HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

Ethical Conduct in Public and Private

Arenas
Corporate Philanthropy, Lobbying, and Public Health Policy
Laura E. Tesler, PhD, and Ruth E. Malone. PhD. RN, FAAN

To counter negative publicity

about the tobacco industry,
Philip Morris has widely publicized its philanthropy initiatives. Although corporate philanthropy is primarily a public
relations tool, contributions
may be viewed as offsetting
the harms caused by corporate products and practices.
That such donations themselves have harmful consequences has been little considered.

the tobacco industry, including its

recent federal fraud conviction.''
affects corporate image, employee
morale, and companyfinancialratings."*"'^ To counter these efFecis,
Hiilip Morris and other tobacco
companies have widely publicized
their local and global philanthropy .^^"'^ Philip Morris was the
third largest US corporate giver in
2005;'^ the company has reported
donating more than $1.5 billion
during the past decade.'"*

Drawing on internal company documents, we explored

the philanthropy undertaken as
part of Philip Morris's PM21
image makeover. Philip Morris
explicitly linked phi la nth ropy to
government affairs and used
contributions as a lobbying tool
against public health policies.
Through advertising, covertly
solicited media coverage, and
contributions to legislators' pet
causes, Philip Morris improved
its image among key voter constituencies, influenced public
officials, and divided the public health field as grantees were
converted to stakeholders.
{Am J Public Heaith. 2008;98;
2123-2133. doi:10.2105/AJPH.
2007.128231)

Although corporate philanthropy is recognized for its public

relations functions, contributions
are frequently viewed as benevolent or neutralthat is, a way for
companies to offset the harms
their products or practices
cause."^^' That such donations
themselves may create harmful
consequences for public health has
been little considered. We describe
here the "Philip Morris in the 21st
centiuy" (PM2I) image-makeover
campaign that began in 1997. We
analyze how Riilip Morris used
philanthropy strategically to improve company image, influence
policymakers, and influence public
health policies.

THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY'S

SOURCES OF
INFORMATION

products cause 440000 US

deaths yearly; globally, annual
deaths may reach 10 million by
2020.'-^ Negative publid^ about

Between August 2006 and

January 2008, we searched the

December 200S, Vol 98. No. 12 I American Joumal of Public Health

Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.

edu), which includes more than 7
million internal tobacco industry
documents obtained after the
1998 Master Settlement Agreement in the United States.^^'^^
Using snowball sampling and
other seaj'ch strategies,^^'^** we
identified documents pertaining to
Hiilip Morris's philanthropy from
1989 to 2004. We started with
the seardi terms philanthropy and
charity and tlien extended our
search to include additional terms
identified in the documents reviewed. Searches produced approximately 13000 hits, more
than 4450 of which contained the
keyword PM21. Reviewing index
entries and p ^ content to exdude duplicate and irrelevant
documents yielded a final sample
of approximately 900 documents.
We also searched the LexisNexis,
NewsBank, and ProQuest Newspapers databases for related mverage. To evaluate Philip Morris's
uses of philanthropy for political
leverage, we examined Philip
Morris's legislative objectives,
searched company documents and
newspaper databases to identify
elected officials participating in
philanthiopy initiatives, and
seardied state legislative websites
for bill sponsoish^ and voting
records. By iteratively reviewing

documents through an interpretive

approach, we assembled a case
Our study had limitations. Additional relevant doamients may
exist that we could not locate because of the material's volume and
indexing limitations; the archive is
limited by tlie types of litigation
requests. Some documents discussed strategic plans but lacked
implementation details; we triangulated evidence from newsp^>er
and legislative databases. Our
study is also limited to Riilip Morris. Other tobacco companies provide philanthropy''''^; we focused
on Riilip Morris/Altria*^** because it
is the most successful tobacco company in the world^^ and it has devoted coasiderable rtsources to
both philajithropic initiatives and
self-promotion about such donations.'"''"^-*^ PM21 was United
States based; however, because
it was nsidered a template for
Philip Morris's overseas initiatives,''^"^^ our findings may inform
research in other ojuntries.
FINDINGS
The PM21 Campaign
Philip Morris has executed several image-improvement initiatives since 1990.^""*^"^'-' PM2rs
predecessor. Project Sumise,
sou^t to bolster Ptuhp Morris's

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HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

credibilily while undatnining tobacco control,''^ PM21 was similarly envisioned as fulfilling the
corpoi-ate affaii-s mission "to respond to and shape a political,
regulatoiy and attitudinal environment that pemiils the Company to achieve its business objectives."^"'"' "Shaping" the
environment induded strategic
philanthropy. During PM21,1997
to 2001. Philip Morris's annual
corporate contributions budget
rose im?^-'^'^ In 2006, Altria
funded more than 700 US organizations, making additional donations in more than 70 other
untries. All US contributions
qualified as tax deductible,'"*
PM2rs overarching objective
was to improve company image.
Acnding to a 1998 Philip Morris
brief, "Today we're viewed as untnistworthy. not credible and
insincere... . Our actions must
rtsult in a sustain^le perception
of trustworthiness, credftiility and
sincerify,'"'"' Self-promotional
themes''"'^^ were condensed into
4 key messages'*" (Table 1)Presenting PM21 to Kraft employees. Senior Vice President for
Corporate Affairs Steve Farrish
used the concept of brand equity
to equate the parent corporation's
image with its subsidiaries' products: "Image enhancement in our
company ... will have to become
an on-going, never-ending effort,
just like the building and maintenance of brand equity. Our brand
in corporate affairs is the reputation of our company,"'^'' Building
corporate im^e required marketing: "While our brand is not a
consumer packaged good, building
and maintaining its equity follows
the same modeL""'"'

TABLE 1-Pti(llp Morris's PM21 Public Relations Messages and Selected Implementation Strat^es
Implementation

Message
"Philip Morris is more than a tobacco company."

Advertisements featuring Kraft and Miller Beer subsidiaries

"Philip Morris is committed io responsible practices with

Promotion of "youtti smoking prevention" prag'ams;''^ publicizing thai industry

regard to all its products, particularly on tobado."**

"Ptiilip Morris and its people make contributions to the
communities and society in which we operate.""^
"PliJiip Morris is made up of outstanding and
dedicated people."**

has changed because of USA;''^ support of weak tobacco legislation^

Parent company and subsidiary donations to charitable organizations; publicizing
donations ttirou^ paid advertising and solicited media coverage^
Advertisements featuring Philip Morris employees volunteering for
company sponsored causes'

M e . MSA- Master Settlement A^eement.

