04 - Cours CPV - Sefra Mars 2014

Sminaire de formation et de recherche applique
Photovoltaque concentration
Centre des Recherches et des Techniques de lEnergie (CRTen)
Soitec Solar Energy Division
March 17, 2014
Agenda
10:30
About Soitec (Jean MIYELI)
11:00
Coffee break
11:30
CPV technology (Pablo Trujillo)
13:00
Lunch
14:00
Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)
15:45
Coffee break
16:00
Performance of CPV (Pablo Trujillo)
17:00
End
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Todays challenges
Energy efficiency and performance
have become an imperative.
By 2020:
50 Billion
connected devices
> 6 per person
Demand will
x2
in 2050 for energy

in 2030 for electricity
Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011
Source: IEA 2008
Tunisia training
CO2 emissions must be
2
in 2050
Source: GIEC 2007
March 17, 2014
Soitec at a glance
A world leader in generating and
manufacturing revolutionary
semiconductor materials,
at the frontier of the most exciting
challenges for energy and
electronics.
Tunisia training
Foundation:
1992
Revenue:
$ 340 M in 2012-2013
Stock exchange:
Euronext since 1999
Headquarter:
Bernin (France)
Manufacturing:
7 industrial plants
Employees:
1,600 worldwide
Patent portfolio:
3,600
R&D spending:
~ 10% of annual revenue
March 17, 2014
Soitecs innovations enter three key segments

high-performance
semiconductors materials
Technologies
Smart Cut TM
Smart StackingTM
Epitaxy Expertise
ConcentrixTM
Applications
Green Electronics
Solar - Clean Energy
Engineered
substrates
CPV Systems
LED - Efficient Lighting

High performance
GaN substrates
Supply Lighting
system
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March 17, 2014
A global industrial company

South of Paris , France
Paris city centre , France
Freiburg, Germany
Bernin, France
R&D
US offices:
California, Masachussets
Asian offices:
Japan, Corea,
Taiwan, China
Soitec facilities:
Electronics division
San Diego, California

Phoenix , Arizona
R&D
Solar division
R&D
Pasir Ris, Singapour
Sales offices
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Customers successes supported by Soitec
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March 17, 2014
Soitecs solar energy division

Soitec is a leading manufacturer of
Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV).
The renowned Fraunhofer Institute for
Solar Energy Systems (ISE) conducted
basic research on CPV technology for
decades.
In 2005 its spin-off Concentrix Solar was
founded in Germany to industrialize the
CPV technology.
In 2009 Soitec acquired Concentrix Solar
to bring the CPV technology to large-scale
deployment.
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March 17, 2014
Different types of projects

Areas without grid connection or
with poor grid connection
Plug&Sun
1 kW
Areas with good grid connection
Hybrid installations
10 MW
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Utility-scale power plants

1 MW
100 MW
March 17, 2014
Soitec CPV installations in >20 countries worldwide

World map with Soitec CPV
installations
1: Touwsrivier, South Africa

2: China, Hami
3: Newberry Springs, California, USA
4: Questa, New Mexico, USA
5: Santa Lucia, Italy
6: Cerignola, Italy
7: Saletti, Italy
13
8: Puertollano, Spain
9: Rians, France
10: Atacama Desert, Chile
11: Wadi El Natrun, Egypt
12: Medinah, Saudi Arabia

13: Kebili, Tunisia
and many more.
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1: Touwsrivier, South Africa

Utility-scale CPV Power Plant
Size:
44 MWp
CPV Systems:
>1,500 Soitec CX-S530-II
CPV Modules:
>18,000 Soitec CX-M500
Status:
Under construction
23.8 MWp is installed already
The CPV Power Plant is soon to be

completed. The grid connection is ready.
Commercial operation is expected to
begin in June 2014.
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2: Hami, China
First part of a 20 MWp project
Size:
2.74 MWp
CPV Systems:
330 Soitec CX-P6
CPV Modules:
29,700 Soitec CX-75-III
Status:
Installed 2013
Courtesy of Focusic
Focusic has secured a loan from the CDB

to finance this 20 MWp project. 2.74 MWp
has already been installed, further
5.8 MWp is ordered.
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13: Kebili, Tunisia

CPV for agricultural purposes.
Size:
16 kWp
CPV Systems:
1 Soitec CX-420
CPV Modules:
168 Soitec CX-M400
Status:
Installed 2012
Soitec signed an MoU with STEG and

CEA to develop two CPV solar projects
in Tunisia. The CPV project in Kebili is
the first solar energy unit under the
Tunisian legal framework of electricity
self generation. With the CPV Power
Plant, farmers produce electricity for
water pumping and irrigation.
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Building factories where the demand is high

