yours,

EFREN P. ASPERA II

March 9, 2013

CAPT. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA

Master, M/V Sharengan

Dear Madam:
Serving this company on board MV Sharengan had been a pleasure because it helped
me grow professionally. However, I need to tender this resignation because our family will be
migrating to Dubai on April 25, 2012. Please consider me resigned effective upon approval of
this letter.
I am grateful to my officers and to the company as well for giving me the chance to
serve and for the trust and consideration given me while on board.
Thank you and more power.
Very truly yours,

3/E EFREN P. ASPERA II

C. Technical Research Report

LATHE MACHINES

ROMEO C. AMPARAN JR.

BS Mar E 2-D
MARCH 21, 2013
i

LATHE MACHINES

Submitted to:
MRS.MARIA ELENA C VILLA
Maritime English Professor
WVCST ,La Paz, Iloilo City

Submitted by:
ROMEO C. AMPARAN JR.
BS Mar E 2-D
2nd Sem.,2012-2013

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to
complete this report. A special gratitude I give to our final year project. Whose contribution in
stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped me to coordinate my project especially in writing

this report.
Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation Ms. marry Florence silvestre,
who gave the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary materials to complete this
project . And a special thanks also to my family for their help, understanding, financial and moral
support.

iii
Western Visayas College of Science and Technology
La Paz, Iloilo City

March 28,2013
MRS. MARIA ELENA C. VILLA
Maritime English Professor

This College
Dear madam:
I am submitting herewith my technical research paper entitled Lathe Machine in
partial compliance to the requirement of course, English 4-Technical Writing with Oral
Communication.
I hope this merits your approval.
Very truly yours,
`

ROMEO C. AMPARAN JR
BS Mar E 2-D

iv

ABSTRACT
a lathe is a machine that shapes objects by rotating them while a shaping
tool such as a chisel is applied to its surface. Lathe machines are capable of cutting or grinding
symmetrical shapes into materials such as wood and metal. There are countless practical applications
associated with lathe machines. To avoid injury, care should be taken while operating lathe machines.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover i
Title ............................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement.. iii
Letter of Transmittal... iv
Abstract v
Table of Content.............................................................................................................. vi

I. INTRODUCTION. 1
Definition of Lathe Machine..... 1
Historical Background of Lathe Machine
Operation of Lathe Machine.
Classification of Lathe Machine...
II.DISCUSSION
Construct and Parts of Lathe Machine
Description of Its Part..
Function of Lathe Machine.
Preventive Machine Servicing
III. CONCLUSION..
Importance of Lathe Machine.
Advantages ..
Disadvantages..
Benefits..
Bibliography.

vi

I.

INTRODUCTION

WHAT LATHE MACHINE IS

Lathe machine- is one of the oldest and most important machine tools. Wood lathes were in
use in France as early as 1569. During the Industrial Revolution in England the machine was

adapted for metal cutting. The rotating horizontal spindle to which the work holding device is
attached is usually power driven at speeds that can be varied. On a speed lathe the cutting tool
is supported on a tool rest and manipulated by hand. On an engine lathe the tool is clamped
onto a cross slide that is power driven on straight paths parallel or perpendicular to the work
axis. On a screw cutting lathe the motion of the cutting tool is accurately related to the rotation
of the spindle by means of a lead screw that drives the carriage on which the cutting tool is
mounted.

Internal turning is known as boring and results in the enlargement of an already existing
hole. For internal turning on solid workpieces, holes are drilled first; engine lathes are equipped
for drilling coaxial holes.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LATHE MACHINE?

Principle of operation?

Operation of lathe machine?

A lathe is a machine tool primarily used for shaping pieces of metal and sometimes wood or other
materials. Lathes operate by spinning the block of material to perform various tasks such as cutting,
sanding, or drilling with tools that are applied to the work piece. Operating a manual lathe can be a
difficult undertaking. By paying close attention to the steps you need to successfully cut material, you
Can continuously create accurate parts. Lathes literally keep the manufacturing world spinning. A lathe
works by spinning a piece of material, such as wood or metal, at a high speed while a tool is applied to
the rotating material. The result is a symmetrical cylinder.