Phiianthropy's Strategic
Value

After research showed that

messages about its charitable contributions had the biggest effect on
favorability ratings, philanthropy
became PM2rs cornerstone.^^
Fhilip Morris's philanthropy
sou^t "strategic value," emphasizing hunger, domestic violence,
and humanitarian aid.^^'^^ 'To
ensure the effectiveness of a food
program." for example, Philip Morris would "develop a logo that
people can associate oui' name and
philosophy with."" ** Branding Fhilip
Morris s logo onto philanthropy
required causes not already associated with another corporation
and plausible justifications other
than image enhancement Hunger
could be justified as a "natural
area of concern" for the parent
company of Kraft^^; Parrish
oqjlained that domestic violence
also suited: "Corporate support is
occasional and mostly local.... On
a national level there is veiy little
corporate involvement"^** Education was ultimately de-prioritized:
"Education is a crowded field....
We've had a difficult time making this categoiy fit for Hiilip

2124 I Health Policy and Ethics | Peer Reviewed | Tester and Malone

Hunger relief was initially selected as PM2rs centerpiece, because "specific mention of our
hunger initiatives moved 73% of
tbe test respondents toward a
more favorable view of the Company."^^ Under the programmatic
shift to "meet undeniable human
needs." as CEO Geoffrey Bible
described in a 1999 speech, donations were restricted to initiatives that "directly put food in
hungiy people's mouths,"^*^ By
year's end, Philip Morris's Contributions Council determined that
basing its program on tJiis public
relations message ruled out longerterm, structural strategies for
eliminating hunger: "Our focus on
'putting food in bungiy people's
stomachs' dearly limits us fix)m a
variefy of efforts to 'reduce the
problem' or make the systems more
effident"^^
Focus groups testing messages
about forms of hunger assistance.
and wbidi types of aid recipients
to feature in adveitisements.
showed tbat children and elders
received most sympathy.'^'^^^
Persons with AIDS received less,
and many viewed homeless adults
as lazy or prone to substance
abuse andfliereforeresponsible

for their pli^t Correspondingly,

groups favored messages about
Pbiiip Morris helping children
and elders, but aLso advocated
initiatives that promoted self-

Key influencers and Target

Audiences

Television, radio, and print advertisements to promote I'M21

messages were piloted in 4 US dtiis
(Denver, Colorado; Columbus.
Ohio; Nashville. Tennessee; and
Portland, Maine}^'"'' before
e:q)anding PM21 nationwide and
using it as a model for overseas
initatives.^^-"^-"''-^-^^ Although
Philip Monis had low overall
favoi-ability, research showed that
one third of Americans had no
opinion of Philip Morris. Moixover,
"tlie current negative opinions of
PM ... are not... 'locked in.'" Thus,
opportunities existed "to educate,
rather than reeducate the public"''^
.Mler devising "new ways to
identity key 'influencer' segments
of the genera! public."^^ PM2rs
target audiences included "opinion leaders," "suburban parents."
"Gen X'ers," and "Hispanics." and
later extended to "soccer moms"
and minority populations.'*"'*'''

American .Journal of Public Health I December 2008, Vol 98. No. 12

HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

According to Philip Morris's 2000

Corporate Communications Han,

women opinion leaders were

"more likely to care about tobacco/
alcohol issues and to be listened
to by politicians.'"*'' "Soccer moms"
were "a critical group for politicians," and African American and
Hispanic leaders were "influentia]
on politica] thinking." Finally, "media that serve the above audiences"
were tainted: "We need to develop relationshipK with them and
'educate' them."^-'
Through publicizing philanthropy. Philip Morris hoped to
foster a disconnect between peo)le's views of dgarettes and the
company that sold them: "When
the advertising works, it gives
consumers a reason to compartmentalize their feelings
about PM."'^''-'""' Philip Morris developed advertisements featuring
real-life beneficiaries. Stories were
to be conveyed in a "non-coiporate voi ... sincere and authentic" in tone,^^ yet communicate
that tbe corporation was the "hero":
"Without Philip Morris, there
would be no story."^'* Philip Morris
hoped to inspire endorsements:
women expost^ to the domestic
violence ads, for example, might
".^eak out/endorse PM's involvement in DV [domestic violence] in a
positive w^."*'^ Potential "behavioral diange" among the media
would be measured as "better news
stories" about Philip Morris.^
Skeptical Focus Groups

TTiroughout PM21, third-party

researchers gauged public response
and identified messages needing
revision.^^**''^^-'^ Multiple issues
arose. Asking individuals to donate
to Philip Morris-sponsored h u i ^ r

initiatives made people "suspicious

that not all the money would end
up where they wanted.... Their
fundamental distrust of Philip
Morris made this worse."^"^ Focus
groups also took offense at a
wealthy corporation soliciting donations: "It strudt many as the hei^t
of arrogance for a 'multi-bazlion
dollar' mpany to be hitting up
average people for their five
Domestic violence focus groups
reacted negatively to ads appearing to highlight the company more
than the cause. Group moderators
cautioned. "Be careful not to boast
too much.... As always, we heard
sensitivity to too much boasting
and credit-taking."^^ Philip Morris's reasons for donating were
also questioned: "Don't tiy too
hard to explain motives... . The
more we try to ejqjlain and justify,
the more it raises supicion,"''
PM2rs Domestic Violence Taskforce ui^;ed caution in communicating with the media: "Sensitivity
is needed on when and how we
mention wben the program began.
as it could look as if we implemented it to counteract our public
relations troubles."^**
Managing Grantee Pubiicity

To diminish the appearance of

self-promotion, Philip Morris supplemented paid advertising with a
"proactive media cmnpaign"'^'* to
generate news coverage.^^***'^ In
March 1999. for example, Philip
Morris co-sponsored an Operation
Feed Kickoff Celebration in Columbus, Ohio. "VIP attendees" induded local television, radio, and
new^aper representatives; coverage was subsequently provided
through all these outlets.^

December 2008, Vol 98, No. 12 | American Joumal of Public Health

Publidy associating with respected nonprofits was crudal

and influenced the selection of
ftinding redpienls. Nashville's Test
Market Team, for example, identified organizations "important for
PM to partner with for credibility,
visibility and to reach target audiences. "'^^ Second Harvest of
Na^ville was selected not only
because it was a respected organization, but because it had
"established valuable media relationships and has offered to use
them on our behalf."**^ Philip
Morris encouraged or requested
^witees to contact local media,^'''^'' endosing press release
templates in grant dieck mailings,**^ preparing boilerplate
(standard, reusable language)
letters th^ grantees could send to
local papers,**^"**^ and ghostwriting op-eds for grantees to submit*^ The public relations agency
Bureon-Marstellar "shopped"
Hiilip Morris's op-ed pieces. ^"*'^-^
One such published piece, framed
as an appeal to support hunger
programs for people with AIDS,
devoted 3 paragraphs to Phflc
Morris as an example of "good
rporate dtizens." and listed the
author as the director of the AIDS
Nutrition Services Alliance, a
grantee.^"
Not all publidty was positive. In
1999. Philip Morris received unfavorable media attention when it
was accused of using donations to
"buy silence" in California communities proposing tobacco control legislation.**' The dty of Richmond passed a resolution
withholding govemment funding
from organizations accepting tobacco company money,^^ After
another county proposed a similar

resolution, a domestic violence services agency withdrew its Riilip

Morris grant application .'*^"^*^
Protests against Philip Morris
sponsorship also originated within
the nonprofit sector. Although
several regional YWCA dieters
received domestic violence services funding, the national organization condemned Riilip Monis
for marketing Virginia Slims dgarettes to minority women, cosigning a 1999 newspaper ad
titled "Philip Morris Must
Change,"^''^'''' [Xiring October
1999. after reiving a request
from the executive director of the
National Domestic Violence Hotline to track calls resulting from
Philip Morris's advertising, the
director of the Rhode Island
Women's Resource Centa*
expressed concem that the dedsion of some groups to partner
with Philip Morris had divided the
domestic violence field."'* She
predicted the affiliation would be
damaging:
We are ashamed that the domestic violence cau.se is being
assodatcd with a corporation that
tie vast majority of .states saw ftt
to sue based on a progressive
pattern of lying to the public over
the past 40 years . . . I bebeve
there will be a strong negative
backlash to our assodauon with
Philip Morris.

