LAB MANUAL

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
(2130904)
B.E. 3RD SEM/ 2NDYEAR

Name:

_______________

Roll No:

_______________

ENROLLMENT NO:

_______

SAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

RESEARCH
OPP.SCIENCE CITY, BHADAJ,
AHMEDABAD-380060

SAL INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY AND

ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Opp. Science City, Sola-Bhadaj Road, Ahmedabad

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr/ Ms.

of

Roll No

year/ sem .Degree course in

satisfactorily

completed

his/her

has
term

within four walls of this college during the year 20

work
to 20

Place: _________________

Enrollment No: ________________

Date: __________________

Exam No.: ____________________

Subject Teacher

Head of Department

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in

SAL INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY AND

ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Opp. Science City, Sola-Bhadaj Road, Ahmedabad

INDEX
Sr
.
N
o
1
2
3

Name of Experiment
To obtain Internal and External characteristics of
a D.C Series Generator
To study construction of Transformer
Perform load test on D.C shunt generator and
obtain Internal and External characteristic
To perform speed control of D.C shunt motor by
Field control Method
Armature Control Method
Perform Open circuit Test & Short circuit Test

On Single-phase transformer to obtain

Equivalent circuit parameters

To perform load test on single phase transformer
and find efficiency and regulation

Perform parallel operation of Single Phase

Transformers

Study of Three point starter

Date

Remar
ks

Sign

Study of Four point starter

9
10

To study the construction of D.C machine

INSTRUCTIONS:
1. For reasons of safety, every student must come to the laboratory in shoes. it
is unsafe for the students to come to the laboratory wearing garments with
parts that that hang about loosely
2. The Students should also ensure that floor around the machine is clear and
dry (not oily) to avoid slipping.
3. The student should take the permission of the Lab Staff / Tutor before
handling any machine.
4. Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work
5. The student should not lean on the machine when it is working.
6. Student should bring Record Book and manual every time in lab.
7. Read labels carefully. Never use mobile phones while working in laboratory.
8. Do not exceed the recommended setting or overload the machine
9. Maintain Discipline
10.Beware of what you are doing and follow proper safety procedure.

Date:

Experiment 1
Aim: To obtain Internal and External characteristics of a D.C Series Generator.
Apparatus: Following apparatus are required
1) Voltmeter 0-300 V (MC)
2) Voltmeter 0-30V (MC)
3) Ammeter 0-10A (MC)
4) Lamp bank
5) D.P.S.T switch
Theory: The series Generator is a self- Excited generator with armature, field winding and load
all connected in series, So that the armature current, field current, load current are same. When
the generator is run at its rated speed on no load, no current passes through the field and hence
small emf is induced owing to the residual flux. When the load is given to the generator, the
current passes through the field. If the series field winding is connected properly so as to aid the
residual flux, the terminal voltage increases with load current. The increase in the terminal
voltage continues to increase up to the certain value of the load current. Any further increase in
the load current reduces the terminal voltage. Induced voltage is also reduced due to the armature
reaction at large value of load current.
External Characteristics:It expresses the relationship between terminal voltage and load
current at constant speed. It clearly indicates the terminal voltage maintained by the generator at
a particular load.
Internal Characteristics: It express the relationship between the E.M.F actually induced in the
armature and armature current.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1)

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13) Plot :
a. Terminal Voltage (Vt) V/s Load Current (IL)
b. Induced E.M.F (Ea) V/s Armature Current Ia
Observation Table:
Sr.No Terminal Voltage
(Vt) Volts

Load Current
(IL)Amp

Voltage across
Series (Vse)

Armature
Drop (Va)

Induced E.M.F
(Ea)Volts

Calculation:
Armature drop=Va=Ia*Ra
Induced E.M.F=Ea=Vt+Vse+ Va

Date of completion

Signature of Faculty

Date:
Experiment 2

Aim: To study construction of Transformer

Transformer: A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in the transformer's primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on
the

secondary

winding.

This

varying magnetic

field at

the

secondary

induces

varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding.