Automation allows Soitec to build
new factories on a smart copy base.
Freiburg, Germany
San Diego, USA
Headquarters
Fabs
Offices
R&D
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Example USA: high potential market for Soitec

Soitec decided to produce CPV
modules in the USA.
High DNI values

Especially the Southwest of the USA is a
high potential market for CPV technology.
Soitecs track record
Soitec installed CPV systems in Questa,
San Diego and Phoenix.
Huge project pipeline
PPAs for projects of 305 MW in total were
signed by SDG&E.
Soitec CX-S530 at Soitec Phoenix labs
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Significant economic development in California

Soitec to become one of the top
three solar module manufacturers
in the USA.
Factory designed for 280 MWp capacity

176,000-square-foot manufacturing center
on 14.8 acres of land.
Factory to employ up to 450 people
The factory supports >1,000 additional
indirect jobs in the region.
> $150 M investments to date
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Quick time to market

From acquisition to the 1st
produced module in less than
one year.
Dec 2011: Soitec acquired the facility

Feb 2012: Employees trained in Freiburg
Jul 2012: Occupancy of the building
Oct 2012: 1st Soitec CX-M500 produced
Dec 2012: Opening with 140 MWp operational
Feb 2013: First module shipped to a project
Oct 2013: 280 MWp operational
Governor Brown at Soitec Factory

Dedication
December 16, 2011
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Proven quality and reliability

Certified according to IEC and UL
standards and CEC listed.
Soitec CPV Modules comply to IEC 62108
and UL62108 standards, which specify the
requirements for CPV Modules for long-term
operation under harsh outdoor conditions.
Soitec CPV Modules comply to the CPV safety
standards IEC 62688 Draft und UL SU 8703.
According to Californias RETC, Soitec
modules stand out when compared with
other CPV technologies in terms of design
and construction robustness and long term
reliability/durability
TV
(IEC standards)
CSA
(UL standards)
RETC
(CBTL test lab)
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Agenda
10:30
11:00
Coffee break
11:30
13:00
Lunch
14:00
15:45
Coffee break
16:00
17:00
End
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The principle of CPV technology
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Leading the solar energy revolution with CPV

CPV from Soitec
Soitecs Concentrix technology
uses Fresnel lenses to concentrate
the sunlight by a factor of 500 onto
tiny multi-junction solar cells.
The energy yield of these solar cells
is enormous.
Today, Soitec is a leading provider of highly-efficient Concentrator

Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems.
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Different technologies for different applications

CPV
+ Further cost
reduction
+ Low capax for
production
+ Performance in high
DNI regions
+ Environmental
footprint
c-Si PV
Thin-Film PV
+ Low cost
+ Low cost
+ Storage
+ Building
integration
- Tracking not viable
+ Hybrid concepts
- Land use
- Cost reduction
and innovation
cycles
- Temperature
coefficient
- Energy Payback
Time
CSP
- Water
consumption
- Needs high DNI
- Needs high DNI
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Choose sunny regions
CPV is ideal for solar power plants in sunny regions with

high Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI).
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About twice the efficiency as conventional PV

Module efficiency
31.8%
30.0%
20.0%
13.3%
the efficiency of
conventional
PV modules
16.4%
15.7%
2X
10.0%
0.0%
Thin film
CdTe
PV
c-Si Multi
PV
c-Si Mono
Soitec
CPV
Source PV: Selective Emitter,

GTM Q2 2013
Source Thin film:
GTM June 2012
Soitec is committed to keep its industry leadership.
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Best potential for further innovations
38% CPV (Multi-junction)

30%
Module
efficiency
DC
20%
17% PV (c-Si Mono)

16% PV (c-Si Multi)
15% Thin film (CdTe)
10%
0%
2011
2013
2015
Source PV: Selective Emitter,

GTM Q2 2013
Source Thin film: GTM June
2012
CPV has the best efficiency roadmap while conventional PV technologies

are close to their limits.
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Steady and more power output with dual-axis tracking
Power output
CPV
Power output
PV fixed
06:00
10:00
14:00
18:00
22:00
Maximum power output achieved from morning to sunset thanks to

dual-axis tracking.
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CPV for sustainable energy generation

Low impact on land
Low water consumption
No permanent
shading, minimal
impact on the land.
The sites can be used
for agriculture or
grazing.
3.700 l/MWh
680
300
15
CPV
CSP Dry
Cooling
Gas
Combined
Cycle
Recirculating
CSP Wet
Cooling
High recyclability
Local content
CPV projects create
local jobs during
construction and
operation. Also local
sourcing is possible.
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98% of the material

used in a Soitec CPV
System is recyclable.
The semiconductor
material is reduced to
a minimum.
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Soitec CPV System CX-S530-II

