4 FireSmoke Control Stair Pressurization.28122850

Energy Efficient Building Design
College Of Architecture
Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago
Stairwell
Pressurization
ASHRAE 1999 HVAC Applications Handbook 51.9

B = 7.64 * ( 1/To - 1/Ts )
DPsbt = DPsbb + [ By / { 1 + ( Asb/Abo)2 } ]
Q = 1740 * N * Asb * X
X = [ (DPsbt)3/2 - (DPsbb)3/2 ] / [ DPsbt - DPsbb ]
Table-1: Door Leakage Area
Height (ft)
7
User
Width (ft)
3
Leak-Area (ft2)
Input
Doors in Parallel: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, --- An
Area (ft2)
21
Avge 1/8"
0.21
Calculated
Effective Leakage Area (Ae)
Perim (ft)
20
3/4" Undercut
0.36
by Program
Ae = A1 + A2 + ----- + An
Table-2: Elevator Doors
Leak Area (ft2)
Minim
0.55
Maxim
0.70
Table-3: Leakage Areas: Walls, Floors
A = Leakage Are As = Surface Area
Construction
A/As
Exterior Walls
Tight
0.00007
Avg
###
Loose
0.00042
Stairwell Walls Tight
0.00002
Avg
###
Loose
0.00035
Elevator Shaft WaTight
0.00018
Avg
0.00084
Loose
0.00180
Floors
Avg
0.00005
To
Ts
DPsbb
B
N
y
Asdb
Aswb
Abo
Asb
DPsbt
DPsb
X -n
X -d
Q
Table-4 Additional CFM for Open Doors

Vel thru # of Doors (7' x 3') Open
Door
1
3
4
25
525
1,575
2,100
50
1,050
3,150
4,200
100
2,100
6,300
8,400
150
3,150
9,450
12,600
A1
An
Doors in Series: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, A3, --- An
A1
An
Effective Leakage Area (Ae) Doors in Series

Ae = [ 1/A12 + 1/A22 + 1/A32 + ----- + 1/An2 ] -0.5
ASHRAE Pressure Minimum Stairwell Pressure (in. H2 0.052
Recommendatio Maximum Stairwell Pressure (in. H2 0.551
Building Length (
Use square root of floor area i 115
Building Width (ft)
building is not rectangular 104
Stairwell Plan View Length (ft)
10
Stairwell Plan View Width (ft)
10
Temperature of Outdoor Air in Winter (deg F)
-4
Temperature of Outdoor Air (deg Rankine)
456
Temperature of Stairwell Air (deg F)
70
Temperature of Stairwell Air (deg Rankine)
530
MIN Press Difference Stair & Bldg at Bottom of St 0.05
B = 7.64 * ( 1/To - 1/Ts )
0.00234
Number of Floors
36
Floor to Floor Height (ft)
11
Distance between Stairwell Bottom and Top (ft)
396
Leakage Area between Stairwell Door & Bldg Space per 0.21
Wall Surface Area between Stairwell & Bldg Space per f 440
Stairwell Wall Tightness Leakage Area (ft2)
###
Flow Area between Stairwell Wall & Bldg per Floor (ft2 0.0484
Exter Wall Surface Area between Bldg and Outside per 4818
Building Exterior Wall Tightness Leakage Area (ft2)
###
Flow Area between Building & Outside per Floor (ft2) 1.01178
Total Flow Leakage Area Stairwell & surrounding Space0.25840
MAX Press Difference Stair & Bldg at Top of Stair ###
AVG Press Difference between Stair & Bldg Spac ###
[ (DPsbt)3/2 - (DPsbb)3/2 ]
0.87073
[ DPsbt - DPsbb ]
0.86964
Supply Air (cfm)
16,207
Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP
Lb
Wb
Ls
Ws
to
To = to + 460
Ts = ts + 460
PD-min
B = 7.64 * ( 1/To - 1/Ts )
N
H
y=N*H
Dor-lkg See Table-1 or -2
W-sb = 2 * ( Ls + Ws ) * H
Str-lkg See Table-3
F-sb = W-sb * Str-lkg
Wall-ext = 2 * ( Lb + Wb ) * H * N
Bld-lkg See Table-3
F-bo = W * Bld-lkg
Tot-lkg = Dor-lkg + Str-lkg
Fan Static Pressure
PD-avg = ( PD-min + PD-max ) / 2
PD-max = PD-min +
(B*y) / (1+(Tot-lkg/F-bo)^2 )
Q = 1740*N*Asb*X-n/X-d
Arch-551 (Fall) Arch-552 (Spring)
Example
= A1 , A2, --- An
Table-4 Additional CFM for Open Doors

