Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
in Singapore Rocks
ZHAO Jian
Professor of Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling, EPFL
Tan Swan Beng Endowed Visiting Professor, NTU
College of Engineering
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Jurong
Tuas
Bt Timah
Bt Gombak
Changi
Kallang
Punggol
Jurong Formation
Gombak Norite
Old Alluvium
Sajahat Formation
Kallang Formation
The fresh granite intact rock has average UCS 180 MPa,
highest being over 300 MPa. Weathered materials has much
lower strength.
Jurong Formation
Sedimentary Rocks
Rock type and quality can vary rapidly, due to folded rock
layers.
Sajahat Formation
Appears at the northeast Singapore, Punggol, Pulau Tekong.
It consists of well lithified quartzite, quartz sandstone, and
argillite. Formed during the lower Paleozoic and is the oldest
rock formation in Singapore.
Old Alluvium
Deep caverns in
eastern Singapore
below OA.
Granite/Norite
are ideal for
large caverns.
Jurong Formation
sandstones and
limestone are
suitable for caverns.
Granite bedrock
below OA is suitable
for deep caverns.
ExhibitionWalkway
tunnels
Exit to mid-hill
walkways
Surface
Building
Section shown
in next slide
Caverns Below the Jurong Hill for the Bird Park extension
Proposed Cavern
Cavern dimensions
92x62x25 m
120x80x30 m
Excavated volume
114,100 m3
250,000 m3
Floor area
Maximum seating capacity
Rock mass quality (Q-value)
9,600 m2
5,000
above 10,000
1~12
6~100
15~50 m
50~60 m
0.5~1.8 MPa
2.7~5.4 MPa
Limited
Limited
Rock cover
Horizontal rock stress
5,700 m2
Groundwater
Environment
engineering,
sustainability
Civil engineering,
construction
technology
Architecture,
urban planning,
mobility
Interdisciplinary nature of
underground space technology
Safety and risk,
protective
technology
Information
technology, system
engineering
Geology,
earthquake
engineering
Geothermal energy,
resources
engineering
Law, economics,
sociology,
engineering design
Frozen Zone
Construction
technology for
large scale urban
underground
development
Knowledge associated
with Applications
Integrating
above- and
under-ground
spaces to create
a linked space
system
Planning and
optimising
underground
space with
geology
Safety against
natural and
man-made
hazards,
earthquakes and
tsunamis
Comfort and
appearing of
underground
space and
human factors
Challenges in
research and
development to
create
underground
space
Land ownership,
subsurface space
pricing, publicprivate
partnership
Coupling
underground
space and
resource/energy
utilisations
Kent
Ridge
Kent Ridge
Science Park 2
College of Engineering
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Rock Tunnelling
TBM Tunnelling
Drill-and-blast is a
cyclic process.
Drilling
Charging
Blasting
Ventilation
Scaling
Mucking
Bolting
Shotcreting
Figure by AtlasCopco
Hoek-Brown Strength
Criterion
1 = 3 + (mb 3 ci + s ci2)a
t
Rock Discontinuities
Drill-and-Blast
Figures by AtlasCopco
1
Q = 1.33, tunnel span 20 m
displacement
pressure
Displacement,
Deformation accelerates,
additional support installed,
stabilisation achieved.
Plastic
membrane
Shotcrete
surface
drainage
layer
Concrete
lining
Swellex
Sprayed Concrete
Wet concrete
Steel fibre reinforced
Other fibre reinforced
Steel Sets
Rock mechanics
Cement penetration
and rock blocks
locking, improved
rock mass behaviour.
Segmental Lining
Cast-in Concrete
Suitable Geology
Basis of Design
Joints
The orientation of joints with respect to the axis of
the excavation influence the stability of a cavern.
The orientation of joints influence the amount of
overbreak.
Groundwater
The location of the groundwater surface and
predictions of changes created by the underground
openings can be important considerations in
determining the elevation of a cavern scheme.
In Situ Stresses
a) The flat wall surface has no arching action and high walls
tend to be unstable;
a) For exceptionally high stresses, the shape of the crosssection should be optimised;
b) Optimisation of shape can be analysed based on stress
condition;
c) There are cases that cavern cross-section reshaped due to
anisotropic high stresses.
10
Qwall = 5 Q
Qwall = Q
3
Roof
4
Wall
11
12