Technical Data
System designation
CX-S530-II
Type of Module
CX-M500
Number of Modules
12
CPV Module Area
105 m
Aperture Area
94 m
DC Power at MPP (PMpp)
29.4 kWp 10%
(Nominal Conditions:
DNI = 1.000 W/m, AM1,5D,
Tcell = 25C)
DC voltage at MPP (VMpp)
600 V
DC current MPP (IMPP)
40 A
DC short-circuit voltage (VOC)
690 V
DC short-circuit current (ISC)
46 A
CPV System
CX-S530-II
CPV Module
CX-M500
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Air Drying
Unit
CX-AD1
Tracker
CX-T030-II
Tracker
Control Unit
CX-TC2
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Soitec CX-M500 CPV Modules in detail

Product characteristics
Glass front and back plate, aluminum frame

Point focusing silicone on glass Fresnel lenses
Concentration ratio: ~500
One module consists of 12 sub-modules in one frame
Dimensions: 3.67 m x 2.39 m x 0.102 m
Weight: 210 kg
DC power at MPP (PMPP): 2,450 Wp
(CSTC: DNI = 1.000 W/m, AM1,5D, Tcell = 25C)
CX-M500 CPV Module
Solar Cell Characteristics
Cell type: Triple-junction solar cell

Passive cooling with metal heat sink
Max. cell temperature 55 K above ambient temperature
Temperature coefficient (VOC) -0,14 %/K
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Fast innovation cycles

Efficiency increases are the key to
competitive cost of electricity.
New release:
CX-M500 with 2,450 Wp
31,8 % efficiency
2,335 Wp module
30% efficiency
Power output
90 W module
27% efficiency
25 W module
22% efficiency
2013
2006
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Time
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The principle of CPV technology
Optics for low-cost

Durable materials for reliable performance
Multi-junction solar cells for high power output
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Optics for low-cost

Soitec uses Fresnel lenses to
concentrate the sunlight by a factor
of ~500.
Thanks to the optics, Soitec CPV Modules only
need tiny solar cells to achieve outstanding
module efficiencies of
31.8%.
Concentration
of sunlight
Tiny solar
cells
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Low cost CPV

Modules
March 17, 2014
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Why concentration? THE option for low cost

The basic idea and difference to
standard PV:
Decouple the area for sunlight collection (F0)
and area for conversion (Fc)
Semiconductor (conversion area) is

the most expensive material in a
module
Use a cheap optics for collection of
the sunlight
Source: CPV Consortium, CPV Technology Overview 2011
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The tradeoff of concentration

Optical systems are similar to
telescopes.
They have a restricted field of view, or
acceptance angle
So:
Concentrators must track the sun
Concentrators only see the Direct Normal

Irradiation (DNI)
Concentrators best used in clear
atmospherics.
Source: CPV Consortium, Energy Yield at the Heart of CPV, 2009
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The tradeoff of concentration
Source: CPV Consortium, Energy Yield at the Heart of CPV, 2009
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Durable materials for reliable performance

Multi-junction solar cells
Glass-glass design
are space-proven. The degradation is close

to zero in the long term.
is resistant against scratches and does not

face any yellowing.
Silicone Fresnel Lenses
Metal Frame
have outstanding thermal stability and are

resistant to UV light.
prevents corrosion in harsh environments

and is very stable.
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Low degradation results in high performance for decades

Over 25 years Soitec CPV produces
3% more energy than Silicon PV.
Over 25 years Soitec CPV produces

5% more energy than Thin Film.
100%
95%
Module
Degradation
CPV (Multi-junction)
90%
PV (c-Si)
85%
Thin film (CdTe)
80%
75%
0
10
15
Years
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25
Typical annual degradation rates for

solar power plants in hot environment
for different technologies:
0,25%/yr for CPV (Multi-junction)
0,5%/yr for Silicon PV (c-Si)
0,7%/yr for Thin film (CdTe)
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Measured degradation close to zero

Measurements
acquired by
Analyzed period
3 years (since 2010)
Measurement method
Outdoor, on-sun
Indoor, module flasher
Analyzed quantity
DC Power
DC Power
Module degradation
0.2%/yr
not observable
Independent laboratories confirm extremely low degradation.
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CPV for high performance in desert-like regions

Heat
The performance of Soitec CPV Systems is reliable

even at high ambient temperatures thanks to the low
heat degradation.
Sand storms
The glass-glass design of Soitec CPV Modules is
scratch resistant. The tracker can move into horizontal
stow position to reduce the area that is exposed to the
wind.
Solar intensity
Glass, UV-stable silicone and space-proven multijunction solar cells prevent ageing even in extreme
conditions.
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Agenda
10:30
11:00
Coffee break
11:30
13:00
Lunch
14:00
15:45
Coffee break
16:00
17:00
End
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22 2
[W/m
Einstrahlung
Spektrale
m]
[W/m
irradiance
Spectral
m]
m]
Power density
[W/m
Multi-junction solar cells generate more power