Vel thru # of Doors (7' x 3') Open
Door
1
3
4
25
525
1575
2100
50
1050
3150
4200
100
2100
6300
8400
150
3150
9450
12600
Building Length (fUse square root of floor area if

115
Building Width (ft)
building is not rectangular
104
Stairwell Plan View Length (ft)
10
Stairwell Plan View Width (ft)
10
Temperature of Outdoor Air in Winter (deg F)
-4
To
Temperature of Outdoor Air (deg Rankine)
456
Temperature of Stairwell Air (deg F)
70
Ts
Temperature of Stairwell Air (deg Rankine)
530
DPsbb MIN Press Difference Stair & Bldg at Bottom of Stair (i 0.05
###
B
B = 7.64 * ( 1/To - 1/Ts )
N
Number of Floors
36
Floor to Floor Height (ft)
11
y
Distance between Stairwell Bottom and Top (ft)
396
Asdb Leakage Area between Stairwell Door & Bldg Space per 0.21
Wall Surface Area between Stairwell & Bldg Space per 440
0.0001
Stairwell Wall Tightness Leakage Area (ft2)
Aswb Flow Area between Stairwell Wall & Bldg per Floor (ft 0.048
Exter Wall Surface Area between Bldg and Outside per 4818
0.0002
Building Exterior Wall Tightness Leakage Area (ft2)
Abo
Flow Area between Building & Outside per Floor (ft2) 1.0118
Asb
Total Flow Leakage Area Stairwell & surrounding Spac 0.258
###
DPsbt MAX Press Difference Stair & Bldg at Top of Stair (in)
DPsb AVG Press Difference between Stair & Bldg Space (in) ###
###
X -n
[ (DPsbt)3/2 - (DPsbb)3/2 ]
###
X -d
[ DPsbt - DPsbb ]
###
Q
Supply Air (cfm)
Supply CFM = 16,000

16,207
2,100
18,307
for stair pressurization

4 doors open at 25 fpm
Total Fan CFM
No. of Floor No. Fan Total

Floors
Roof
CFM = 16,000
1
Mech-36
2
35
3
34
2,000
4
33
5
32
6
31
7
30
2,000
8
29
9
28
10
27
11
26
2,000
12
25
13
24
14
23
15
22
2,000
16
21
17
20
18
19
19
18
2,000
20
17
21
16
22
15
23
14
2,000
24
13
25
12
26
11
27
10
2,000
28
9
29
8
30
7
31
6
2,000
32
5
33
4
34
3
35
2
2,000
36
1
37
B1
cfm
cfm
cfm
cfm
cfm
cfm
cfm
cfm
cfm
2,000 cfm
2,000 cfm
2,000 cfm
2,000 cfm
2,000 cfm
2,000 cfm
2,000 cfm
2,000 cfm
2,000 cfm

College of Architecture
Zone & Stair Pressurization
ASHRAE 1999 HVAC Applications Handboo
for Fire Control
Default User Input
Uniform Building Code (UBC Project User Input
Project Name
Calculated
Table-1: Door Leakage Area
Doors in Series: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, A3, --- An
Height (ft)
Width (ft)
Area (ft2)
21
Avge 1/8"
0.21
Perim (ft)
20
3/4" Undercut
0.36
Leak-Area (ft2)
A1
An
Table-2: Elevator Doors
Leak Area (ft2)
Ae = [ 1/A12 + 1/A22 + 1/A32 + ----- + 1/An2 ] -0.5
Minimum
0.55
Maximum
0.70
Doors in Parallel: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, --- An

