1

CHAPTER 20: LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT

1.

4.

INTRODUCTION
In Paramoecium, ____ helps in the movement of food
through the ____ and in locomotion as well.
cilia, cytopharynx

2.

8.

TYPES OF LOCOMOTION
Cells of the human body exhibit three main types of
movements. Name them.
Amoeboid, ciliary and muscular

A03.

14.

MUSCLES
Muscle is a specialised tissue of ____ origin. About ____% of
the body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles.
mesodermal, 40 50

A04.

17.

Based on their location, three types of muscles are identified.

Name them.
Skeletal, Visceral, Cardiac

5.

20.

SKELETAL MUSCLES
The major component of muscle is ____. ____ (an element) is
the most abundant mineral element in muscles. Other
minerals are present only in traces.
water, Potassium

6.

31.

VISCERAL MUSCLES
Give two examples of where visceral muscles are seen in
action.
(i)
Transportation of food through the digestive tract.
(ii)

7.

36.

Transportation of gametes through the genital tract.

CARDIAC MUSCLES
Cardiac muscle fibres have some lateral branches known as

____ ____ to form a contractile network.

oblique bridges
STRUCTURE
A08.

38.

OF MUSCULES FOR CONTRACTION

(Explained with the help of skeletal muscles)

Each organised skeletal muscle in the human body is made
up of a number of muscle bundles or ____ held together by a
common ____ connective tissue layer called ____.
fascicles, collagenous, fascia

A09.

50.

In the centre of the I band is an elastic fibre called the ___

line, which bisects it. The thin filaments are firmly attached
to this line.
Z

A10.

51.

The thick filaments in the A band are held together in the

middle of the A band by a thin fibrous membrane called
the ___ line.
M

A11.

53.

The function of the myofibril between two successive ____

lines is considered as the functional unit of contraction and is
called a ____.
Z, sarcomere

A12.

55.

The central part of the thick filament, not overlapped by

thin filaments, is called the ____ zone.
H

A13.

58.

STRUCTURE OF CONTRACTILE PROTEINS

Each actin (thin) filament is made up of two ___
(filamentous) actins ____ wound to each other.
F, helically

A14.

59.

Each F actin is a polymer of monomeric ____ (Globular)

actins. Two filaments of another protein, ____, also run close
to the F actins throughout its length.
G, tropomyosin

A15.

60.

A complex protein, ____, is distributed at regular intervals

on the tropomyosin.
troponin

A16.

63.

Each myosin (thick) filament is also a polymerised protein.

Many monomeric proteins called ____ constitute one thick
filament.
Meromyosins

A17.

66.

Myosin also contributes ____% of muscle protein by weight.

55

A18.

69.

The HMM component of meromyosin (i.e. the head and

short arm) projects outwards at regular distance and angle
from each other from the surface of a polymerised myosin
filament and is known as ____ ____.
cross arm

A19.

70.

The globular head of the meromyosin is an active ____

enzyme and has binding sites for ____ and active sites for
____.
ATPase, ATP, actin

A20.

71.

MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Muscle contraction is best explained by the ____ ____
theory, which states that contraction of a muscle fibre takes
place by the sliding of the ___ (thick/thin) filaments over the

____ (thick/thin) filaments.

sliding filament, thin, thick
A21.

74.

neural

signal

reaching

this

junction

releases

neurotransmitter (____ ____), which generates an ____ ____

in the sarcolemma.
acetyl choline, action potential
A22.

76.

Increase in Ca ion levels leads to the binding of calcium with

a subunit of ____ on actin filaments and, thereby, remove the
masking of active sites for ____.
troponin, myosin

A23.

77.

Utilising the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin now

binds to the exposed active sites on actin for form a ____
____.
cross bridge

A24.

79.

The formation of the cross bridge pulls the attached actin

filaments towards the centre of the ____ band. The ____
line attached to these actins is also pulled inwards causing a
shortening of the ____, i.e. contraction. In addition, the
____ bands get reduced, while the ___ band retains the
length.
actin, A, sarcomere, I, A

A25.

85.

The cycle of cross bridge formation and breakage continues

till the calcium ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic
____ resulting in the ____ of actin filaments. This causes the
return of ____ lines back to their original position, i.e. ____.
cisternae, masking, Z, relaxation

A26.

87.