AM1.5
spectrum
AM1.5
spectrum
Solar
spectrum
Sonnenspektrum
AM1.5
Spektrum
GaInP
(1.70
Si (1.12
eV) eV)
GaInAs (1.18 eV)
Thermalization losses
Ge (0.67 eV)
1600
1400
1200
1000
Energy that can be

used by a Si solar cell
800
600
Transmission losses
400
200
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wavelength
[nm]
Wellenlnge
[nm]
wavelenght [nm]
Efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion

machine and the input (solar spectrum).
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22
[W/mm]
irradiance
Spectral
m]
Power density
[W/m

AM1.5
spectrum
AM1.5
spectrum
Solar
spectrum
GaInP
(1.70
Si (1.12
eV) eV)
Silicon
GaInAs (1.18 eV)
Thermalization losses
Uncaptured energy Ge (0.67 eV)
1600
1400
1200
1000
Energy that can be

used by a Si solar cell
800
Captured energy
600
Transmission
losses
Uncaptured
energy
400
200
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wavelength
[nm]
wavelenght [nm]
Conventional photovoltaic technologies use only one semiconductor layer.
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AM1.5
spectrum
Solar
spectrum
GaInP (1.70 eV)
GaInP
GaInAs (1.18 eV)
GaInAs
Ge (0.67 eV)
Germanium
[W/mm]
irradiance
Spectral
m]
Power density
[W/m
1600
1400
1200
1000
Each semiconductor
layer captures a
different part of the
solar sepctrum
800
600
400
200
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wavelength [nm]
[nm]
wavelenght
Multi-junction solar cells make the most of the sunlights photons.
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17, 2012
2014
DBU Sommerakademie
Juni
45
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Multi-junction solar cells from satellite to CPV
Since 2000, multi-junction solar cells have been used in solar modules for
satellites.
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Soitecs semiconductor expertise fosters development

Soitec develops an advanced multijunction solar cell: The Smart Cell.
Epitaxy expertise
Soitecs 20 years of semiconductor expertise

and breakthrough technologies help to
develop advanced multi-junction solar cells:
Smart Cut
Our epitaxy expertise allows creation of
Smart Stacking
high-performance materials
Our Smart Cut technology helps to

transfer ultra-thin layers
Smart Cell
Our Smart Stacking technology enables
layer 4
layer 3
layer2
layer 1
stacking of multiple layers
4-junction solar cell
With the Smart Cell, Soitec targets

50% cell efficiency.
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Soitec and partners achieved record efficiencies

First 4-junction solar cell to break
efficiency world record.
The world record solar cell with 44,7%
efficiency is a significant step towards the
Smart Cell. Key partners in this project are:
CEA-Leti contributes leading-edge research

applicable to Smart Cut technology
Fraunhofer ISE leverages its expertise in

III-V multi-junction solar cells
Fraunhofer ISE
Helmholt Zentrum Berlin developed parts

of the cell technology
World record of 44,7% cell efficiency

achieved in September 2013.
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Why the 4-junction cell

Modeling results of different
solar cell designs as defined
below where the red numbers
indicate fixed band gaps,
whereas the black numbers show
the range of optimal band gap
energies for the different
locations. The numbers above
the graph represent the annual
harvesting efficiencies averaged
over the 3 different spectrums.
More junctions enable higher efficiency.
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Why the 4-junction cell assembled with lattice mismatch

In this work, a
GaAs-based top
tandem solar cell
structure was
bonded to an InPbased bottom
tandem cell with a
difference in lattice
constant of 3.7%.
Direct wafer bonding offers a new opportunity to combine mismatched materials

through a permanent, electrically conductive and optically transparent interface.
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Why the 4-junction cell
4-junction cell utilizes additional spectrum at the lower energy end.

3-junction cell using less solar spectrum.
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Agenda
10:30
11:00
Coffee break
11:30
13:00
Lunch
14:00
15:45
Coffee break
16:00
Performance of CPV (Pablo
Trujillo)
17:00
End
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CPV Modules are measured according CSTC 1000

CSTC 1000 is a standard rating
according to IEC 62670-1 (draft)
CSTC = Concentrator Standard Testing
Conditions
Unit for CSTC 1000 is Wp (Watt peak)
Wp indicates the maximum power output
CSTC 1000
Direct Normal Irradiation
DNI = 1.000 W/m
Cell Temperature
Tcell = 25C
CSTC 1000 rating is consistent with other PV

rating standards and enables customers to
compare CPV to other PV technologies.
CSTC 1000 is an indoor measurement, the

conditions and the power output in the field
differ at each location.
Power Output = 2450 Wp
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CSTC 1000 compared to other ratings

