Index

A
AAG, 18
AAK, 18
AAM, 18
AASHTO T 313 BBR, precision
statement, 187
Absolute viscosity bath with tubes, 40
Absolute viscosity tests, 3941
Accuracy, asphalt testing variability,
185186
Aged residue (AR) system, 61
Aging effect, 19
Aging test, asphalt cements, 4950
RTFOT, 50`53
TFOT, 50
Air-blown asphalt specification
tests, 159
Air-blown asphalts, 7
overview, 151
properties, 154
roofing, 153
specifications, 158159
tests, 154158
AIVV tube, 40
American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM), 3
Anionic asphalts, 122
Anti-stripping additives, 169
Antioxidants, as asphalt modifiers, 168
Apparent viscosity graph, 44
Apparent viscosity tests, 4345
Asphalt binder grade selection,
109114
Asphalt binder tests
variability, 187191
Asphalt binders, 3
compaction temperatures, 207213
heating, 3335
HMA, 206
laboratory mixing, 207213
mixing temperatures, 205206
sampling, 3133
shear rate changes, 26

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splitting, 3335
stiffness, 27
thermal conductivity, 218
WMA, 206
Asphalt cement (AC) system, 60
Asphalt cements, 3, 37
historical tests, 3758
penetration tests, 45
penetration-graded specification,
5960
PG asphalt binder specification,
95118
PG asphalt binder tests, 6494
phase angle, 68
solubility test, 5658
specific gravity test, 58
specifications, 5963
viscosity-graded specification, 6063
Asphalt emulsions
breaking, 128129
classifications, 122124
components, 124128
composition, 122
curing, 128129
overview, 121122
production, 126128
types, 122124
uses, 121
variables affecting quality, 129130
Asphalt fume, 182
Asphalt modification
additives, 169
modifiers, 163169
overview, 161
Asphalt particles, in emulsion, 128
Asphalt sample configuration, 73
Asphaltic bitumen, 3
Asphalts
air-blown, 151159
behavior, 2530
definition, 3
emulsions, 121129
modification, 161177
natural, 45
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petroleum, 69
physical properties, 2324
production/processing methods, 7
rheology, 201204
safety, 179182
testing variability, 183195
usage, 1011
ASTM. See air-blown asphalt
specification tests
Atmospheric distillation, 6

B
BBR. See bending beam rheometer
BBR mold, 79
Bending beam rheometer, 7783
Bias, asphalt testing variability,
185186
Bitumen, 3
BTU value, 218
Bulb, 39

C
Cationic asphalts, 122
Chemical modification, 167168
Cleveland Open Cup (COC), flash
point test, 4749
COC flash, 49
COC manual operation, 48
COC test. See Cleveland Open Cup
(COC), flash point test
Continuous grade, 108
Creep-recovery response, 116
Critical temperature, 107, 108
CRM. See crumb rubber modification
Cross-arm viscosity tube, 41
Crude selection, 89
Crumb rubber modification, 166167

D
Dampproofing, 154
Deformation, PG specification, 100
Density, 214
Direct tension tester, 8491
Dispute resolution flow chart, 195
Dispute resolution, testing variability,
187195
Distillation products, 9
DSR. See dynamic shear rheometer

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DSR calculations, 76
DSR creep-recovery test, 176177
DSR operation, 69
DSR phase angle test, 174176
DTT. See direct tension tester
Ductility test, asphalt cements, 5356
Dynamic shear rheometer, 6777

E
Elastic modification, 164166
Elastic recovery test, 171
Elastomers, 164166
Emulsifications, 122
Emulsifying agents, 125126
Emulsifying plant, schematic, 127
Emulsion components
asphalt, 124125
emulsifying agents, 125126
water, 125
ER specimens cut, 173
ER specimens recover, 173
ER test operation, 172
ER test specimen, 172
Excessive aging, PG specification, 101
Extenders, 168

F
Fatigue cracking, PG specification, 102
FD output, 175
FD test operation, 174
Force ductility test, 171174
Functional groups
oxidation, 1718
polarity, 17
Fundamental vs. empirical
properties, 30

G
Grade bumping, 114115
Grade classification, 106, 107
Grade verification, 105, 106

H
Handling, PG specification, 99
Historical tests, asphalt cements, 3758
HMA. See hot-mix asphalt
Hot plate heating, 34

Index

7/9/11 2:57 PM

Hot-mix asphalt, 206

Hydrocarbons, 168169

K
Kinematic viscosity bath with tubes, 42
Kinematic viscosity tests, 4143

L
Lake asphalts, 4
Long-term stiffness, PG
specification, 101
Loss on heating test, 157158

M
Mastercurve, 201203. See also
rheology, asphalt
Mastercurve G*, and phase angle, 203
Mastercurve isotherms, 203
Mastercurve parameters, 204
Mixed modification, 167
Mixing and compaction temperature
determination, phase angle
procedure, 212
Modified asphalt binders, tests for
centrifuge, 170
DSR creep-recovery, 176177
DSR phase angle, 174176
elastic recovery, 171
force ductility, 171174
ointment tubes, 169170
recovery and stress-strain tests,
170171
separation tests, 169170
solubility, 170
toughness and tenacity, 174
Modifiers, asphalts
antioxidants, 168
chemical modification, 167168
crumb rubber modification, 166167
elastic modification, 164166
elastomers, 164166
extenders, 168
hydrocarbons, 168169
mixed modification, 167
oxidants, 168
plastic modification, 166
plastomers, 166
Mold preparation and pouring, 55

