Workshop 01

Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a

Mixing Tee
15.0 Release

Introduction to ANSYS
CFX
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Introduction
Introductory tutorial for CFX
Starting from existing mesh
Mesh generated in earlier tutorial during the DM / Meshing session, if available

Model set-up, solution and post-processing

Mixing of cold and hot water in a T-piece
How well do the fluids mix?
What are the pressure drops?

Its a good idea to identify the

key simulation outcomes
from the start. You can use
these to monitor progress of
solution.

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Pre-processing steps
Launch CFX-Pre from Workbench

Launch CFD-Post from an

existing CFX simulation in
Workbench
Rotate, zoom and pan the
view
Create contour plots
Create a plane for use as a
locator
Create a velocity vector plot
Use pre-defined views
Create streamlines of velocity
Create an isosurface, coloured
by a separate variable

Use pre-defined materials

Define the fluid models in a domain
Create & edit objects in CFX-Pre
Define boundary conditions
Set up monitor points using simple
expressions

Launch the CFX Solver Manager from

Workbench
Monitor convergence
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Start Workbench
Start Workbench either from the desktop icon or from
Start > All Programs > ANSYS 15.0 > Workbench 15.0
Before proceeding further
with this workshop, we will
take a look at the Workbench
interface and how a project is
constructed

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ANSYS Workbench - Overview

Analysis Systems are readymade stencils that include all
the individual systems
(applications) needed for
common analyses (e.g.
Geometry + Mesh + Solver +
Post-Processor)

The options visible in

the Toolbox show all
the products (systems)
you have licenses for.
TIP: If this list appears
empty, you have a
problem with your
licensing!

Component Systems are the

individual building-blocks for
each stage of the analysis
Custom Systems are readymade combinations of
systems, e.g. for fluid structure
interaction, FSI

Design Exploration
provides tools for
optimising designs and
understanding the
parametric response.

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External Connection
Systems allows integration of
external processes &
customisation
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ANSYS Workbench - Basic Workflow

Dragging an Analysis System on to
the Project Schematic lays out a
workflow, comprising all the steps
needed for a typical analysis.
Workflow is from top to bottom. As
each stage is complete, the icon at
the right-hand side changes

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ANSYS Workbench - Alternative Workflow

An analysis can also be prepared by selecting the individual

Component Systems and linking them together with connectors.
TIP: There are two ways to create the connectors between the
systems:
1) Use the mouse to draw a line (eg A2 to B2, B3 to C2 etc)
2) Or drop the new system on the cell of the upstream one - the
link will be generated automatically.

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Your Workbench project existing project

If you have attended the ANSYS Meshing course then you can use the
mixing tee mesh from the first workshop of that course (if not then skip
to the slide headed Your Workbench Project new project)

Open the existing project

Drag a CFX Component System on to the Mesh cell

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Your Workbench project existing project

Right-click on the Mesh cell and select Update

This will convert the mesh format to one that is compatible with ANSYS CFX
The lightning symbol will change to a green tick

Next double-click on Setup to open CFX-Pre

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Your Workbench project new project

If you do not already have a mesh then you will need to import
one into Workbench
From the Analysis Systems toolbox, drag a Fluid Flow (CFX) Analysis System into
the Project Schematic

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Your Workbench project new project

Right-click on Mesh and select Import Mesh File

Select mixing_tee.msh (workshop_input_files\WS_01_Mixing Tee)

Note: Change the filter on the right side of the file selection box to read Fluent
Files (*.cas,*.msh)

You can now double-click Setup

to open CFX-Pre

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CFX-Pre GUI Overview

Outline Tree
To define your simulation, follow
the Outline tree from top to
bottom
Double-click to edit existing object
Some items are optional,
depending on your simulation
New objects are inserted by rightclicking in the Outline tree

Message Window
Warnings, errors and messages
appear here

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CFX-Pre GUI Overview - Useful Shortcuts

Shortcuts to functions

Icons on Viewer Toolbar

Rotate

Pan

+ CTRL

Zoom

+ SHIFT

Box Zoom

Rotate

(Hold while
tracing a box)

+ CTRL

(on screen plane)