Rating
Unit
Measurements
Description
CSTC 1000
Wp
DNI = 1.000 W/m

AM1,5D
Tcell = 25C
IEC 62670 standard (currently draft) for CPV

Module measurement
Indoor measurement
Same conditions used for CPV System
(Nominal Conditions)
CSOC 900
DNI = 900 W/m

AM1,5D
Tambient = 20C
Wind speed = 2 m/s
IEC 62670 standard (currently draft) for CPV

Module measurement
Outdoor measurement
Same conditions used for CPV Systems
(Operating Conditions)
AC 850
WAC
DNI = 850 W/m

AM1,5D
Tambient = 20C
Wind speed = 2m/s
Default rating for AC
STC 850
WP-IT
DNI = 850 W/m

AM1,5D
Tcell = 25C
Special rating requested by Italian regulation

(CEI 82-85)
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The energy yield depends on the location

The yield depends on DNI and
conditions on site.
Conditions on site impact the

energy yield
The DNI is not at 1000 W/m

all day long.
High temperature impacts the
energy yield.
Energy yield = X kWh/kWp
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CPV specific losses - spectrum

maximum
efficiency:
22,9%
loss of 2,2% rel.:

- spectrum too blue
- temperature
(minor)
loss of 2,8% rel.:

- shading
- spectrum too red
DNI [W/m]
power [kW]
loss of 3,5% rel.:

- shading
- spectrum too red
- trackers start to
feed in
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Performance of CPV: Field measurements

Most important field measurements
DNI Energy
First class pyrheliometer (ISO 9060) CHP-1 / CH-1

Kipp & Zonen B.V., Delft, Netherlands.
AC Energy
Utility grade energy meter (DIN EN 61557-12) UMG-604
Janitza GmbH, Lahnau, Germany
Additional field measurements

Wind speed, temperature, humidity
DC current, DC voltage
Indoor measurement: Re-flashing of CPV modules
DC current, DC voltage
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SCADA system: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

The SCADA System refers to the
entire communication and control
components of a CPV Power Plant.
It is performing following main tasks:
Optimize power production of the CPV
Power Plant
Send alarm signals in case of failures and/or
under performance
Monitor and control the CPV Power Plant
performance
Create reports, such as the CPV Power Plant
performance report
Control manually for operation interference
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Main elements of the SCADA System

SCADA
cameras
Main Comm.
Distribution
Panel
(MCDP)
Site
laptop
SCADA
software
CGS
SCADA
System
Meteo
Analyser
Unit
CX-MA1
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Performance Ratio
Performance Ratio = The percentage of the CSTC Module Efficiency
which is actually measured at the Energy Meter
Typical losses on the way from the CSTC conditions to the AC Energy Meter:
Capture losses: Shading, Temperature, Spectrum, Low Irradiance
System losses: Mismatch, DC wiring, Inverter, AC wiring, Transformer, Self consumption
Performance Ratio
Measured Efficiency (at energy meter)

CSTC Module Efficiency (from data sheet or from flasher)
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Availability by yield
Availability by yield = The percentage of the AC energy at 100% availability
which is actually measured at the energy meter
The AC energy at 100% is calculated by extrapolating the power of working systems to the failing
systems.
Availabili ty by Yield
Actual AC Energy
AC Energy at 100% Availabili ty
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Reliability of the Concentrix technology: power plants

1
Puertollano
Casaquemada
Power
0.26 MWp
Power
0.14 MWp
No. of
systems
36
(18 until Oct. 2009)
No. of
systems
19
(18 until Jun. 2010)
Data
available
50 months
since Dec 2008
Data
available
50 months
since Dec 2008
Touwsrivier
Power
0.08 MWp
No. of
systems
10
Data
available
24 months
since Feb 2011
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Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
Jun-10
Jul-10
Aug-10
Sep-10
Oct-10
Nov-10
Dec-10
Jan-11
Feb-11
Mar-11
Apr-11
May-11
Jun-11
Jul-11
Aug-11
Sep-11
Oct-11
Nov-11
Dec-11
Jan-12
Feb-12
Mar-12
Apr-12
May-12
Jun-12
Jul-12
Aug-12
Sep-12
Oct-12
Nov-12
Dec-12
Jan-13
Daily DNI energy [kWh/m]
2008
Puertollano: DNI
Daily DNI [kWh/m]
2009
2010
Tunisia training
DNI
7974 kWh/m
From
Dec 2008
Until
Jan 2013
2011
Power cut
12
10
2012
March 17, 2014
2013
More than four years of measurements available