Different Types of Lathe Machines

1.0 Wood Lathes. Popular with both hobbyist and professionals alike, the wood lathe makes
everything from baseball bats to chair legs and bedposts. Most round wood pieces are spun on a
wood lathe to achieve a smooth feel and look.

2.0 Metal Lathes. Found mostly on factory floors, and often hooked up to computers with robotic
arms, metal lathes are used for precision operations like threading and boring.
3.0 Glass Lathes. Whether forming the next piece of high-end art or filling an order for a scientific
lab, glass workers use a lathe to shape their medium. Glass lathes safely spin glass tubing
over a flame until the material is pliable for shaping.
4.0 Pottery Wheel. The pottery wheel is the only lathe where the operator may safely use her
hands to shape the material. Though most lathes are horizontal, the pottery wheel spins its
material about a vertical axis.

II. DISCUSSION

Construct and Parts of Lathe Machine

Description of Its Parts

1.0 BED- provides the foundation for the whole machine and holds the headstock, tailstock and
carriage in alignment. The surfaces of the bed that are finely machined and upon which the
carriage and tailstock slide - are known as "ways". Some beds have a gap near the headstock
to allow extra-large diameters to be turned. Sometimes the gap is formed by the machined ways
stopping short of the headstock, sometimes by a piece of bed that can be unbolted, removed--and
lost. Some very large lathes have a "sliding bed" where the upper part, on which the carriage and
tailstock sit, can be slid along a separate lower part - and so make the gap correspondingly larger or

smaller.

2.0 SADDLE-The casting that fits onto the top of the bed and slides along it is known, almost
universally, as the "Saddle" - a self-explanatory and very suitable term.

3.0 APRON-The vertical, often flat and rectangular "plate" fastened to the front of the "Saddle" is
known as the "Apron" and carries a selection of gears and controls that allow the carriage to be driven
(by hand or power) up and down the bed. The mechanism inside can also engage the screw cutting
feed and various powered tool feeds, should they be fitted. The lead screw, and sometimes a power
shaft as well, are often arranged to pass through the apron and provide it with a drive for the various
functions. The sophistication of the apron-mounted controls, and their ease of use, is a reliable
indicator of the quality of a lathe. Virtually all screw-cutting lathes have what is commonly-called a
"half-nut" lever that closes down one and sometimes two halves of a split nut to grasp the lead screw
and provide a drive for screw cutting .Apron design can be roughly divided into "single-wall" and
"double-wall" types. The "single-wall" apron has just one thickness of metal and, protruding from it
(and unsupported on their outer ends) are studs that carry gears. The "double-wall" apron is a much
more robust structure, rather like a narrow, open-topped box with the gear-carrying studs fitted
between the two walls - and hence rigidly supported at both ends. This type of construction produces
a very stiff structure - and one that is far less likely to deflect under heavy-duty work; another
advantage is that the closed base of the "box" can be used to house an oil reservoir the lubricant ion
which is either splashed around or, preferably, pumped to supply the spindles, gears and even, on
some lathes, the sliding surfaces of the bed and cross slide as well.

4.0 COMPOUND SLIDE REST consisting of the CROSS SLIDE and TOP SLIDE -Sitting on top of
the "Saddle" is the "Cross Slide" - that, as its name implies, moves across the bed - and on top of that
there is often a "Top Slide" or "Tool Slide" that is invariably arranged so that it can be swivelled and
locked into a new position. Very early lathes had a simple T-shaped piece of metal against which the
turner "rested" his tool (all turning being done by hand) but when it became possible to move this
"Rest" across the bed by a screw feed it became known, appropriately enough, as a "Slide-rest". The

earliest known example of a "Slide-rest" is illustrated in Mittelalterliche Hausbuch, a German

publication of about 1480.After the "Top Slide" became a more common fitting the term "Slide-rest"
was not so frequently used - and the different functions of the two slides led to their specific names
being more widely adopted. When two slides are provided (or sometimes, on watchmaker's lathes,
three) the complete assembly is known as the "Compound" or "Compound Slide" or even "Compound
Slide-rest". Some makers have been known to label the "Top Slide" as the "Compound Rest" or even
the "Compound Slide" - but as "to compound" means the 'joining of two or more' - not 'one' - this use
of the term in incorrect.