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CFX-Pre Mesh and Regions

Expand the Mesh
object to see all
3D & 2D mesh
regions listed

The Mesh is
represented in
Wireframe
format in the
Viewer

A domain named Default Domain is automatically created from all 3-D regions in the
mesh file(s)
A boundary named Default Domain Default is automatically created from all 2-D
regions for each domain

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CFX-Pre Domain settings

The Default Domain contains all imported 3D mesh
regions. If you create new domains, those regions
are automatically removed from the Default
Domain. The Default Domain is automatically
deleted if no unassigned 3D regions remain.
The first step is to change the domain name to
something more meaningful

Right-click on Default Domain in the Outline

tree

Select Rename

The domain name can now be edited

Change the domain name to junction

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CFX-Pre Domain settings (continued)

Double-click on the
domain junction
The Domain panel contains three tabs named
Basic Settings, Fluid Models and Initialization.
For more complex simulations additional tabs
may appear

Set the Material to Water

The available materials can be found in the
drop-down menu

Note that CFX has a comprehensive library of

materials. These can be accessed by using the
icon, and then selecting the Import Library Data
icon.

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CFX-Pre Domain settings (continued)

Click the Fluid Models tab

In the Heat Transfer section, change Option

to Thermal Energy

Heat transfer will be modelled. This model is

suitable for incompressible flows

Leave all other settings as they are

The k-Epsilon turbulence model will be used,

which is the default

Click OK to apply the new settings and close

the domain form

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Boundary Conditions
The next step is to create the boundary conditions. You will create a cold
inlet, a hot inlet and an outlet. The remaining faces will be set to adiabatic
walls. Currently all external 2D regions are assigned to the junction Default
boundary condition.
Each domain has an automatic default boundary condition for external
surfaces. The default boundary condition is a No Slip, Smooth, Adiabatic wall.
As you create new boundary conditions, those regions are automatically
removed from the default boundary condition.

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CFX-Pre Inlet boundary conditions

Now that the domain is set up, boundary conditions can be added
Cold Inlet

Right-click on the junction domain

Select Insert > Boundary

Set the Name to inlety

Click OK

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CFX-Pre Inlet boundary conditions

Click on the drop-down menu for

Boundary Type to see the options
available. Leave the field set to Inlet

Set Location to inlet y

The available locations can be found in

the drop-down menu

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CFX-Pre Inlet boundary conditions

This inlet will have a normal speed of 5m/s
and temperature of 10C

Click the Boundary Details tab

Enter a value of 5 for Normal Speed. The

default units are [m s^-1]

Enter a value of 10 for Static

Temperature.

You will need to change the units

Use the drop-down menu to the right of

the field to change the units to C (Celsius)

Click OK to apply the boundary and close

the form

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CFX-Pre Inlet boundary conditions

Hot Inlet

Repeating the steps used for the previous

boundary condition, create a new Inlet
boundary called inletz, located on inlet z
The Normal Speed will be 3 [m s^-1] and
the Static Temperature, 90 [C]

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CFX-Pre Outlet boundary conditions

Create an Outlet boundary called outlet
and located on outlet
Click the Boundary Details tab
Set Relative Pressure to 0 [Pa]

This is relative to the domain Reference

Pressure, which is 1 [atm]

Leave all other settings at their default

values
Click OK

The Average Static Pressure boundary condition allows pressure to float locally on the
boundary while preserving an specified average pressure. If Static Pressure had been
chosen a fixed pressure would be applied at every nodal location on the outlet
boundary
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CFX-Pre Wall boundary conditions

The default boundary condition, junction Default, comprises all the 2D
regions not yet assigned to a boundary condition

Right-click junction Default, select Rename and change the boundary

name to wall

The default boundary type is an

adiabatic wall, which is appropriate
here. To check, double-click on wall
and select the Boundary Details tab

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CCL at a Glance
Before proceeding you will now take a quick look at CCL (CFX Command
Language). CCL will be covered in detail in a later lecture.
CCL describes objects in a command language format. You will come
across CCL in all CFX modules. CCL allows you to perform batch
processing and scripting. You can also use it to make changes to your
set-up more quickly.