Effective Leakage Area (Ae). Ae = A1 + A2 + ----- + An
Table-3: Leakage Areas for Walls and Floors
Stairwell Walls
A/As
UBC
Tight
###
Avg
###
Loose
###
Tight
###
Avg
###
Loose
###
Elev. Shaft Wal Tight
Floors & Roofs
Supply only
Qs
Pressurized
Sandwich Floor
###
Exhaust only
###
###
Avg
###
Loose
###
Avg
###
###
###
Exit Enclosures UBC
Normal
An
###
Fire Floor
Qe
Exhaust
Supply only
Qs
Pressurized
Sandwich Floor
Elevators
Shafts
Exterior Walls
A/As
ASHRAE
AC Return
Pressurized Stairs
Construction
Smoke Exhaust
AC Supply
A/As = Leakage Area / Surface Area
Normal
Normal Operation
(All Other Floors)
A1
Fire Floor: Smoke Exhaust Damper is Open. HVAC Supply, Return and Exhaust (TX & GX) Air Dampers are Closed
Sandwich Floors: (above & below fire floor) HVAC Supply Damper is Open. Return and all Exhaust Dampers are Closed
All Other Floors: Smoke Exhaust Damper is Closed. Normal Supply, Return & Exhaust (TX & GX) operating conditions
Color Key
Total Leakage Area between Fire Space and Adjacent Spaces
Fire Space Area (ft2) = 7,400
Elev Shaft Area/Flr (ft2)
950
Floor to Ceiling Height (
Number of Elevators =
A (leakage) / As (floor) 0.0005
A (leakage) / As (elev)
0.0008
Flr & Clg Leakage Area
Elev Leakage Area (ft2)
Total Leakage Area (A)
15.46
12
7.4
Wall Area/Flr (ft2) =
1500
Number of Walls =
A (leakage) / As =
0.0002
Wall Leakage Area (ft2) 1.26

Door Leakage Area per
Number of Doors =
Total Door Leakage =
Project User Input

Calculated
F = Fdc + (5.2 x W x A x DP) / (2 x (W - d))
d = distance from door handle to
latch edge of door (ft)
A = Exit Door Area (ft2) =
Press. Fire Space (in.) =
Press. Adjac Space (in.)
0.05
0.36
5
Default User Input
W = Door Width (ft) =
1.8
Qs = 2610 x A x sqrt(DP)
CFM/FT2 =
1.2
ACH @ Ceiling H
6.1
Skidmore, Owings Merrill, LLP
21
3
DP = Press Diff. Across Door (in 0.05

Fdc = Force to overcome Door
Closing Device (lbf) =
Min Exh fr Fire Space 9,023
0.25
10
F = Exit Door Opening Force 13.0
Boston
British Standards Inst
Stairwell Pressurization
BSI 5588 Part 4 : Fire design 1978

In. H2O to N/m2 (Pa) 248.76
1.7
cfm to L/s
0.472
3.281
m2 to ft2
10.764
m3/hr to cfm
meters to feet
Door Leakage
Door opens rela Ht
Pressurized Sp
Space Pressurization Levels

Wd
Perimter Leak Area

Leak-A / Perim
Bldng Height
Emergency Operation
(1) Single open 2
0.8
5.6
18 0.01 ### ### ### < 12 < 40 50 ###
(2) Single ope
0.8
5.6
18 0.02 ### ### ###>= 12

>= 40 50 ### 15 ###
ft
m2
ft2 m2/mft2/ft
ft
Pa
In
Pa
In
###
Doors in Series: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, A3, --- Effective Leakage Area (Ae)
Doors in Parallel: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, A3, --- An
Ae = A1 + A2 + ----- + An
A1
An
A1
Ex: Stairwell (doors in parallel)
SI
IP
Leakage Area/Door ### ###
Ae = [ 1/A12 + 1/A22 + 1/A32 + ----- + 1/An2 ] -0.5
Total floors
36
36
Required Air Supply to maintain pressure difference
Eff. Leakage Area ( ### ###
between Pressurized Space and Adjacent Space
Stairwell Pressure ( 120 ###
Q = 0.827 x A x P0.5
Space Pressure (Pa) 12 ###
Q = Air Supplr (m3/s) to the pressurized space
Supply Air (m3/s### cfm
A = Total effective leakage area (m2)
Supply Air (L/s) ###
P = Pressure Level (Pa) in pressurized spa
###
An
Stair Pressure - Space Pressure