DNI differences between summer and winter are typical for the mediterranean climate
63
Puertollano: Performance Ratio
Daily Performance Ratio [%]
PR
73.8 %
From
Dec 2008
Until
Jan 2013
Power cut
100
Daily PR [%]
80
60
40
20
Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
Jun-10
Jul-10
Aug-10
Sep-10
Oct-10
Nov-10
Dec-10
Jan-11
Feb-11
Mar-11
Apr-11
May-11
Jun-11
Jul-11
Aug-11
Sep-11
Oct-11
Nov-11
Dec-11
Jan-12
Feb-12
Mar-12
Apr-12
May-12
Jun-12
Jul-12
Aug-12
Sep-12
Oct-12
Nov-12
Dec-12
Jan-13
Observation
PR reduced
Observation
PR reduced
Cause
Plant intentionally used for firmware and SCADA tests
Cause
Modules soiled
Solution
None
Solution
None, owner does not clean regularly
Power plant used for testing of hardware and software components

Performance is stable, no signs of degradation
Seasonal performance variation visible
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
64
Puertollano: Availability
Monthly Availability by Yield [%]
Availability 98.3 %
From
Dec 2008
Until
Jan 2013
Monthly availability
by yield [%]
100
80
60
40
20
Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
Jun-10
Jul-10
Aug-10
Sep-10
Oct-10
Nov-10
Dec-10
Jan-11
Feb-11
Mar-11
Apr-11
May-11
Jun-11
Jul-11
Aug-11
Sep-11
Oct-11
Nov-11
Dec-11
Jan-12
Feb-12
Mar-12
Apr-12
May-12
Jun-12
Jul-12
Aug-12
Sep-12
Oct-12
Nov-12
Dec-12
Jan-13
Observation
Availability reduced
Observation
Cause
Azimuthal bearing fault
Cause
Solution
Improved quality control at tracker supplier
Main switch failure due to overheating,

responsibility of utility
Solution
Engineering guidelines reworked, importance of

properly sized main switch emphasized
Despite testing activities an overall availability of 98.3% is reached

Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
65

1
Puertollano
Casaquemada
Power
0.26 MWp
Power
0.14 MWp
No. of
systems
36
No. of
systems
19
Data
available
50 months
since Dec 2008
Data
available
50 months
since Dec 2008
Touwsrivier
Power
0.08 MWp
No. of
systems
10
Data
available
24 months
since Feb 2011
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
66
Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
Jun-10
Jul-10
Aug-10
Sep-10
Oct-10
Nov-10
Dec-10
Jan-11
Feb-11
Mar-11
Apr-11
May-11
Jun-11
Jul-11
Aug-11
Sep-11
Oct-11
Nov-11
Dec-11
Jan-12
Feb-12
Mar-12
Apr-12
May-12
Jun-12
Jul-12
Aug-12
Sep-12
Oct-12
Nov-12
Dec-12
2008
Casaquemada: DNI
Daily DNI [kWh/m]
2009
2010
Tunisia training
DNI
8437 kWh/m
From
Dec 2008
Until
Jan 2013
2011
Power cut
12
10
2012
March 17, 2014
2013
More than four years of measurements available

DNI differences between summer and winter are typical for the mediterranean climate
67
Casaquemada: Performance Ratio
PR
73.0 %
From
Dec 2008
Until
Jan 2013
Power cut
100
Daily PR [%]
80
60
40
20
Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
Jun-10
Jul-10
Aug-10
Sep-10
Oct-10
Nov-10
Dec-10
Jan-11
Feb-11
Mar-11
Apr-11
May-11
Jun-11
Jul-11
Aug-11
Sep-11
Oct-11
Nov-11
Dec-11
Jan-12
Feb-12
Mar-12
Apr-12
May-12
Jun-12
Jul-12
Aug-12
Sep-12
Oct-12
Nov-12
Dec-12
Observation
PR reduced
Observation
PR exceptionally high
Observation
PR reduced
Cause
Inverter isolation error
Cause
Owner did not clean DNI sensor
Cause
Modules soiled
Solution
Improved inverter enclosure
Solution
Frequency of DNI sensor

cleaning increased
Solution
None, owner does not

clean regularly
Performance is stable, though on a lower level due to insufficient cleaning by owner

Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
68
Casaquemada: Availability
Availability 97.8 %
From
Dec 2008
Until
Jan 2013
by yield [%]
100
80
60
40
20
Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
Jun-10
Jul-10
Aug-10
Sep-10
Oct-10
Nov-10
Dec-10
Jan-11
Feb-11
Mar-11
Apr-11
May-11
Jun-11
Jul-11
Aug-11
Sep-11
Oct-11
Nov-11
Dec-11
Jan-12
Feb-12
Mar-12
Apr-12
May-12
Jun-12
Jul-12
Aug-12
Sep-12
Oct-12
Nov-12
Dec-12
Jan-13
Observation
Observation
Cause
Inverter isolation error
Cause
Azimuthal bearing fault
Solution
Improved inverter enclosure
Solution
Improved quality control at tracker supplier
Although owner conducted limited O&M activities an overall availability of 97.8% is reached
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
69