Right-click on inlety and select Edit in Command Editor

Close the Command Editor after taking a quick look

at the CCL definition of the inlet boundary condition

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Initialisation
Initial values must be provided for all solved variables. This gives the solver
a starting point for the solution

There are two options when setting an initial value for a variable

Automatic: This will use a previous solution if provided. Otherwise the solver will

generate an initial guess based on the boundary conditions

Automatic with Value: This will use a previous solution if provided. Otherwise the
value you specify will be used

The solver-generated initial conditions are often good enough as a starting

point. However, in some cases you will need to provide a better starting
point to avoid solver failure
Initial conditions can be set on a per-domain basis or on a global basis.
Those set per domain take precedence
You will use Automatic initial conditions and so there is no need to set any
values. Click the Initialization icon
to view the settings, and then
close the form
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Solver Control
The Solver Control options set various parameters that are used by the
solver and can affect the speed of convergence and the accuracy of the
results. For this model the default settings are reasonable but will not be
suitable for all simulations
Double-click on Solver Control from the Outline tree
The solver will stop after Max. Iterations regardless of the convergence level

Advection Scheme and Timescale Control will be discussed in a later lecture.

You will not normally need to change the Advection Scheme from the default
option of High Resolution.
Residuals are a measure of how well the equations have been solved. In this
case the solver will stop when the RMS (Root Mean Squared) residuals have
reached 1.E-4. Tighter convergence is achieved with lower residuals

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CFX-Pre Monitor points

In all engineering flows there are specific variables or quantities of interest.
Sometimes they do not reach a satisfactory value by the time the overall
solution has reached the convergence criteria. So it is always a good idea to
monitor them as the solution progresses. For a steady-state simulation we
want the monitors to settle to a constant value. Variation, particularly if it
follows a repeated pattern, can indicate time dependency. In this simulation
pressure will be monitored at both inlets.
Double-click Output Control from the
Outline tree
On the Output Control form, select the
Monitor tab
Check the Monitor Objects box
Click the New icon
Set the Name to p inlety and click OK

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CFX-Pre Monitor points (continued)

An expression will be used to define the monitor
point. Expressions are written using CFX
Expression Language, CEL, which is covered in a
later lecture.
Set Option to Expression so that you can enter
the following expression in the Expression Value
field : areaAve(Pressure)@inlety
The expression calculates the area-weighted
average of pressure at the boundary inlety.
Note that expressions are case sensitive.

To avoid syntax errors, right-click in the box to

obtain drop-down menus.
areaAve is a locator-based function
Pressure is a variable
Inlety is a physics locator
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CFX-Pre Monitor points (continued)

A second monitor point will be used to monitor the pressure at the second
inlet, inletz

Click the New icon

Set the Name to p inletz and click OK
Set Option to Expression
For Expression Value enter:
areaAve(Pressure)@inletz
Click OK to apply the settings and close the Output Control form
The monitor points can be viewed during the solution

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Solution steps
Launch CFX-Pre from Workbench

Launch CFD-Post from an

existing CFX simulation in
Workbench
Rotate, zoom and pan the
view
Create contour plots
Create a plane for use as a
locator
Create a velocity vector plot
Use pre-defined views
Create streamlines of velocity
Create an isosurface, coloured
by a separate variable

Use pre-defined materials

Define the fluid models in a domain
Create & edit objects in CFX-Pre
Define boundary conditions
Set up monitor points using simple
expressions

Launch the CFX Solver Manager from

Workbench
Monitor convergence
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Obtaining a solution
Close CFX-Pre

The CFX-Pre case will be saved

automatically

In Workbench save the project to

MixingTee.wbpj in your working
directory
Note that now the physics set-up
is complete, the symbol in the
Solution cell of the Analysis
System indicates that it is ready to
be refreshed
Double-click Solution to launch
the CFX-Solver Manager
The CFX-Solver Manager will start
with the simulation ready to run
Click Start Run to begin the
solution process
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Obtaining a solution
46 iterations are required to reduce the RMS residuals to below the target of
1.0x10-4. The pressure monitor points approach steady values
Click on the tabs to view the plots of RMS residuals for each equation and the
User Points tab to see the monitor plot.