The letter was forwarded to

Karen Brosius. then director of
Philip Morris corporate contributions, who wrote on her copy, "We
need to create very effective messages proactively {emphasis in
original] to deal with these issues,"
and sent it to KRC Research, a
communications firm,'^'*
In December. KRC reported:
"Nervous grantees believe that

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HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

both their reputation and their

financial health may be at stake if
Uiey accept a contribution from a
tobacco company... . Will this
kind of controversy scare off other
donors?"""* KRC recommended
conducting opinion polls with
carefully phi^ased questions
dtsigned to elicit responses that
Philip Morris could tise to reassure
grantees they would not suffer
a backlash or boycott:

A SIMPUFIED MODEL OF A
LEGISLATORS WORLD
SPECIAL
CONSTITUENTS

DIRECT
CONTACT

We would need to make sure that

we ari" asking people to evaluate
how they fuel about the contributions, the grantees and elected
offidals who support or oppose
the contributions, not how they
feel aboul Pliilip Morris or the
tobacco industry... .

KRC further su^ested testing

"talking points" grantees could use
"when controversy hits." KRC
suggested measuring public reactions to "show grantees how
to defend themselves against
attack."'**
The influence Wheel

Before PM21, company philanthropy had already yielded legislative benefits. In 1990, Philip
Morris created a database including the "pet causes and charities"
of each member of Congress.""
According to a Philip Morris Information Services employee,
Xross referencing this information with Riilip Morris Corporate
Contribti tions data can provide us
with a new avenue of access to
that legislator."'"' In 1993, Philip
Morris Director of Govermnent
Affairs 1 ina Walls spoke to employees about the "influence
wheel" of public officials.'"^
Showing a slide titled, "A Simplified Model of a Legislator's

POLITICAL
ACTIONS/
DECISIONS

8
e
CO
ot
I

Source. References 102 and 103.

RGURE 1-A 1992 Philip Morris document referred to by tiien-Dlrector of Government Affairs Tina
Walls as ttie "Influence Wheel" during internal company presentation on "grasstop" relations,
jnciuding the role of donations to legisiators' pet causes and favorite charities.

World" (Figure 1), she

explained,'^-""
We call this chart the Influence
Wheel because it illustrates the
factors that iiifliietice a legislator's
political actions and decisions
We make sure legislators are
aware of, and invited to, promotional and cultural events funded

2126 1 Health Policy and Ethics | Peer Reviewed | lester and Malone

by Tiilip Morris. We also make

sure that we know the legislator'sand his or her spouse's
Favorite philanthropies and try to
support them.

In 1998, identifying PM21

as another opportunity "to create
political capital in DC," the

Washington Relations Office

decided to investigate bow such
"events and activities can be
leveraged" with congressmembers.'** By year's end, Parrisb reported, hunger relief contributions
had proven "a powerHil tool in
strengthening relation^ps v^ith

American Joumal of Public Health I December 2008. Vot 98. No. 12

HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

Congressiona] and State Government Leaders,"^''

State Government Affairs (SGA)
legislative plans for 1999 included
strategic philanthropic contributions in several states,'''^ To "expand contacts with key administration officials and legislators" in
/Mabama, SGA stafF intended to
"secure invitations and support
tlieir philanthropic events and
causes" and invite legislators to
attend Ftiilip Morris-sponsored
charitable events,'"'^ SGA staff in
North Carolina, noting that "the
I esours of our corporate in\ olvement and philanthropic eflorts play a huge role in our abfy
to meet legislative challenges,"
asserted tJiat these initiatives
would help them thwart state and
local dgarette, beer, and food exdse taxes and tobacco marketing
i-cstrictions and sastain other policies favorable to doing business in
the state.'"^ Similar "accomplishments" v/ere anticipated for South
Carolina, Virginia, and Florida.
Kansas staff described hunger donations as ali^eady having
"enhanced" the "poative environment the companies now enjoy,"
and planned to increase these cx)nti-ibutions as part of the SGA
strategy to defeat excise taxes,
smoking restrictions, and state
pension divestment and to pass
procompany legislation in the
areas of tort refonn, food sales tax,
and alcohol sales,'"^
California posed challenges, including Philip Morris's poor image,
the strength of the tobacco control
movement, and the political will
of state policymakers to fight the
tobacco industry, "^^ Moreover,
other industries were reluctant to
form alliances with Philip Morris

on issues of common intei"est

fearing negative publicity: "AIthou^ we may be bottoming out
in terms of our unpopularity, our
tobacco business is still extremely
radioactive." To improve relationships with Caiifomia legislative
opponents, SGA staff decided
to "integrate political and chajitable contributions as much as possible."'"^ Staff also proposed

consulting legislators to select

grantees, reallocating some donations to "organizations favored by
spedfic legislators."'"^
Philip Morris's 1999 to 2000
SGA plans to coordinate philanthropy with legislative objectives
are summaiized in Table 2. During
that year, Philip Morris secured
endorsements for its contributions
and attendance of local, state, or

federal policymakers at Philip

Moiris-sponsored chaiitable
events in at least 20 states, induding those with PM21 test markets
(excluding Portland, Maine, the
control market),''"'"'^-'^^'"-"^'
Philip Morris also made donations
to favored causes of 3 governors"
spouses.-'*"''"-'^-'^ In 13 states,
including those with the active
PM21 test markets, elected officials

TABLE 2-Philip Morris Philantiropy and L^islative Objectives: 1999-2000

State

Policymaker Appearance or

Policymaker Favored Philip Monis

Legislative Objectives

Endorsement of Philanthropy

Position on Legislation

Achieved

ylO6

yUS

yl45.t49>153

yua

yl45.149.152.162-164

P144..48

Alabama
Arizona
California

p i 46.148.151.153-161

Y (multiple)'"^

Colorado

Y (multiple)'"'-'

Connecticut

yl44,146.151-153,161.164-166
pl47,146,I62.ieT

Florida
Georgia

yllO

yl62,163

Hawaii

ylD6

yl54,16S-170

pis

pl50.162

Idaho

Y (multiple)"*

Illinois

y (multiple)^"'"'^^^

Indiana

Y (multiple)'"'""

yttS

pl45.153.lB5.167.171

yioe

P*"

pl44,146-14B.t52.164

pt34.lM.164

pl52.161.t64

Kansas
Louisiana

pl45.14&14S.153.162.163.16S.16S

Maine
yllS

Massachusetts

pl53.t65.lB7.17:

Missouri

yl45,146.149.150,16. 165.173

New Mexico

yiie

New Yofli

ylO8,llT,118

North Carolina
Ohio

Y (multiple)^'"'''^
ylO6

Oregon
South Carolina

pt46.148.l57.159.167.tr4

yWT

yl51,t66.t7S

yl3B,139

y46-148.153,157,165.174

yl40

pt44.146.l52.156,159.61.l67.172.174
yl44,146.174

Y (federal)'^'
yl22,123

Tennessee

^41

Virginia
Washington
Wisconsin

pi,

153.165

pl46-14S.152.lE3.176

Texas
yl24-126

yl43

Y (multiple)"*

pl43

Y (state and federal)"'''^'

Wyoming

yl50.1S4.169,177.17B
pl5!.155,163.164
pl44,147.148.151-ia3,164.167,179
p50.154.161.169

Note. Y-yes; P- partial, lie table includes only those states for which evidence was found that Philip Morris planned to use philanthropy to
help achieve legislative objectives or involved elected officials in its philanthroov activities.'"

