Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
to whom justice has been denied by a cruel and heartless society for
generations. It is through public interest litigation that problems of
poor are now coming to the forefront and the entire theatre of the
law is changing. It holds out great possibilities for the future.
The Supreme Court initiated this case by converting a letter written
by the Peoples Union for Democratic Rights. The letter, addressed
to one of Supreme Court judges, was based upon a report made by a
team of three social scientists who were commissioned by the
Peoples Union for Democratic Rights for the purpose of
investigating and inquiring into the condition under which workmen
were employed in the construction work of various projects
connected with the Asian Games. In this case, the Supreme Court
came down heavily against critics of public interest litigation.
It was observed that those who were decrying public interest
litigations, did not seem to realize that the courts are not meant only
for the rich and the well-to-do, for the landlord and the gentry, for
the business magnate and the industrial tycoon but they exist also for
the poor and the downtrodden, the have-nots and the handicapped
and the half-hungry millions. Public interest litigation and judicial
activism has touched almost every aspect of life. Be it the case of
bonded labour, rehabilitation of freed bonded labour, payment of
minimum wages, protection of pavement and slum dwellers, juvenile
offenders, child labour, illegal detentions, torture and maltreatment
of woman in police lock-up, the implementation of various
provisions of the constitution, environment problems, the courts took
cognizance of each case and laid down various judgments to protect
the basic human rights of each and every member of society.
No doubt law regulates the society, but some time society also
regulates law. Changing aspirations of people also affects law.
Constitutions, courts and other parts of the judicial system are made
6
CONSTTUTIONAL POSITION
The Constitution provides for sufficient provisions to maintain the
theory of Separation of Powers. Article 50 prescribes separation of
the Judiciary from the Executive. Articles 121 and 211 forbid the
legislature from discussing the conduct of any judge in discharge of
his duties. Articles 122 and 212 prohibit the courts from sitting in
judgement over the internal proceedings of the legislature. Article
105 (2) and 194(2)on the other hand, protect the legislators from
interference of the courts with regards their freedom of speech and
expression.
Thus the Constitution of India, tries its best to inculcate
Montesquieus theory of Separation of Powers, but what actually
happens when the Judiciary actually over steps? And what exactly is
overstepping by the judiciary. These questions have remained
unanswered by the Constitution.
Judicial review is a significant source of Judicial Activism. One can
say that the seeds of Judicial Activism were sown in Judicial
Review. Though in India, the Constitution does not specifically
mention the power of Judicial Review, but it does mention that any
act violative of Fundamental Rights can be declared
unconstitutional. Thus the Judiciary can override the powers of the
Legislature through Judicial Review. In India power of Judicial
Review is now considered to be a basic feature of the Constitution.
Initially the power of Judicial review was limited to checking the
acts or decisions affecting fundamental rights, but lately the
Judiciary has also started expressing its concern in matters relating
to social, developmental and environmental issues.
It could be easily said that the Emergency of 1975 and the period
immediately thereafter constituted defining moments for Judicial
Activism in India. The infamous ADM Jabalpur v Shukla,
popularly known as the Habeas Corpus case was decided and was a
blow to the civil liberties in India. The suspension of Article 21
8
10
11
12
13
ACCOUNTABILITY OF JUDICIARY
One of the main concerns for the critics of Judicial Activism is that
the law making done by judges is no good till it is brought into
effect. The Law making organ of the government -the Legislature
has the means of making laws and bringing them into effect,
unfortunately the Judiciary does not. So what happens when the
Judiciary makes a law but fails to effectively implement it because
of lack of means to do so?
S.P Sathe in his book Judicial Activism in India-Transgressing
Borders and Enforcing Limits makes a difference between Judicial
Law making in the Realist Sense and Non Realist Sense. He says
that Judicial Law making in the realist sense is what the Court does
when it expands the meanings of the words personal liberty or due
process of law or freedom of speech and expression. When
however the Court lays down guidelines for inter-country adoption,
against sexual harassment of working women at the work-place, or
abolition of child labour, it is not judicial law making in the realist
sense but amounts to legislating like a legislature. Sathe terms this as
judicial excessivism.
It is when such law making is undertaken by the Judiciary that the
question of how to implement the law arises. If the Legislature
passes legislation to the effect, it would be a picture perfect scenario.
But when the Legislature refuses to take an action, there is a vacuum
thats created between the law pronounced in the Judgement and its
actual implementation. A court is not equipped with the skills and
competence to discharge functions that essentially belong to the
other co-ordinate organs of the government.
The second question that arises is whether such legislation by the
Court is desirable?- this can be answered in context with Separation
of Powers Doctrine, But the desirability of such a legislation can be
contested vis a vis the fact that such law making by the court might
not see all future requirements and might have been made without
taking into consideration various viewpoints. For e.g. Vishakhas
14
15
SEPERATION OF POWERS
Separation of Powers doctrine as envisaged by Montesquieu has
been held as one of the basic features of our Constitution. There
could be five categories of Judicial Action which could be further
categorised into Activism and Excessivism Minimal Judicial action and literal interpretation : Under
this the Judiciary can traverse only territory demarcated for
them by the legislature and the executive, and as such there is
no controversy, neither there is any scope of any controversy.
Creative or purpose interpretation : for instance expanding
the meaning of certain terms.
The Oversight Function over the Executive : Executive
action or malfunction, Filling in gaps and exercising oversight
over the executive inaction.