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Obtaining a solution
It is good practice also to check the global
imbalances, i.e. the differences between
flows into and out of the domain. They
can be viewed as plot lines.
To view plots of imbalances

Select the New Monitor icon

Click on OK in the pop-up
In the Monitor Properties menu that appears,
click on the Plot Lines tab

Expand the IMBALANCE object

Check each of the boxes in the tree to switch
on the lines for each equation

Click on OK to create the monitor plot

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Obtaining a solution
To view plots of imbalances, continued

To see the plots at the end of the run in more detail, right-click in the window and select Monitor

Properties
On the Range Settings tab set Timestep Range Mode to Most Recent & Timestep Window Size to 10
The Energy Imbalance is still decreasing. So we would need to continue the run to improve accuracy

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Post-processing Steps
Launch CFX-Pre from Workbench

Launch CFD-Post from an

existing CFX simulation in
Workbench
Rotate, zoom and pan the
view
Create contour plots
Create a plane for use as a
locator
Create a velocity vector plot
Use pre-defined views
Create streamlines of velocity
Create an isosurface, coloured
by a separate variable

Use pre-defined materials

Define the fluid models in a domain
Create & edit objects in CFX-Pre
Define boundary conditions
Set up monitor points using simple
expressions

Launch the CFX Solver Manager from

Workbench
Monitor convergence
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Launching CFD-Post

Close the CFX-Solver

Manager
Save the project

Double-click Results to
launch CFD-Post
The layout is similar to that
of CFX-Pre
The model is displayed in
wireframe
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CFD-Post Overview
Outline Window
Lists currently-defined graphics objects,

including boundary conditions and Mesh

Regions.
To edit an object, double-click or right-click on
the icon
The check boxes next to each object turn the
visibility on or off in the Viewer

Details Window

When you edit an object the Details window

shows the current status of the object

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CFD-Post
As in CFX-Pre, in CFD-Post the Viewer toolbar
buttons allow you to manipulate the view
Shortcut
Rotate
Pan

Ctrl +

Zoom

Shift +

Box zoom
Fit to view
Rotate on screen plane

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Ctrl +

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CFD-Post
You can create many different
objects in CFD-Post. The Insert menu
shows a full list but there are toolbar
shortcuts for all items
Some common object are:

Location: Points, Lines, Planes,

Surfaces, Volumes
Vector Plots
Contour Plots
Streamline Plots
Particle Track (if Lagrangian Particle
tracking has been enabled in CFX-Pre)

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CFD-Post Temperature contour plot

In the first step you will plot contours
of temperature on the exterior walls of
the model
Click the Contour icon from the
toolbar
Click OK to accept the default name,
Contour 1
Set Locations to wall

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CFD-Post Temperature contour plot

Set the Variable to Temperature

The drop-down menu provides a list of common variables. Use the icon
to access a full list

Leave the other settings unchanged

Click Apply to generate the plot

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CFD-Post - Temperature contour plot

A temperature contour plot on the walls
is now visible

Try changing the view using rotate,

zoom and pan. You may find it easier
to use the middle mouse button in
combination with <Ctrl> and <Shift>

Try clicking on the axes in the bottom

right corner of the Viewer

Right-click in the Viewer window,

outside the model, to see the options
available for Predefined Camera and
Projection

See what happens if you use the X, Y and Z keys with and without Shift (make
sure that you have clicked in the Viewer first)

Use the arrow keys with Shift and with Ctrl

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CFD-Post Creating a plane at x = 0

First hide the previously created

contour plot by un-checking the
associated box in the tree view

Click the Location button on the

toolbar and select Plane from the
drop-down menu

Click OK, accepting the default

name of Plane 1

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CFD-Post Creating a plane at x = 0

Set Method to YZ Plane
Leave X set to 0 [m]
Click Apply to generate the plane

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CFD-Post Creating a velocity vector plot

The plane will be used as a locator for a vector plot

Hide the plane by unchecking the associated

box in the tree view
Click the Vector icon from
the toolbar
Click OK, accepting the
default name of Vector 1

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CFD-Post Velocity vector plot

Set Locations to Plane 1
Leave the Variable field set to Velocity
Click Apply

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CFD-Post Aligning the view

Given that the vector plot is on a Y-Z plane, you might want to view the plot
along the X axis

Click on the red x-axis in the

bottom right corner of the
Viewer to orientate the view

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CFD-Post Creating velocity streamlines

Hide the previously created vector plot, by un-checking the associated

box in the tree view

Click the Streamline icon from the toolbar

Click OK, accepting the default name of Streamline 1

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CFD-Post Velocity streamlines

In the Start From field select both inlety and inletz. Use the icon to
the right of the field and select both locations using the CTRL key
Leave the Variable field set to Velocity