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HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

attending or endorsing Philip

Morris's philanthropy activities
also co-sponsored or voted for
Philip Morris-supported legislaFor all states, Philip Morris's
Corporate Contributions division
informed Washington Relations
Office and SGA staff of checkpresenting ceremonies for which
they could issue invitations to
meet "business objectives," and
consulted them about ceremony
dates.'*''"'***'""'" Check presentations for hunger grantees in 5
states were delayed while the
Washington Relations Office and
SGA determined suitable dates on
the basis of "potential press coverage."""* Washington Relations Office and SGA staff also provided
grant funding recommendations
and initiated requests for grantee
fiinding."**^'"*^'^' Funding requests indicated whether each
proposed contribution supported
"PM's Food, Beer or Tobacco obje<tives,"^ an event involving
elected officials, or a request initiated by an elected offidal on
behalf of an organization."*"'"*^
PM21 advertisements were also
purchased when deemed
"strategically important" by the
Washington Relations Office and

Parrish's 2000 contributions

budget request reported that "doser
collaboration" between the contributions department and business
operations had yielded "strong
linkages between exemplary programs ... and public relations and
government relations initiatives,
particularly through PM21 and the
launch of television adverdsing."'^"*
A subset of hunger grants were
awarded "in key locations, in

collaboration with State Government Affairs and Federal Government Affairs."'^^ Further plans to
"leverage" donations for government relations purposes were made
for 2000-2001,'^"* Formal liaisons
between Corporate Contributions
and SGA staff for each regional district u-ere est^lished in January
2000,'*'^-'^ and SGA involvement
in charitable contributions activities continued throu^ at least

PM21's Impact on Corporate

image
According to focus groups conducted in 3 US dties in 2000,
Philip Morris's philanthropy ads
had "the desired effect of improving opinions about PM"^"*^:
A sample of some of the main
messages respondenls took away
after seeing the conpis induded:
"Philip Morris is giving back"...
"PM is helping people who want
to be helped"... "PM doesn't just
sell cigarettes-they help others all
over the world"^'*'

A Roper Starch poll from September 1999 to August 2000

reported, "For the first me,
Americans are now about as
likely to hold a favorable ...
as an unfavorable ... opinion
of PMC."^ The percentage believing Philip Morris was becoming
"a more responsible corporate citizen" rose from 39% to 61%^'"
In August 2001, PM21 polling
data found im^e ratings stable,
with (he notable exception of the
West Coast, where those holdijig
a favorable opinion of Riilip
Morris fell from 34% to 27%.
The research firm noted that
"aggressively anti-tobacco ads "
were prevalent there/^ 1^21
was transformed in 2001 into

2128 I Health Policy and Ethics I Peer Reviewed I Tester and Malone

other image enhancement

efforts, but 2004 polling data,
described in previous research
on Philip Morris's Project Sunrise,
suggest that the efforts remained
eifective.''^
DISCUSSION
Our study is the first to show
explicitly how Philip Morris's corporate philanthropy serves as a
link between corporate imi^e and
legislative objectives to influence
public health. Corporate philanthropy is an important emerging
issue,'^"^ not only for public
health, but for other sodal movements, and it raises difficult questions. First among these is how to
address genuine funding needs,
because in an era of privatization,
many roles formerly filled by
government now fall to nonprofits.^*^^^"^ Corporate philan>
thropy, Inasmudi as it represents
lost taxes to support government
programs, reduces governments'
ability to meet societal needs. Although governments do not always represent the public interest
asflieyshould, they are legally
accountable to the dtizenry; corporations are accountable to
shareholders.
Another question is how to help
I'edpients luiderstand the full implications of accepting industry
funding. Corporate philanthropy,
as this and other studies surest, is
used to convert grantees and the
public into stakeholders, who may
support or keep silent about the
corporation's polides or activities
or enhance its image.^'"' Some feel
that donating is the least tobacco
companies can do.^"' However,
acceptance of tobao industry

funding comes with a cost helping

to sustain the industry's legitimacy
and furthering its business of selling lethal products. Philanthropy is
also used to create conicts within
the public health field. Such "divide and conquer" plans were an
explidt part of Riilip Morris's
Project Sunrise?^
A third question is how to determine when and whether corporate philanthropy is truly deserving of tax deducibility. Tax
deductions for philanthropy are
designed to encourage charitable
donations, but US law distinguishes those from business lobbying expenditures. Philip Morris's
donations dearly operated as a
substitute, tax-deductible form of
lobbying that was designed to
thwart taxation and avert sales
and marketing restrictions. One
way to address this would be to
have corporate contributions
managed through a central government or independent nonprofit
agency responsible lor grantmaking decisions, thus removing
direct corporate influence over
grantees and enhancing prioritization according to sodetal need
rather than corporate affairs
criteria.
A fourth question is whether
policymaker involvement with corporate philanthropy creates conflict
of interest disclosure issues. Philip
Morris's own data suggest it has
successfiilly leveraged philanthropy
with regard to legislative objectives.
As with direct political contributions, linkages between pubLc offidals and corporate philanthropy
should be regularly monitored and
cross-diecked with legislators' voting records. Corporatioas should
be required to report charitable

American Joumai of Public Health I December 2008, Vol 98. No. 12

HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

rontribiitions or events involving

public officials, as they do for lobbying.
Finally, ourfindingsraise the
question of how corporate brand
advertising is linked with product
promotion. PM21 enabled the
company to gain desirable television exposure, circumventing the
television tobacco advertising ban
by promoting its name throu^ its
good works. Currently. Philip
Morris continues this strategy
through its youth smoking prevention advertisements that direct
audiences to the company's Web
site.*^"^ Implementation of the
World Health Oi-ganization's
I'l-amework Convention on Tobacco ContiDp"'' should indude
banning philanthropic and image
advertising as well as product advertising, and developing guidelines
to address negative public health
consequences of tobacco industry
corj.x)rate philanthropy, particulaily
within developing countries with
little regulatory ov public health
infrastructure.
CONCLUSION

corporate soda! responsibility initiatives and whether other nontobacco corporate philanthropy plays
similar roles.