1
Puertollano
Casaquemada
Power
0.26 MWp
Power
0,14 MWp
No. of
systems
36
No. of
systems
19
Data
available
50 months
since Dec 2008
Data
available
50 months
since Dec 2008
Touwsrivier
Power
0.08 MWp
No. of
systems
10
Data
available
24 months
since Feb 2011
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
70
Touwsrivier: DNI
Daily DNI [kWh/m]
DNI
5212 kWh/m
From
Jan 2011
Until
Jan 2013
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2011
2012
2013
Exceptional site, reaching summer daily maximum DNI values above 12 kWh/m
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
71
Touwsrivier: Performance Ratio
PR
79.7 %
From
Jan 2011
Until
Jan 2013
100
Daily PR [%]
80
60
40
20
0
Observation
Performance reduced
Cause
Testing activities / close-by construction works
Performance stable despite of testing activities and construction works

Seasonal performance variation visible as inherent in all PV technologies
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
72
Touwsrivier: Availability
Availability 98.8 %
From
Jan 2011
Until
Jan 2013
by yield [%]
100
80
60
40
20
0
Observation
Cause
Testing activities / close-by construction works
Target availability of 98.5% exceeded despite of testing activities and construction works
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
73
Conclusion
Proof of reliability
Long term stability of Performance Ratio and Availability proven

by 4+ years of field measurements from several power plants
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
74
Measured degradation close to zero

Measurements
acquired by
Analyzed period
Measurement method
Outdoor, on-sun
Indoor, module flasher
Analyzed quantity
DC Power
DC Power
Module degradation
0.2%/yr
not observable
Independent laboratories confirm extremely low degradation.
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
75
Conclusion

Very low degradation rate proven on module (0% - 0.2%) and plant level
by three different methods using data from SOITEC / ISFOC, NREL, ISE
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
76
Stability of tracking accuracy in the field

Step 1:
7000
Plot measured DC power of the same

system for four years (2009 2012)
Choose one clear, sunny summer day of each year
Step 2:
Use the 2009 curve and multiply it with scaling
factors (x 0.95; x 0.90; x 0.75)
According to measurements by Sandia National
Laboratories these factors represent the power loss for
angular offsets of 0.31; 0.39; 0.56
The theoretical, red curves are clearly below the
measurements. This proves that in real life the
tracker does not loose accuracy.
Conclusion:
4 years of field data prove that
- tracking accuracy remains high and
- there is no tracking loss visible
Tunisia training
System 10.10.10.104
6500
6000
DC Power [W]
There is no difference visible that exceeds the

expected variation due to meteo conditions.
Puertollano Power Plant
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
5:00
7:00
9:00
Legend 1:
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
Legend 2:
2009, July 17th
Angular
offset
Resulting
power loss
Resulting
scaling factor
2010, June 19th
0.31
5%
x 0.95
2011, June 26th
0.39
10%
x 0.90
2012, July 6th
0.56
25%
x 0.75
March 17, 2014
77
Conclusion

Stability of tracking precision proven by comparison of 4 years of
field measurements with angular de-ratings determined by SANDIA
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
78
Predictability of Performance
The Actual AC Energy is measured...
The Target AC Energy is modeled...
Using the utility grade energy meter:
Using the PVsyst software
Fulfilling DIN EN 61557-12 requirements

Type UMG-604 from Janitza GmbH
Using the as-built power plant specifications:

3D shading model created from as-built layout
DC and AC wiring loss from as-built detail engineering
Soiling loss depending on site and cleaning frequency
CSTC Plant power from Fraunhofer ISE
flash measurements
1.5 % non-availability allowance
1.5% self consumption allowance
Using the meteorological data measured on site:

DNI, ambient temperature, wind speed
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
79
Scope of yield calculation

The yield calculation is important
for revenue calculation
Step 1: reliable DNI data

DNI = kWhDIN/m/year
Satellite measurements
Ground measurements
Step B: translate DNI to AC energy

Different Models for yield calculation
Accuracy of yield calculation
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
80
DNI data sources

Satellite data:
Advantage: high data availability, lower
costs
Disadvantage: data uncertainty
Sources: Meteonorm, SolarGis,
SolarAnywhere, etc.
Ground measurement:
Advantage: high data reliability
Disadvantage: low data availability,
higher costs
Mainly used for utility-scale projects
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
81
Summary on DNI measurement