NoteInput to this Program can be entered on the ASHRAE Sheet
You can override the ASHRAE input by entering
data directly in the orange cells
Info from ASHRAE Form or enter input directly
Calculated by Program
ign 1978
Natural Ventilation
User Input
Wind Only
Q=C4*Cv*A*U
InsideTempTi
50
HourstoMinutes
60
2xgrav.Const
64.4
OpeningAreaft2
100
HeightBot-Topft
110
Flow Due to Thermal Forces

To
Cd
(Ti-To)/Ti
Flow Due to Wind Only
Q=AirFlowRate,cfm
Q
CFM
Cv=OpeningEffectivenessCoeff
A=OpeningArea,ft2
0.525
1.000
265,124
U=WindVelocity,mph
10
0.500
0.800
225,842
g=GravitationalConstant
Dir
10
20
40
60
80
90
20
0.475
0.600
185,806
Spd
Cv
Cv
Cv
Cv
Cv
Cv
30
0.450
0.400
143,725
Thermal Only
mph
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
40
0.425
0.200
95,983
Q=60*Cd*A*sqrt(2*g*DH*abs(Ti-To)Ti)
50
0.400
0.000
8,800
13,200
17,600
22,000
26,400
30,800
60
0.375
0.200
84,691
Cd=DischargeCoeffforOpening
10
17,600
26,400
35,200
44,000
52,800
61,600
70
0.350
0.400
111,786
DH=DifferenceinOpeningHeights,ft
15
26,400
39,600
52,800
66,000
79,200
92,400
80
0.325
0.600
127,130
Ti=InsideTemp,F
20
35,200
52,800
70,400
88,000 105,600 123,200
90
0.300
0.800
135,505
To=OutsideTemp,F
25
44,000
66,000
88,000 110,000 132,000 154,000
100
0.275
1.000
138,875
30
52,800
79,200 105,600 132,000 158,400 184,800
110
0.250
1.200
138,300
Cd=0.4+0.0025*(Ti-To)

4 FireSmoke Control Stair Pressurization.28122850

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4 FireSmoke Control Stair Pressurization.28122850

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Energy Efficient Building Design

ASHRAE 1999 HVAC Applications Handbook 51.9

Table-4 Additional CFM for Open Doors

Effective Leakage Area (Ae) Doors in Series

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Arch-551 (Fall) Arch-552 (Spring)

Energy Efficient Building Design

Table-4 Additional CFM for Open Doors

Building Length (fUse square root of floor area if

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

for stair pressurization

No. of Floor No. Fan Total

Arch-551 (Fall) Arch-552 (Spring)

Energy Efficient Building Design

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Arch-551 (Fall) Arch-552 (Spring)

Energy Efficient Building Design

Zone & Stair Pressurization

Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

ASHRAE 1999 HVAC Applications Handboo

for Fire Control

Default User Input

Uniform Building Code (UBC Project User Input

Table-1: Door Leakage Area

Doors in Series: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, A3, --- An

Table-2: Elevator Doors

Effective Leakage Area (Ae) Doors in Series

Leak Area (ft2)

Ae = [ 1/A12 + 1/A22 + 1/A32 + ----- + 1/An2 ] -0.5

Doors in Parallel: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, --- An

Table-3: Leakage Areas for Walls and Floors

Elev. Shaft Wal Tight

Floors & Roofs

Exit Enclosures UBC

A/As = Leakage Area / Surface Area

Elev Shaft Area/Flr (ft2)

Floor to Ceiling Height (

A (leakage) / As (floor) 0.0005

Flr & Clg Leakage Area

Elev Leakage Area (ft2)

Total Leakage Area (A)

Wall Area/Flr (ft2) =

Wall Leakage Area (ft2) 1.26

Project User Input

Press. Fire Space (in.) =

Press. Adjac Space (in.)

Default User Input

W = Door Width (ft) =

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill, LLP

DP = Press Diff. Across Door (in 0.05

Min Exh fr Fire Space 9,023

F = Exit Door Opening Force 13.0

Arch-551 (Fall) Arch-552 (Spring)

Energy Efficient Building Design

British Standards Inst

BSI 5588 Part 4 : Fire design 1978

Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Space Pressurization Levels

Perimter Leak Area

(1) Single open 2

18 0.01 ### ### ### < 12 < 40 50 ###

(2) Single ope

18 0.02 ### ### ###>= 12