5.0 CARRIAGE-The whole assembly of Saddle, Apron, Top and Cross Slide is known as the
"Carriage". Some American publications (even makers' handbooks) have been known to casually refer
to this as the "Saddle" - but this incorrect.

6.0HEADSTOCK. -The lathe Headstock used, at one time, to be called the "Fixed Headstock" or
"Fixed Head", and the rotating shaft within it the "Mandrel". Today the mandrel is usually called the
"Spindle", but this can cause confusion with the tailstock, where the sliding bar is known variously as
the "ram", "barrel" - and "spindle". The headstock is normally mounted rigidly to the bed (exceptions
exist in some production, CNC, automatic and "Swiss-auto" types) and holds all the mechanisms,
including various kinds and combinations of pulleys or gears, so that the spindle can be made to turn
at different speeds.

7.0 HEADSTOCK SPINDLE-The end of the headstock spindle is usually machined so that it can carry
a faceplate, chuck, drive-plate, internal or external collets - or even special attachments designed for
particular jobs. In turn, these attachments hold the work piece that is going to be machined.
The "fitting" formed on the end of the spindle is normally one of five types:
1) - a simple flange through which threaded studs on a faceplate or chuck (for example) can pass
and be tightened into place with nuts. This is a secure method, and allows high-speed reverse, but is

very inconvenient on a general-purpose lathe.

2) - A threaded nose onto which fittings screw. This is perfectly acceptable for smaller lathes, but
unsatisfactory on larger industrial machines where, for reasons of production economy, the
spindle may need to be reversed at high speed. Reversing a screwed-on chuck causes it to
unscrew - with potentially disastrous results.
3) - A "D1-taper Camlock" fitting - a long-used, standard system that employs three or more "studs"
that are turned to lock into the back of chucks and faceplates, etc.
4) - A taper - either of the simple Hardinge type or, for bigger lathes, the "taper-nose, long-key
drive" - an older but excellent American design where a large screwed ring was held captive on the
end of the spindle and used to draw the chuck, or other fitting, onto a long, keyed taper formed on
the spindle end. An ideal system for the rigid mounting of heavier chucks, it has now largely fallen
into disuse. The fitting was available in various sizes starting at L00 (L zero zero) and worked up
through L0, L1, L2, etc.
5) - various fittings that became increasingly complex and apparently invented for the sake of
being able to claim a National Standard (the famous not-invented-here syndrome). All these
succeeded in doing was to raise manufacturing costs by preventing the interchange of spindle-nose
tooling between machines and requiring firms to keep larger inventories of spares and numbers of
duplicated firings. Some of these included: British and ISO Standard Spindle Noses - Direct Mounting;
British & ISO Short Taper with Bolt or Stud Fixing; British & ISO Short Taper with Camlock Fixing;
British & ISO Short Taper with Bayonet Ring Fixing and, of course, German Standard Spindle Noses.
Unbelievably, there appears never to have been a French standard - and we still await official
announcement of the rumoured Botswana-Standard Triple-cam with Over-locking Nose and Chinesedesigned New Moon Slide-and-Snap-Approximately fittings.

8.0 BACKGEAR-As its name implies, "back gear" is a gear mounted at the back of the headstock
(although in practice it is often located in other positions) that allows the chuck to rotate slowly with