About the Autiiors

Laura E. Tester is with the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education.
University of California, San Francisco.
Ruth E. Malone is with Ihe Department of
Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of
Nursing, University of Califomia, San
Francisco.
Requests for reprints should be sent to
Ruth E Malone, Phi), RN, EAAN. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences,
School of Nursing, University of Califomia,
San Francisco, Box 0612. San Francisco,
CA 94143-0612 (e-mail: ruih.malone
acsf.edu).
This article was accepted February 7,
2008.

Contributors
Both authors originated the study. L, E.
Ttsler conducted the tobacco indastry
doaimeiit searches, analyzed the documents, wrote the tirsi draft, and revised
successive drafts. R. K. Malone analyzed
documents and reviewed, edited, and
revised all drafts.

Acknowled^ents
This research was supported hy National
Institutes of Health fellowship iiuiding
(grant CA113 710) and the National
Cancer Institute {grants CA095989 and
CAI 20138).
We thank members ()f the University
of California San Francisco, Institute for
Health Policy Studies writing seminar; the
University of California, San Francisco,
Tobacco Policy Research Croup; Dorie
Apollonio; Sarah Arvey; Janine Cataldo;
Sharon Eubanks; Patrida McDaniel;
Naphtali Offen; Elizabeth A. Smith;
Nathaniei VVantler; Joshua Yang; Vderie
Yerger; and the anonymous reviewers for
valuable comments on earlier drafts. We
also thank Stella ,\guinaga Biaious for
valuable discussions in the formative
stages of this study.

Tobacco industiy corporate philanthropyfijnctionsto support corporate marketing and lobbying activities detrimental to public health.
PIV121 favorably influenced perceptions and paid legislative dividends.
However, discouraging research on
I'hilip Morris's image on the West
Coast su^ests that strong counterindustiy advertising and a welllunded tobacco control movement
reduce the effectiveness of corpoHuman Participant fotection
No appioval was requiied ior this study.
rate image and philanthropy campaigns.^"^*"^'' Future research
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4, 2007,
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51, Spector J, SGA Presentation PM21,

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64, Philip Morris, Update on first quarter

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I Health Policy and Ethics | Peer Reviewed ] Tes/er and Malone

66, Burson-Marstellar, PM21 DV meeting 11; core messages/channel discussion,

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72, Roper Starch Worldwide. \M21 ;
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73, Millward Brown. Philip Morris
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75, Philip Morris, PM21 communicabons framework - work session. March
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76, Sylvia D. Richter J, Bilodeau J, Global
public opinion re^search project u^idate
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77, Sosin J, S i n ^ H. Baker D. Abnizzo
G, Summary of foais groups on domestic
violence, June 16, 2000, Philip Morris,
Available at: http;//lega(y,library.
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78, Philip Moms. PM21 domestic violence task force communications i-ecommendations, August 25, 2000, Philip

American Joumal of Public Health I December 2008, Vol 98, No, 12

HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

Moms. Available at: http;//legatyJibrary.

ticsf.edu/tid/nyx65cOO. Accessed May 1.
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85. Carraro T. Firestorm info. October
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86. Philip Morris. Draft letter to Ihe ed.
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87. Philip Morris. Draft letter to Ihe ed.
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Accessed October 4, 2007.
88. Rosen J, Cryan J, Purcell C, et aJ.
PM21 slatus report. September 15. 1999.
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Accessed October 4. 2007.
89. Rosen J, Roberts P, Carraro T.
Temple K. Rosal L. PM21 status repoit
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90. Barnes ]. Even in times of plenty,

pockets of despair. Knight-Ridder/Tribune.
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92. Philip Morris. Contra Costa County/
Richmond CA Update. August 24. 1999.
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93. White J, Supple D. Contra Costa
Cotmty Tobacco Preven don Coaiition
Letter to Colleagues. May 20, 1999.
Phiiip Morris. Available at: http://legacy.
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94. Saiidoval G. Letter to Donna
Edwards of the Nadonal Network to End
Domestic Violence Fund. August 4,
1999, Fhip Morris. Available at: http://
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95. White J, Supple D. Resolution regarding county fimds to community based
organizations. May 1999. Riilip Morris.
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2007.
96 Mohrmann C. Contra Costa Cotmty
Coalition. September 1, 1999. FMip
Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.
ucsf.edu/tid/dno62c00. Accessed October 4, 2007.
97. Farlow K. Company's res[)onse to
"Philip Morris must change" letter. November 9. 1999. Philip Morris, Available
at: http://legacy.libraiy.ucsf.edu/dd/
vou72cOO. Accessed October 4, 2007.
98. Merlo E. Re: Company's response to
"Riilip Morris mtist change'letter. November 10, 1999. Philip Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf edu/tid/
wqq84a00. Accessed October 4, 2007.

legaty.libraiy.ucsf.edu/dd/xbb84e00.
Accessed May 1, 2007.
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PhilipMorris. Grasstop government
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103.
Philip Morris. Corporate affairs
department goals. March 4, 1992. Philip
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ucsf edu/tid/qks81 fOO. Accessed October 4, 2007.
104.
Riilip Morris. OtitputWTiO tobacco
strategy retreat. January 7,1998. Philip
Morris. Available at: http://legacy library,
ucsf edti/dd/ytw37c00. Accessed October 4. 2007.
105.
Hiilip Morris. SGA ! 999 state legislative plans. September 28. 1998. Philip
Morris. Available at: htlp://!egacy.library,
uesf edu/tid/lzo94aOO. Accessed October
4. 2007.
106.
PhilipMorris. 1999district3grant
tracier - final. January 23, 2000. IMip
Morris. Available at: htip://legacy.library.
ucsf.edu/tid/mrl86c00. Accessed October 4, 2007.
107.
Philip Morris. Phase one market
activity report June 15, 1999. Philip
Morris. Available at: ht)://iegacy.library.
ucsfedu/tid/nzz53cOO. Accessed January 17, 2008.
108.
Issues Watch. Issues Watch: Tobacco Industry Sponsorship in Ihe United
States. 01 Nov 2000. Philip Morris.
Available at: htlp://tegacy.library.ucsf
edu/tid/tzt86cOO. Accessed January 17,
2008.
109.
Under the dome. Denver fbsL
February 5, !999;A18.
110.
Fi^dng Hunger program & Georgia Assodation of Food Banks launch new
"Georgia Hunger Web-site" to aid local
relief efforts; Georgia receives $173.000
in hunger relief grants. State and Regional
News. PR Newswire 1999. January 26,
1999. [Retrieved from LexisNexis]

99. Linnell D. Letter to Sheiyl Cates of

the Texas Council on Family Violence.
October 22. 1999. Riilip Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf edu/d/
zuw65cOO. Accessed October 4, 2007.

111.
Loca] update: Heardand dinic
getting tobacco company grant Joumal
5iflr (Peoria. IL). July 13, 1999;B2.

100.
Sosin J. Corporate contributions
next steps. December 27, 1999. Philip
Morris. Available at: hti://legacy.
library.ucsf.edu/dd/tii95c00. Accessed
May 1. 2007.