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CFD-Post Velocity streamlines

Click the Symbol tab

Change the Stream Type to Ribbon

Click Apply

Examine the streamlines from different views

using rotate, zoom and pan

The ribbons give a 3-D representation of the flow

direction
Their colour indicates the velocity magnitude
Velocity streamlines may be coloured using other
variables e.g. temperature

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CFD-Post Creating a velocity isosurface

Hide the previously created

streamlines by un-checking the
associated box in the tree view

Click the Location button on the

toolbar and select Isosurface from
the drop-down menu

Click OK, accepting the default

name of Isosurface 1

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CFD-Post Velocity isosurface

Set the Variable to Velocity (magnitude used in this context)

Enter a value of 7.5 [m s^-1] in the Value field (this is an arbitrary value)

Click Apply

The speed is > 7.5 m/s inside the isosurface and < 7.5 m/s outside. Isosurfaces in

general are useful for showing pockets of high velocity, temperature, turbulence,
etc.
Try values above and below 7.5 m/s

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CFD-Post Velocity isosurface (continued)

By default an isosurface is coloured according with the variable used to create it
(speed in this case) but a different variable can be used

Click the Color tab

Set the Mode to Variable

Set Variable to Temperature

Set the Range to Local

Click Apply

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Optional Exercise 1
If you have sufficient time available, you could investigate the effect of changes in
the set-up on the pressure drop.
Increase the velocity on inletz to 5 [m s^-1]

First make a copy of Analysis System A

Right-click on the first cell and select Duplicate

Next rename the new system, B

Right-click on the first cell and select Rename

Type the name, velocity, in the box

Now double-click on Setup in the new system so that you can edit inletz in CFX-Pre

Run the CFX-Solver and check the User Points to see that the values have increased

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Optional Exercise 2
Change to a more viscous fluid

Make a copy of Analysis System A and re-name it glycerol

Open CFX-Pre and double-click on junction in the Outline tree to edit the domain

Click on the button for Material and then on

to access the list of Library Data

Select Glycerol C3H8O3 from Constant Property Liquids and click on OK and OK
again to set it as the Material.

Click on OK for the domain

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Optional Exercise 2 continued

In the Outline tree expand Materials and open up the details

for Glycerol CH8O3

On the Material Properties tab expand the Transport Properties

section to see the Dynamic Viscosity

It is 1.495 [Pa s] compared with 0.0008899 [Pa s] for water

Close CFX-Pre and run the CFX-Solver

Check the plot of User Points to see the pressure drop

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Optional Exercise 3
If you have attended the ANSYS DesignModeler and Meshing courses
then you can see the effect of extending the outlet 16 inches further
downstream
In ANSYS DesignModeler you can
use the high-y face as the base object
for an extrusion and use the face
normal to define the direction

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Optional Exercise 3 continued

In ANSYS Meshing you will need
to re-apply the Named Selection
called outlet
One you have re-generated and
updated the mesh, you can refresh
the Setup cell to replace the old mesh
with the new one and then re-run the
CFX-Solver. It will initialise the run
with the previous results and should
take about 34 iterations to converge
Open the new results in CFD-Post
and view the plots

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Further work
There are many ways the simulation in this workshop could be extended
Better inlet profiles
current boundary conditions (velocity inlets) assume uniform profiles
specify profiles (of velocity, turbulence, etc), or
extend the geometry so that inlets and outlets are further from junction

Mesh independence
check that results do not depend on mesh
run with the Upwind advection scheme (first order) to see how much
the solution differs
re-run simulations with finer mesh(es)

Temperature-dependent physical properties

Density
Viscosity, etc

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Wrap-up
This workshop has shown the basic steps that are applied in all CFD
simulations:
Defining Material Properties
Setting Boundary Conditions and Solver settings
Running a simulation whilst monitoring quantities of interest
Postprocessing the results in CFD-Post

One of the important things to remember in your own work is, before
even starting the ANSYS software, is to think WHY you are performing
the simulation:
What information are you looking for
What do you know about the inlet conditions

In this case we were interested in checking the pressure drop, and

assessing the amount of mixing present around this T-piece.
Knowing your aims from the start will help you make sensible decisions
of how much of the part to simulate, the level of mesh refinement
needed, and which numerical schemes should be selected.
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