greatly-increased torque (turning power). Back geared lathes are sometimes referred to a "BG" or
"BGSC" - the latter meaning "back geared and screw cutting". At first, the ability to run a work piece
slowly might seem unnecessary, but a large-diameter casting, fastened to the faceplate and run at
200 rpm (about the slowest speed normally available on a lathe without back gear) would have a
linear
speed at its outer edge beyond the turning capacity of a small lathe. By engaging back gear, and so
reducing the speed but increasing the torque, even the largest faceplate-mounted jobs can be turned
successfully. Screw cutting also requires slow speeds, typically between 25 and 50 rpm - especially if
the operator is a beginner, or the job tricky. A bottom speed in excess of those figures (as usually
found on most Far Eastern and European machines but not those built in the United Kingdom) means
that screw cutting - especially internally, into blind holes - is, in effect, impossible. These lathes are
advertised as "screw cutting" but what that means in reality is just power feed along the bed. Even if
you go to the trouble of making up a pulley system to reduce the spindle speeds you will find the
torque needed to turn large diameters at low speeds causes the belts to slip. The only solution is
a gear-driven low speed and so a proper small lathe, with a back gear fitted, not only becomes
capable of cutting threads but can also tackle heavy-duty drilling, big-hole boring and large-diameter
facing: in other words, it is possible to use it to the very limits of its capacity and strength.
Beginners are sometimes confused about how to engage back gear - especially if the lathe lacks a
handbook - but with a little care anyone can work out how it should be done, at least on a conventional
machine. On the main spindle of the lathe, the one carrying the drive pulley, will be found a large gear,
generally referred to as the "Bull Wheel". The Bull Wheel is attached to the pulley by a nut and bolt, a
spring-loaded pin, a pawl that presses into a gear on the pulley (or some other means) and, if this
fastening is undone - by slackening the nut and pushing it towards the pulley, or by pulling the pin out
- it should be found that the pulley will spin freely on the shaft. By moving the "back gears" into
position
- they generally slide sideways, or are mounted on an eccentric pin - the mechanism will come into
operation. If the pulley will not spin on the shaft, or there seems to be no obvious way of disconnecting
the Bull Wheel from the pulley, it may be that you are dealing with an "over-engineered" machine
where some clever device has been introduced to make life "easy" for the operator. Sometimes there
will be a screw, flush with the surface of the drive pulley and beneath this a spring-loaded pin that

pushes into the back face of the Bull Wheel. Quick-action "Sliding-cam" mechanisms are occasionally
used (as on the Drummond and My ford M Series lathes) where a knob on the face of the Bull Wheel
has to be pushed sideways, and so ride up a ramp, which action disengages the connecting pin
automatically. Some lathes, with enclosed headstocks (like later Boxford models) have a "single-lever"
back gear; in this system moving the first part of the lever's movement disengages the connection
whilst the next brings the back gear into mesh.

9.0 LEADSCREW-Originally termed a "master thread", or described as the "leading screw", but now
always referred to as the "lead screw", this is a long threaded rod normally found running along the
front of the bed or, on some early examples running between the bed ways down the bed's centre
line. By using a train of gears to connect the lathe spindle to the lead screw - and the lead screw to
the
lathe carriage - the latter, together with its cutting tool, could be forced to move a set distance for
every revolution of the spindle.

10.0 TAILSTOCK-The Tailstock was once known in England as the "loose stock", " Ppoppet head"
or "loose head" - the latter old-fashioned term being used by Harrison and other English firms in some
of their advertising literature until the early 1970s. The unit is arranged to slide along the bed and can
be locked to it at any convenient point; the upper portion of the unit is fitted with what is variously
called a "barrel", "spindle" "ram" or "shoot" that can be moved in and out of the main casting by hand,
lever or screw feed and carries a "Dead Centre" that supports the other end of work held (by various
means) in the headstock.
Special centres, which rotate with the work, can be used in the tailstock ; these are known as
"Rotating Centres" and should not be referred to as "live centres" - that term being reserved for the
centre carried in the headstock spindle .Long ago centres were referred to by turners as "Poppets" presumably from "pop it in" - and they carried their own with them, secured in cotton waste and
jealously guarded in the top pocket of their overalls.