1 1 2. Armstrong J, Hopkins E. Clinic

takes check from big tobacco. July 14,
1999. Philip Moms. Available at: http://
legacy.lihraiy.ucsf.edu/tid/jhmOecOO.
Accessed January 17. 2008,

101.
Parks L. Information services Prometheus system documentation. April 24,
1992. Philip Morris. Available at: http://

113.
Altenhof D. St Jude hou.se receives
grant from tobacco giant Post-Tribune
(Merrillviile. IN). September 1, 1999;A6.

December 2008, Vol 98, No. 12 | American Joumal of Public Health

114.
Thomas J. YWCA's domestic violence program dted. Journal and Courier
(Lafayette. IN). Odober 24, 2000;IB.
115.
Utchfield K. Grant helps food bank
buy refrigerators. Union-News (Springfield. MA). June 12. 1999:B02.
116.
Tobacco company gives grant to
WNY food bank. Buffalo News. August
10.20O0;B5.
117.
Siymanczyk M. letter to Govemor
James B. Hunt Jr. June 16, 1999. Philip
Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.
ucsf.edu/tid/cax32dOO. Accessed October 4. 2007.
118.
Gannon S. In the Loop, volume 2,
issue fi. September 1999. Philip Monis.
Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf
edu/tid/hqp37dOO. Accessed January
18. 2008.
119.
Evans D. New program will Iwnefit
Ohio hunger-relief agendes. Jtiiie 3.
1 999. I'hilip Morris. Avaable at: http://
legacy.iibrary.ucsfedu/lid/jxp43aOO.
Accessed January 18, 2008.
120.
Grant io help victims of domestic
violence. CinrMnciri ).f Jantiary 1.
2000:17A.
121.
Williams D. Oconee-Pickens announcements: Philip Morris presented
$10.000 grant Anderson IndependentMail (Anderson, SC). September 20.
2000.
122.
Riilip Monis. Phase one market
acdvity report March 31, 1999. Philip
Monis. Available at: http://Iegaej'.library.
ucsfedu/d/rul93cO0, Accessed January
18.2008.
123.
Philip Monis. Phase one market
activity report. May 6. 1999. Philip Morris. Availahle at: htlp://iegac>'.library .ucsf
edu/dd/jje60cOO. Accessed Januaiy 18,
2008.
124.
Philip Morris. New hotshot helps
area senior dtizeiLS receive home-delivered meak. June 14, 1999. Philip Morris.
Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf
edu/tid/yfe 16cOO. Accessed January 18.
2008.
125.
Allen C, Aronhait G. Bryant W.
Right choices for youth govemor's conference leader's notebook. Sejitemher 23,
1999. Riilip Morris. Availahle at: http://
egaty. library .u csf edu /tid/dxq 3 6cO0.
Accessed Januajy 16.2008.
126.
Demardni A. Choices: Domestic
violence shelter receives $52.000 grant
Daily News-Record (Harrisonburg, VA).
April 23. 1999.

Tester ana Malone ' Peer ReviewecJ | Health Policy and Ethfcs | 2131

HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

127.
Hemel D. Untilled.//eroid Times
Harter (Manitowoc. Wl). August 8,
200;secI 1.
128.
Sandin ]. Hunger problem said to
be getting worsereport i-eveals how
widei^read need for food is throughout
the state. Milwaukee Jcatmal Sentinel. December 15, 1999;sect 3.
129.
Milam S. Putting extra food where
it's needed. Wisconsin Slate Joumal
(Madison, Wl)-January 9, 2000;IE.
130.
Arizona State Legislature. Welcome to Ihe Arizona State Legislature.
Available at: http://www,azleg.gov/
SelectSession.asp. Accessed Januaiy 16,
2008.
131.
Legislative Council of California.
Bill infoimation. Available at: http://w\vw.
leginfo.ca.gov/bilinfo.litml. Accessed
January 17.2008.
132.
Colorado General Assembly. Previous sessions information. Available at:
http ://www. leg.state. co. us/ctics/
dics2008aycslFrontPages.nsf/PrevSessionInfo?OpenFonii. Accessed Januaty
17,2008.
133.
Idaho State Legislature. 2 0 0 0 1998 Legislative sessions. Available
at: http://www.legisl^ure.idaho.gov/
sessioninfo/pastsessions.htm. Accessed
January 17.2008.
134.
Illinois General Assembly. Previous
general asiiemblics: 91 st general assembly
(1999-2000). Available al: http://
www.ilga.go v/previousga,asp?GA=91.
Accessed January 17, 2008.
135.
Indiana General Assembly. Session
informationbills archive (1999) Available at: http://www.in.gov/apps/lsa/session/blwatch/bil!info?yea[=l 999&session=l. Accessed Januaiy 17, 2008.
136.
Louisiana State Legislature. The
Web portal to the Louisiana State Legislature. Available at: http://www.legis.
state.la.us. Accessed January 17, 2008.
137.
North Canitna General Assembly.
Bill look-up by niimher. Av^lable at:
hUp ://www. ncga.state. nc.us/gascripis /
Billl/wkUp/BillLookUp.pl. Accessed
Januaiy 18, 2008.
13fi. Ohio General Assembly. Search for
legislative information Avail^le at: http://
www.l egLslature .state, oh .us/search .din.
Accessed Januaiy 18, 2008.
139.
Jacobs D. Oftidal wanLs funds
spread out. December 29, 1998. Hiilip
Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.
ucsf.edu/tid/spl85cOO. Accessed January
18. 2008.

2132

140.
Oregon State Legislature. Bills and
laws: legislative measures-1999 regulajsession. Available at: http://www.leg.state.or.us/bills^laws. Accessed January 18.
2008.
141.
T ennessee Genei^al Assembly. Archive. Available at: http;//www.legislature.state.tn.us. Accessed January 18,
2008.
142.
Virginia General Assembly, l-egislative information system: 1999 session.
Available at: http://legl.state.vaus/991/
Us.htm. Accessed January 18. 2008.
143.
Washington State Legislature. Detailed legislative reports. Available at:
http://dlr.leg.wa.gov/home. Accessed
Januaiy 18.2008.
144.
Philip Morris. State government
affairs executive summary. June 11,1999.
Philip Morris. Available at: ht^://legacy.
library.ucsf.edu/tid/eanO8dOO. Accessed
January 17.2008.
145.
Philip Morris. State government
afFairs weekly report April 9,1999. Philip
Morris. Avmlable at: htlp://legacy .library.
ucsf.edu/tid/kogl6c00. Accessed January 16, 2008.
146.
Philip Morris. State government
affaire weekly report. June 11.1999. Philip
Morris. Available at: http://legacyiibrary.
ucsf.edu/tid/eanO8dOO.AccessedJanufuy
17,2008.
147.
Philip Morris. State government
affairs executive summary. June 25,1999.
Philip Morris. Available at: http://legacy.
library.ucsf.edu/tid/yzmO8dOO. Accessed
January 17,2008.
148.
I'hilip Morris. State government affairs weekly report. June 25,1999 Hiilip
Morris. Available at: http://Iegacy.library.
ucsf.edu/tid/zzm08d00. Accessed Januaiy 17,2008.
149.
Philip Morris. State government
affairs weekly report. April 9,1999. Philip
Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.
ucsf.edu/tid/dwl 16cO0. Accessed January 16.2008.
150.
ITiilip Morris. 990000 District 3
proactive bill tracker. April 27. 1999.
Philip Morris. Available at: http://!egaty.
libraiy.ucsf.edu/tid/fag73cOO. Accessed
January 16, 2008.
151.
PhUip Morris. 5-7-99 SGA Weekly
backup.doc. May 10, 1999. Philip Morris.
Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf.
ed/tid/yrbl7aOO. Accessed Januaiy 16,
2008.
152.
Philip Morris. State government affaire weekly report April 30.1999. Philip