Repeated activities of the muscles can lead to the

accumulation of ____ ____ due to anaerobic breakdown of
____ in them, causing fatigue.
lactic acid, glycogen
SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL

A27.

105.

VERTEBRAL COLUMN
The vertebral column is formed by ____ serially arranged
units called vertebra. They are placed dorsally.
26

A28.

111.

How many bones are there in (i) Cervical (ii) Thoracic (iii)
Lumbar (iv) Sacral and (v) Coccygeal region of the vertebral
column?
7, 12, 5, 1(fused), 1(fused)
STERNUM

A29.

115.

RIBS
There are ____ pairs of ribs. Each rib is a thin flat bone
connected dorsally to the vertebral column and ventrally to
the ____.
12, sternum

A30.

116.

rib

has

two

articulation

surfaces

on

its

____

(dorsal/ventral) end and is, hence, called ____.

dorsal, bicephalic
A31.

117.

The first ____ (hint: number) pairs of ribs are true ribs.
Dorsally, they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae and

ventrally connected to the sternum with the help of ____

cartilage.
seven, hyaline
A32.

118.

The ____, ____ and ____ pairs of ribs do not articulate

directly with the sternum but join the seventh rib with the
help of ____ cartilage. These ribs are called ____ (false) ribs.
8th, 9th, 10th, hyaline, vertebronchondral

A33.

120.

The ____ vertebrae, ribs and sternum together form the rib
cage.
thoracic

A34.

123.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The bones of the hand (fore limb) are ____, ____, ____, ____
(wrist bones), ____ (palm bones) and ____ (digits).
humerous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

A35.

124.

There are ____ carpals, ____ metacarpals and ____

phalanges.
8, 5, 14

A36.

126.

The bones of the leg are ____ (thigh bone), ____ and ____,
____ (ankle bones), ____ and phalanges (digits). A cup
shaped bone called ____ (knee cap) covers the knee ____
(dorsally/ventrally).
femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, patella,
ventrally

A37.

128.

Each human leg has ____ tarsals, ____ metatarsals and ____
phalanges.
7, 5, 14

A38.

132.

The scapula is a large ____ flat bone situated in the dorsal

part of the thorax between the ____ and the ____ ribs.
triangular, second, seventh

A39.

133.

The dorsal, flat, triangular body of the scapula has a slightly

elevated ridge called the _____, which projects as a flat,
expanded process called the ____.
spine, acromion

A40.

134.

The clavicle articulates with the _____.

acromion

A41.

135.

Below the acromion is a depression called the ____ ____,

which articulates with the head of the humerous to form the
shoulder joint.
glenoid cavity

A42.

136.

Each clavicle is a long slender bone with two _____. This

bone is commonly called the ____ bone.
curvatures, collar

A43.

137.

The pelvic girdle consists of two ____ bones.

coxal

A44.

138.

Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones

____, ____ and ____. At the point of fusion of these three
bones, is a cavity called ____ to which the thigh bone
articulates.
ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum

A45.

139.

The

two

halves

of

the

pelvic

girdle

meet

____

(dorsally/ventrally) to form the ____ ____ containing fibrous

cartilage.

ventrally, pubic symphysis

A46.

146.

JOINTS
Fibrous joints are seen in flat ____ bones, which fuse end-toend with the help of dense ____ connective tissues in the
form of ____, to form the cranium.
skull, fibrous, sutures

A47.

148.

The joints between adjacent _____ are cartilaginous joints.

vertebrae

A48.

152.

Give examples of (i) Ball and socket joints (ii) Hinge Joint
(iii) Pivot Joint (iv) Gliding Joint and (v) Saddle Joint.
(i)
Humerous and Pectoral Girdle; Between Femur and
Pelvic Girdle;

A49.

153.

(ii)

Knee Joint; Elbow Joint;

(iii)

Between atlas and axis;

(iv)

Between the carpals;

(v)

Between carpal and metacarpal of thumb.

DISORDERS OF MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

Myasthenia gravis: Auto immune disorder affecting ____
____ leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of ____
muscle.
neuromuscular junction, skeletal

A50.

154.

Muscular dystrophy: Progressive degeneration of ____

muscle mostly due to ____ disorder.
skeletal, genetic

A51.

158.

Gout: Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of ____

____ crystals.
uric acid