11.0 COUNTERSHAFT (in the USA sometimes referred to as a "jackshaft")-Most small electric

motors in Britain spin at 1425 rpm, while those in the USA and Europe are usually marked a little
faster at 1600 to 1700 rpm or so. If the lathe spindle was to be driven directly from one of these
motors, even using a small pulley on the motor shaft, and a larger one on the lathe, it would be turning
far too quickly to be useful for the great majority of jobs; hence, it is necessary to introduce some way
of reducing the lathe's spindle speed - and that is the job of the countershaft.
In a typical arrangement, illustrated here the motor is fastened to an upright, hinged, cast-iron plate
and fitted with a small pulley on its spindle. Because the 1500 rpm motor is driving a much larger
pulley in a ratio of something like 5 : 1 - the speed is reduced to 300 rpm (1500 divided by 5).
On the same shaft as the very large pulley is a set of three smaller pulleys, arranged in the "reverse"
order from those on the lathe. If the middle pulley on the countershaft is made to drive the identicallysized pulley on the lathe spindle that too, of course, will turn at 300 rpm. The pulleys each side of it
are normally arranged to halve and double that speed - hence the creation of a speed set covering a
useful 150 rpm, 300 rpm and 600 rpm.
It is a simple matter to fit both a small and a large pulleys to the motor shaft, and two correspondingly
larger pulleys on the countershaft, and so double the number of available speeds to six. If a two-speed
electric motor is used the range doubles again to 12 and, should the lathe designer have managed to
squeeze a four-step pulley between the spindle bearings, a total of 16 would be available; with
a back gear fitted the total would rise to thirty-two speeds that, typically, might start at 25 r.p.m. and
extend all the way up to over 3000 rpm.
12.0 CHANGEWHEELS and TUMBLE REVERSE-These are the gears that take the drive from the
headstock spindle down to the lead screw. They are normally contained within a cover at the extreme
left-hand side of the lathe - but many older lathes, built in times when manufacturers were not
concerned with saving people from their own carelessness, left them exposed.
Called "change wheels" because of the necessity to change them every time a different thread, or rate
of tool feed, was required, the expression goes back to the earliest time that gears were used for this
purpose. The gear train is usually carried on a quadrant arm able to be adjusted by being swung on
its mounting to allow the mesh of the topmost gear with the output gear on the spindle (or tumble
reverse mechanism) to be set. In Great Britain the arm is sometimes called the "Banjo" - although this

expression should really be limited to those types with just one slot. Some manufacturers, to make life
difficult for themselves and their customers, tried other systems as well. A drive through
change wheels often incorporates a tumble-reverse mechanism by which means the drive to the
lead screw can be instantly reversed - and hence the cutting tool made to move towards or away from
the headstock at will. In its "neutral" position it also allows the headstock spindle to rotate freely and
quietly without having to drive the screw cutting change wheels and lead screw.

Function
Types/Classification of Lathe Machine
Troubleshooting
Preventive maintenance servicing

III.CONCLUSION
A lathe machine can be used to create symmetrical shapes into a piece of wood, metal or other
material. Lathe machines offer cutting, grinding and even milling options. Lathes grip a work piece and
spin it along an axis. Shapes are created after running a cutting tool or grinding tool against the
rotating work piece. Cutting tools can be held in place and moved by the operator or by the machine
itself depending on the type of lathe machine in use.

Importance of lathe machine

Lathe machines can perform most widely used operations in Engineering. some of them are:
Turning
Workpiece will rotate during operation and you are going to have round shape. Facing producing a
flat surface by placing a tool at 90 degree to workpiece. shaping planning a workpiece.

Add more

ADVANTAGES
The advantages of Cumputer Numerical Control (CNC) machines can be used continuously
24 hours a day, 365 days a year and only need to be switched off for occasional maintenance
and Cumputer Numerical Control (CNC) machines are programmed with a design which can then be
manufactured hundreds or even thousands of times. Each manufactured product will be exactly the
same.

DISADVANTAGES
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines are more expensive than
manually operated
machines, although costs are slowly coming down and Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) machine
operator only needs basic training and skills, enough to supervise several
machines.
In years gone by, engineers needed years of training to operate centre
lathes, milling
machines and other manually operated machines. This means many of the old
skills are been lost.

significance

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Holtzapffel, John Jacob. Turning and Mechanical Manipulation, vol. 4--Hand or
Simple Turning:

Principles and Practice (orig. pub. 1881). Reprint--New York: Dover Press, (1976).

Evans, John Henry. Ornamental Turning (orig. pub. 1886) REPRINT--Mendham,

New Jersey: The
Astragal Press, (1993).

Lukin, James. Turning Lathes: A Guide to Turning, Screw Cutting, Metal Spinning
and Ornamental
Turning 1894 Reprint--Mendham, New Jersey: The Astragal Press.

Other source:
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/lathemachine