I Health Policy and Ethics | Peer Reviewed 1 Tester and Malone

Morris. Available at: http://legacyJil)raiy.

ucsf.edu/tid/rdk73cOO. Accessed January
16,2008.
153.
Philip Morris. State government
affairs executive summary. May 21,1999.
Philip Morris. Available at: ht^://legaty.
library .ucsf.edu/tid/kio 16c00. Accessed
Januaiy 16.2008.
154.
Pbilip Morris. State government
affairs exeaitive summary. February 5,
1999. Philip Morris. Availahle at: http://
legacy .1 i brary .ucsf.edu/tid/swa35cOO.
Accessed Januaiy 17, 2008.
155.
Riilip Morris. State government
affairs weekly region 990317. Mardi 17,
1999. lMip Morris. Available at: http://
Iegacy.lihrary.ucsf.edu/tid/oem97d00.
Accessed Januaiy 17. 2008,
156.
Philip Morris. State government
affaii's weekly report 990324. March 24,
1999. Philip Morris. Available at: http://
legacy .library .ucsf.edu/tid/dvl97dOO.
Accessed Januaiy 17, 2008.
157.
iilip Morris. State government
affairs executive summary. July 9. 1999.
Phiiip Morris. Available at: http://legacy.
Iibraiy.ucsf.edu/tid/coil7d00. Accessed
januaiy 17, 2008.
i 5B. Philip Morris. State government
affairs executive summaiy. July 16, 1999.
ITiilip Morris. Available at: http://legacy.
library.ucsf.edu/ud/znil7dOO. Accessed
January 17,2008.

164.
Hiilip Morris. State govemniml affairs exeaitive summtuy. .Ajiril 30, 1999.
Philip Morris. Available at: http://legaiy.
library.ucsf.edu/Ud/lik73cOO. Accessed
Jantiary 17.2008.
165.
I'hilip Morris. State government
affairs weekly report 990521. May 21,
1999. Riilip Morris. Available at: http://
I egacy .li braiy .ucsf.edu/lid/hva35cOO.
Accessed Januaiy 17. 2008.
166.
Philip Morris. SGA state planner
contains all 50 states, D.C. and Puerto
Rico. 00 1999. Philip Morris. Available
al: http://legacy.libraiy.ucsf.edu/tid/
csc82c(X). Accessed Januaiy 18, 2008,
167.
Philip Morris. State government
affairs 990000-4th quarter report 2000.
Philip Morris. Available at; http://legacy.
libraiy.ucsf.edu/Ud/sgd62eOO. Accessed
January 17.2008.
168.
Food Service & News. 08 BAC
measure rockets through Texas legislature. June 1999. ITiilip Morris. Available
at: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/
soy28dO0. Accessed January' 17, 2008.
169.
Philip Morris. State govemnipnl affairs weekly riport. March 5. 1999. Philip
Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.
ucsfeUu/tidAon32c(H). Accessed Januaiy
I 7, 2008.
170.
Hawaii State Legislature. j\icbives.
Available at: http://www.capitol.hawaii.
gov/site I /archives/1999. Accessed January 17, 2008.

159.
Philip Morris. State govemnipiit
affairsweekly report, July 23,1999. fTiilip
Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.
iicsf.edu/tid/boil 7dOO. Accessed Januaiy
17.2008.

171.
Mednick E. Munson J. 6/
99PPN-Kraft/state regional outlook.
April 23, 1999. Philip Moms. Available
at: http.//legacy.library.ucsf.etlu/tid/
ihi72cO0. Accessed Januaiy 17. 2008.

160.
FTiilip Morris. State government
affairs weekly report. October 22, 1999.
FTiilip Morris, Available at: http://iegacy.
library.ucsf,edu/tid/gid73cOO. Accessed
January 17,2008.

1 72. I'hilip Morris. Stale government

affaii^s weekly report. July 16.1999. Iliilip
Morris. Available at: http ://I egacy .li bra rj'
ucsf.edu/tid/aoi 17d00. Accessed January'
18. 2008.

161.
Philip Morris. State goveniment
affairs 990000-3rd quarter report. Jtily
1999, iilip Morris. Available at: http://
legacy .libraiy .iicsf.edu/ti d/mtd 7 3 cO 0.
Accessed Januaiy 17, 2008.

173.
Riilip Morris. State government
affaii-s weekly report October 1. 1999.
Philip Morris. Available at: http://legacy.
library.ucsf.edu/tid/pid73c()0. Accessed
January 18,2008.

162.
Philip Morris. State government
affairs weekly report 990319, March 19,
1999. Philip Monis. Available at: http://
legacy .library .ucsf, edu/tid/byj73cOO.
Accessed Januaiy 17,2008.

174.
f^ilip Morris. State government
affairs weekly report. July 9, 1999. Riilip
Morris. Available aX\ http;//legacy.library.
ucsf.edu/tid/doil7dOO. Accessed January 18, 2008.

163.
Philip Morris. State government
affairs weekly report 990319. Mai-cii 19.
1999. Philip Morris. Available at: http;//
legacy .lib raiy .ucsf.edu/tid/bhk73cOO.
Accessed Januaiy 17. 2008.

175.
Rawlins W. George W. Bush wl
visit Triangle for major fund-raiser. News
& Observer, uly 19, 1999;A3.
176.
Riilip Morris. State government
affaire weekly report October 29, 1999

American Journal of Public Health I December 2008. Vol 98. No. 12

HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICS

liiilip Morris. Available aE; http;//

I egacy. I ibrary .ucsf.edu/tid/aid7 3 cOO.
Accessed January 18, 2008.
177.
Philip Morris. StiUe government
[ilTairs weekly report. March 5. 1999.
I'hilip Morris. .Available fU: htqi://legacy,
libraiy .ucst.ed u/lici /jon 3 2 c()0. Accessed
Januar)' 15. 2008I 78. Philip MorrLs. District 2 proactive
liill tracker. March 22. 1999. I'hilip Morris, Available at: htlp://legacy.library.
ucsf.edu/tid/ebg73cOO. Accessed Januar)- 18,2008.
179.
Philip Morris. State government
affaii-s weekly report. November 5. 1999.
I'hiliii Monis. Available at: http://iegacy.
libi-ary.uc5f.edu/tid/djd73cOO. Accessed
January 18,2008.
180.
Women s Center of Greater Danbury. Media advisory: Ll Governor Jodi
Rell to participate in grant presentation to
benefit llanbury's iight against domestic
violence, June 1999. Philip Morris.
Available at: ht^://legacy.library.ucsl.edu/tid/dbn35c00. Accessed October
4, 2007.
181.
Madison Press. Pantry director
participates in hunger relief program.
Jane 14. 1999. Riilip Morris. Available
at: http://legacy.Ubra]y.ucsf.edu/td/
yz53cOO. Accessed October 4. 2007.
182.
Philip Morris. Media alert more
Ilian 1,400 domestic violence survivors
and tlieir families to benel fi-om largest
corporate contribution lo FACT: first
lady Roxanc Gilmore anti fellow FACT
iKiard meinbci' to announce S 100,000
jraiit Mai-ch 29, 1999, l^iiip Morris.
Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf
cdu/tid/txv94aOO. Accessed January 22,
2008.
183.
Gajinoii S. In the Loop, volume 2.
issue 4. June 1999. Philip Morris. Available at: http://legacy.Ubrary.ucsfedu/tid/
lqp37dOO. Accessed January 22, 2008.
184.
The Walt Street Transcript Company interview Philip Morris Management
Corp. (MO). December 25. 2000. Philip
Morris. Available at; http://legacy.libraiy.
iic'sf.edu/tid/okx21 cOO. Accessed January 22, 2008,