The Oversight Function over the Legislature: Making
common law, ad hoc legislation where legislature fails to
legislate, or there are lacunae in existing legislation and
passing orders and directions and reviewing functioning of the
legislature.
Creative interpretation which amounts to rewriting the
Constitution.
There is no straight jacket formula which will help in arriving at a
conclusion that Judiciary has overstepped or it has been well within
its limits. A case, how decided is dependent on how a judge
perceives it and integrates his wisdom with the law of the land to
arrive at a conclusion. So there is no objectivity but only subjectivity
that becomes a deciding factor to determine whether the Doctrine
has been diluted or not.
Glaring examples of Judiciary overstepping its limits and stepping in
to the area of the executive has been orders passed by Honourable
16
Delhi High Court on subjects ranging from age and other criteria for
nursery admissions, unauthorised schools , begging in public, auto
rickshaw overcharging, size of speed breakers on the road. These are
clearly policy areas, where the Judiciary has interfered and
legislated.
It is believed that the framers of our Constitution took care to
provide for an independent and impartial Judiciary as the interpreter
of the Constitution and as the custodian of the rights of the citizens
through the process of Judicial Review, which permits the Judiciary
to interpret laws but not lay them down. Judicial review is much
stricter a concept, whereas Judicial Activism, as the name suggests is
much wider in scope. The framers, it is true, only permitted to
enquire into any legislation or an executive action. But Judicial
Activism tends to hijack the functions of the other organs and act
upon it.
The question then arises is that why would Judiciary overstep? And
the answer to this is given by Sathe very clearlyThose Indians who finding that the legislatures and the executive
s are not responding to their grievances turn to courts for
protection against injustice from a class-structured polity, and
secure some relief, however paltry, have begun to look to the Court
as their own choice. Sathe further adds that Judicial process is
expensive dilatory and technical and if it is preferred despite such
inherent defects, it is only because the other avenues of redressal
have become ineffective and unreliable.
This is how the entire concept of Public Interest Litigation came up
and it sprouted from nowhere but from an Activist Judiciary.
Having stated the reasons for the Judiciary overstepping, the
pertinent question here is whether this overstepping is diluting the
Doctrine and thus being contrary to the Constitution? The question
can be answered in the light of the following parameters True Constitution, although makes separate provisions for
three organs of the state, does not place them in watertight
compartments.
17
18
19
CONCLUSION
As we can see the Doctrine of Separation of Powers runs as a thread
in all the major areas of concern discussed above. In a way it is
actually the Doctrine which raises a major concern and the other
concerns flow out from it. Be it the infrastructure missing for the
Judiciary to implement the laws or whether the Judiciary is
influenced by the political establishment of the day, Separation of
Powers is at the root. And when exactly does the Judiciary dilutes
the doctrine and crosses the limits is not defined.
If the intention of the framers of the Constitution was to not let the
Judiciary legislate, it could have placed all three organs in separate
water tight compartments, which it has very clearly not. Even the
framers of the Constitution intended to give space to the Judiciary to
move around and about the line of separation. Though there are
examples of the Legislature exercising the Judicial Power- for
instance in the disputes arising out of the 10 th Schedule of the
Constitution. And similarly the Executive while exercising statutory
and discretionary powers takes up adjudicatory role and also makes
laws by way of subordinate legislation or by promulgation of
Ordinances in terms of Article 123 and 213 of the Constitution. But
it is only the Judiciary which is by way of Article 142 given wide
powers to pass orders or decrees in furtherance of Justice. Thats the
trust that the framers have placed in the higher Judiciary. And such a
trust has to come with responsibility. Because without responsibility
such trust can become tyrannical and the consequences a havoc for a
democracy.
The legitimacy of the Court and Judicial Activism is derived from
the faith that people repose in the Judiciary and thus Courts have to
continuously strive to maintain their legitimacy. Also one has to
understand that Judges after all are human beings and to err is only
human. An activist Judge has to be prepared to take criticism of his
judgements. This is an important tool to keep a check on the fact that
20
the trust that the framers of the Constitution have put in the Judiciary
of the country, is respected and is maintained with responsibility.
Justice Y.K Sabharwal said in an interview
When the Supreme Court declares that executive and the
legislature has exceeded its limits and crossed province the
judgement is a decision on behalf of We the people of India, to
whom the legislature and the executive are accountable
Judicial Activism provides a safety valve in a democracy. Just a few
concerns need to be addressed so as to prevent Judiciary from
usurping the powers of the other organs. And instead of accusing
Judiciary of Over reach, a mechanism to concretise such guidelines
into legislations actively, should be devised. The panacea for the so
called evil over-reach is with the Judiciary itself and self
restraint is the best form of keeping a check on itself.
To conclude quoting a few lines That plants slowly nurtured by judicial craftsmanship have
grown into sturdy trees and have blossomed with colourful and
fragrant flowers. Judicial Activism has added much needed
oxygen to a gigantic democratic experiment in India by the
alchemy of judico-photosynthesis
21
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY SOURCE
S.P.Sathe , book on Judicial activism
Fali.S.Nariman, Before Memory Fades-An Autobiography
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Judicial Activism
Yojna magzine
SECONDARY SOURCE
Satyabrata Sinha, Judicial Activism: Its Evolution and
Growth
P.P.Rao, Judicial Activism Its Positive and Negative Aspects
Prof D Banerjia , Judicial Activism-Dimensions and Directions
DR K.N Katju Memorial Lecture on Separation of Powers
and Judicial Activism in India
22