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Mopping asphalts, 154

MSCR elastic behavior, 177
MSCR recovery calculation, 176
MSCR test. See multiple stress creep
recovery test
Multiple stress creep recovery
test, 115118

N
Natural asphalt, 45
Non-recoverable strain, 117
Nonionic asphalts, 122

O
Ointment tubes, 169170
Oxidants, as asphalt modifiers, 168
Oxidation, 1718

P
PAHs. See polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons
Particle size distribution, TLA
composition, 5
PAV pans, 93
Pen-Vis correlation for MRL asphalt
binders, 63
Penetration grading, 60
Penetration test, 157
asphalt cements, 45
Penetration-graded specification,
asphalt cements, 5960
Penetrometer, 46
Performance graded asphalt
binder tests
aging procedure, 9194
bending beam rheometer, 7783
direct tension tester, 8491
dynamic shear rheometer, 6777
rotational viscometer, 6467
Petroleum asphalt, 69
crude selection, 89
petroleum refining, 68
production, 8
Petroleum refining, 6
PG asphalt binder specification, 95118
PG binder tests
with aging, 95
with temperature, 98

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PG specifications table, 96
Phase angle procedure, 211
Phase angle, asphalt cements, 68
Physical hardening effect, 30
Physical properties
consistency, 23
handling, 35
purity, 23
safety, 24
storage, 35
Plastic modification, 166
Plastomers, 166
Polarity, 17
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 19
Pouring absolute viscosity tubes, 40
Precision statement, for AASHTO T
313 BBR, 187
Precision, asphalt testing variability,
185186
Pumping, PG specification, 99

R
Rancho LaBrea, 5
Recovery and stress-strain tests,
170171
Residuum content, of crude oils, 9
Rheological properties, of angles, 204
Rheology, asphalt, 201204
Ring and ball softening point, 157
Ring-and-ball softening point test,
154157
Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test, 5053
Roofing, air-blown asphalts, 153
Rotational viscometer, 6467
Rotational viscosity test, 158
RTFOT. See Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test
Rutting, 100
RV. See rotational viscometer

S
Safe handling, asphalts
asphalt fume, 182
storage temperatures, 181182
Safety
overview, 179
PG specification, 99
safe handling, 181182
SBR latex modification, of hot asphalt
cement, 164

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SBS blending system, for asphalt

terminals, 165
SBS pellets, 165
Scraping, 93
Scraping RTFO residue, into
container, 54
Scraping tool, 54
Separation tests, 169170
Shear modulus, asphalt cements, 68
SHRP. See Strategic Highway Research
Program
Silicone mold, 71
Size exclusion chromatogram, 18
Solubility crucibles, 58
Solubility test, 170
asphalt cements, 5658
Solubility use, in asphalt specifications,
199200
SP apparatus, 156
Specific gravity, 214
Specific gravity calculations, 215216
Specific gravity pycnometers, 58
Specific gravity test, asphalt
cements, 58
Specific heat, 218
SSF. See steady shear flow procedure
Standard emulsified asphalt grades, 124
Steady shear flow procedure, 211213
Storage temperatures, 181182
Strategic Highway Research Program, 17

T
T&T equipment and operation, 175
T&T output, 176
Tank measurements, 216217
Temperature-viscosity example,
for mixing and compaction
temperatures, 208
Temperature-viscosity graph, 210
Temperature-volume relationships
calculations, 214215
density, 214
specific gravity, 214
tank measurements, 216217
Testing variability
asphalt binder tests, 187191
dispute resolution, 187195
overview, 183
repeatability, 185186
reproducibility, 185186

Index

7/9/11 2:57 PM

TFOT. See Thin-Film Oven Test

Thermal conductivity, of asphalt
binders, 218
Thermal cracking, PG
specification, 101104
Thermal effects, 28
Thin-Film Oven Test, 50
Time-temperature superposition, 25
TLA. See Trinidad Lake asphalts
TLA composition, and particle size
distribution, 5
Toughness and tenacity test, 174
Trimming ductility specimen, 55
Trinidad Lake asphalts, 45

Viscosity grading, 62
Viscosity procedure, 207210
Viscosity tests, asphalt cements
absolute viscosity tests, 3941
apparent viscosity tests, 4345
kinematic viscosity tests, 4143
Viscosity vs. SSF procedure, 213
Viscosity-graded specification, asphalt
cements, 6063

W
Warm-mix asphalt, 206
Water, 125
Waterproofing, 154
WMA. See warm-mix asphalt

Undersealing, 154

V
Vapor pressure, storage
temperatures, 218
Variability, in asphalt binder tests,
187191
Viscosity comparison, phase angle
procedure, 213

MS-26

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