Soitec is working with different
sources for DNI measurements
Meteonorm
SolarGis
SolarAnywhere
etc.
Combined ground and satellite

measurements allow highest
reliability of DNI data
Soitec keeps close contact with DNI
experts to be up-to-date
Tunisia training
Some DNI data sources:

Product
Provider
Main region
SolarGis
Geomodel Solar
Europe, Africa, Asia
SolarAnywhere
Clean Power Research
USA
EnMetSol / Solis
Oldenburg University
World
NSRDB
NREL
USA
Meteonorm
Meteotest
World
Heliosat / Atlas Solaire Ecole des Mines
PACA
Solar Power Prospector NREL
USA
Suny
USA
NREL / Univ. Albany, NY
Solar Prospecting Tools 3TIER
World
Satellight
European Union
Europe
SSE
NASA
World
March 17, 2014
82
How to translate DNI into AC energy?

Theory:
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
83
How to translate DNI into AC energy?

Field data:
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
84
Different models for yield calculation

More than 20 models for
yield calculation available.
Comparison of PV models from Photon Magazine,

Mean Bias Difference [%], Si-PV
yield calculation for utility-scale

CPV Power Plants
Among others, Soitec is in joined

development with PVsyst since
2010
PVsyst result of validation:
uncertainty < 2% on the annual

AC energy sum
Energy Production Models
Not every model is qualified for
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
85
Actual versus Target AC Energy

1
Puertollano
Cumulated AC Energy [MWh]
Conclusion:
The Actual AC Energy exceeds
the Target AC Energy by 2.9%
at the Puertollano Plant
Casaquemada
Conclusion:
at the Casaquemada Plant
Tunisia training
3 Touwsrivier
Conclusion:
at the Touwsrivier Plant
March 17, 2014
86
Conclusion

Stability of tracking precision proven by comparison of 4 years of
field measurements with angular de-ratings determined by SANDIA
Proof of predictability
Power plants match or exceed PVsyst Target AC energy for 4+ years:

Casaquemada: 101.8%, Puertollano: 102.9%, Touwsrivier: 106.5%
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
87
Summary
Soitec CPV technology is designed for
high performance in high DNI regions.
High efficiency
Low degradation
Robust design
Further advantages of CPV technology

Best potential for further efficiency increases
Sustainable solar energy generation
Local content, local jobs
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
88
Disclaimer
Exclusive property of Soitec. This document contains restricted information:

disclosure, redisclosure, dissemination, redissemination, reproduction or use is limited to
persons within Soitec and third parties with a need to know only. Use or reuse, in whole
or in part, for any purpose other than which expressly set forth in this document is
forbidden.
Concentrix is a trademark of Soitec S.A..
Tunisia training
March 17, 2014
89
Thank you very much for your attention!

Jean.miyeli@soitec.com
Sales and Business Development Manager
pablo.trujillo@soitec.com
System Development Engineer
March 17, 2014

04 - Cours CPV - Sefra Mars 2014

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Sminaire de formation et de recherche applique

March 17, 2014

About Soitec (Jean MIYELI)

CPV technology (Pablo Trujillo)

Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)

Performance of CPV (Pablo Trujillo)

March 17, 2014

in 2050 for energy

Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011

Source: IEA 2008

CO2 emissions must be

Source: GIEC 2007

March 17, 2014

Euronext since 1999

~ 10% of annual revenue

March 17, 2014

Soitecs innovations enter three key segments

Solar - Clean Energy

LED - Efficient Lighting

March 17, 2014

A global industrial company

San Diego, California

March 17, 2014

Customers successes supported by Soitec

March 17, 2014

Soitecs solar energy division

March 17, 2014

Different types of projects

Areas with good grid connection

Utility-scale power plants

March 17, 2014

Soitec CPV installations in >20 countries worldwide

1: Touwsrivier, South Africa

12: Medinah, Saudi Arabia

March 17, 2014

1: Touwsrivier, South Africa

>1,500 Soitec CX-S530-II

>18,000 Soitec CX-M500

The CPV Power Plant is soon to be

March 17, 2014

330 Soitec CX-P6

29,700 Soitec CX-75-III

Focusic has secured a loan from the CDB

March 17, 2014

13: Kebili, Tunisia

168 Soitec CX-M400

Soitec signed an MoU with STEG and

March 17, 2014

March 17, 2014

Building factories where the demand is high

San Diego, USA

March 17, 2014

March 17, 2014

Example USA: high potential market for Soitec

High DNI values

Soitec CX-S530 at Soitec Phoenix labs

March 17, 2014

Significant economic development in California

Factory designed for 280 MWp capacity

> $150 M investments to date

March 17, 2014

Quick time to market

Dec 2011: Soitec acquired the facility