187.
Moore K. Re: Senior helping grantsDist. 1. April 14,1998. Riilip Morris,
Available at: http://legacy.lihrary.ucsf
edu/tid/krx65cOO. Accessed October 4,
2007.

198.
Philip Monis. I'hilip Moi-ris key
facts - Oregon. 2001. Philip Morris.
Available at; http://legaCT.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jfnlOcOO. Accessed January 11,
2008.

188.
Philip Morris. New York 1999
state plan. August 25, 1998. FTiilip Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf
edu/tid/qxh27dO0. Accessed October 4,
2007,

199.
Devries J. U.S. Representative
McCarthy announces $50,000 grant from
I'hilip Morris to Kansas City Community
Kitchen. March 2, 2001. Phip Morris.
Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf
edu/tid/rfd22cOO. Accessed January 11,
2008.

189.
Philip Morris. Contributions programs timeline of activities (prepared for
SGA district 2]. June 18, 2000. Philip
Morris. Available at; http://legacy.library,
ucsf edu/tid/qq8tcOO. Accessed October 4. 2007.
190.
Miller .A. Changes in the state government affaire corporate contributions
pi-ocessfor 1998, 27 Jan 1998. Philip
Morris. Available at; http://legacy,library.
ucsfedu/tid/rcu72cOO. Accessed October 4, 2007,
191.
Mugnocappello C District 2 - RFP
state recommendations. February 4.
2000. Philip Morris. Available at: http://
legacy .library, u csf.edu/tid/nql8 6 cOO.
Accessed January 11. 2008,
192.
Pbilip Morris. Instructions for
completing ! 998 SGA corpoi^ate contributions gi-ant request form. 1998. Philip
Morris. Available at: http://legacyJibraiy.
ucsfedu/tid/hsc82cOO. Accessed October 4, 2007.
193.
Parrish S. 2(X)0 contributions
budget request December 8.1999. Philip
Morris. Available at: http://legacy.library.
ucsfedu/ti(l/hus37cOO. Accessed May 1,
2007.
194.
Philip Morris. External affairs state
government affairs conference, Cleveland,
Ohio, June 15,2000. June 7.2000. Hiilip
Morris. Available at: http;//legacy.
library.ucsfedu/tid/stp35cOO. Accessed
October 4, 2007.
195.
Brosius K. Contributions SGA
team. January fi, 2000. Phiiip Morris.
Available at; http .//legacy .library.ucsf.edu/tid/zql86c00. Accessed January
11,2008.

185.
Spivak C, Bice D. Lobbyists' conrem for women's health may involve a
certain spouse. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. November 18, 1999;sect 2.

196.
Gomez F, EAD/SGA/CC liaison
task foi-ce. January 28, 2000. Philip Morris. Available at; http;//legacy.library.ucsf
edu/tid/erl86cOO. Acces.'ed January 11,
2008.

186.
Philip Morris. Hunger strategy
meeting notes. June 20. 2000, Philip
Morris. Available at: http;//legacy.library,
ucsf edu/tid/fpf47c00. Accessed October
4, 2007.

197.
Mimson J. Company's impact in
Nashville area. July 20. 2001, Pliilip
MOITS. Available at; http;//legacy.library,
ucsf edu/tid/jgpOOcOO. Accessed January
11.2008.

December 2008, Vol 98, No, 12 I American Joumal of Pubhc Health

200.
Holm P, Howard K. PM 21 storyboai-d and print ad foctis groupssummary of Undings. June 24, 2000. Philip
Morris. Available at: http://I egacy .library.
ucsf.edu/tid/gyu65cOO.AccessedMay 1,
2007,

http ; //www. wh o. i nt/tobacco/framework/en/. Accessed Januaiy 16, 2008.

210.
Ling P. Glantz S. Usir^ tobaccoindustry marketing lesearrfi to design
more effective tobacco-control campaigns,/I Ai^ 2002;287:2983-2989.
211.
Goldman L. Glantz S. Evaluation of
antismoking advertising c a m p a i ^ .
/4A14 1998;279;772-777.
212.
Ibrahim J, Glantz S, The Rise and
Fall of Tobacco Control Media Campaigns, 1967-2006. Am Jtblic Health.
2007;97:1383-1 396.
213.
Glantz S, Mandel L. Since sdioolbased tobacco prevention programs do
not work, what should we do! JAdolex

Heaith. 20O5.36.\57-l59.

201.
Roper Stardi Worldwide. PMC
image tracking; preliminary key findings,
August 2000 wave, October 3, 2000.
Eliilip Morris. Available at: http://legacy,
library .iicsfedu/tid/szw6 5 cOO. Accessed
October 4. 2007.
202.
Chapman S. Internationa! tobacco
control should repudiate JekyII and Hyde
health philanthn^y. Tob ControL 2008;
203.
Cordes J. Henig J, Twombly E.
Nonprofit human service providers in an
era of privatization: a theory of economic
and political response. Rev Policy Res.
2001;1S:91~110,
204.
Fyfe N. Milligan C, Out of the
shadows: exploring contemporary geographies of voluntarism. Prog Hum Geogr.
2003;27:397-413.
205.
Hall P. A historical overview of
philantliropy, voluntary a.ssodations, and
nonprofit organizations in Ihe United
States, 1600-2000. In: Powell W. Steinberg R, eds. The NntiProt Seiior: A Research Handbook 2nd ed. New Haven,
CT: Yale Univereity Press; 2006:32-65.
206.
Yerger V, Malone R. African
American leadership groups; smoking
with tlie enemy. Tob Control
2002;ll(4):336-345.
207.
Philip Morris. Quotes. January
2000. Philip Morris. Available at: http://
legacy. library .ucsf.ed u/tid/if]95cOO,
Accessed May I, 2007,
208.
Philip Morris USA. Parent resource
center: youth smoking prevention. Available at: http://www.pmusa.com/en/prc/
index.asp?source=home_fca2. Accessed
January 16.2008.
209.
World Health Oranization. WHO
Framework Convention on Tobacco
Contixsl (WHO FCTC). Available at;

Tesler and Malone I Peer Reviewed I Health Policy and Ethics I 2133