Diagram:

Construction: The transformer consist of following parts

Core and windings:Magnetic core and windings (or coils) are the two basic parts of any
transformer. The core is made of silicon or sheet steel with 4 per cent silicon and laminated to
reduce eddy current loss. It may be in either square or rectangular shape. It has two parts. The
vertical portion on which the coil is wound is called the limb of the core, whereas the top and
bottom horizontal portions are called the yoke. The laminations are insulated from each other by
a light coat of core plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface. The thickness of lamination
is 0.35 mm for a frequency of 50 Hz and 0.5 mm for a frequency of 25 Hz. The steel used for
transformer core are either hot rolled or cold rolled. The maximum value of flux density
permitted to hot-rolled steel is 1.45 Wb/mm2. The maximum value of flux density permitted to
cold-rolled steel is 1.8 Wb/m2, and it is 2535 per cent more expensive than the hot-rolled steel.
The cold-rolled grain-oriented (CRGO) steel sheet with a silicon content of 3 per cent is also
used for magnetic circuits of transformer.

Transformer Tank:The factors such as weight, stray load losses and minimum cost are kept in
mind while selecting the material for transformer tank. The material must be capable to
withstand stresses due to jacking and lifting and must have capacity to house cores, windings and
internal connections giving adequate clearance between the windings and the walls. Rolled steel
plates are used for tank bodies of most of the transformers. Small tanks are generally welded
from steel plates. The larger tanks are assembled from boiler plates. Usage of aluminium for
transformer tank reduces the weight and the stray magnetic losses. However, it increases the cost
and also needs special attention for lifting to present stressing. The aluminium tanks are usually
made of cast aluminium tank parts, which are mounted on a shallow mild steel tray and are
arranged to carry the main lifting.
Oil:Transformer oil is a mineral (clean hydrocarbon) oil, which is obtained by refining crude
petroleum. It has the following purposes:

It provides additional insulation.

It carries away the heat generated in the core and the coils.

It protects the paper from dirt and moisture.

Transformer oil has the following properties:

High dielectric strength.

Low viscosity to provide heat transfer.

Good resistance to emulsion.

It must be free from inorganic acid, alkali and corrosive sulphur.

It must have high flash point.

It must be free from sludging under normal operating conditions

Conservator & Breather:Satisfactory operation of a transformer solely depends on the condition

of the oil. It is required to keep the oil clean and dry. With the rise of temperature, the oil level
increases. Rise of temperature depends on the load of the transformer. If load increases, oil
expands. If load decreases, contraction of oil occurs. Since smaller transformers are not totally
filled by oils, some space is left between tank walls and oil, which is occupied by air. The tank is
connected to the atmosphere through a vent pipe. Air is expelled out if oil expands. Air is drawn
from the atmosphere if oil contracts. When air enters the transformer, it is required to extract
moisture from the air. An apparatus known as breather is used to extract moisture from the air. It
is a small container connected to the vent pipe containing a dehydrating material such as silica
gel crystal impregnated with cobalt chloride. The colour of the material is blue when it is dry. It
becomes whitish pink when it is damp. In front of the container, a glass window is provided to
observe the colour of the material.
If the transformer becomes overloaded, it overheats the oil and sludge formation occurs in
the presence of air. If transformer suffers short circuit, temperature rise becomes very high and
this causes vaporization of a part of the oil, which forms an explosive mixture with air. This
explosive mixture can ignite and cause considerable damage. To prevent the air coming in
contact with air as well as moisture, conservators are used. It takes the responsibility of
expansion and contraction of oil without allowing it to come into contact with air.
Buchholz relay:Buchholz relay having two elements mounted in a small chamber. It is located in
the pipe connection between the conservator and the transformer tank. Heat is produced due to
leakage current for any minor fault and some of the oil in the transformer tank evaporates. Some
vapour comes to the top of the chamber while passing through to the conservator. The oil level
falls due to accumulation of vapour, and the mercury tape attached to the float is tilted closing
the alarm circuit to ring the bell. A release cock is attached to the top of the chamber to release
the pressure of the chamber after operation and gas is emitted. It allows refilling of oil in the
chamber once again. During severe fault, a large volume of gas is evolved, which tilts the lower
element containing a mercury switch mounted on a hinged-type flap and the trip coil is
energized. A test cock is provided at the bottom of the chamber, which allows air to be pumped
into the chamber for test purposes.

Date of Completion

Signature of faculty

Date:
Experiment 3
AIM: Perform load test on D.C shunt generator and obtain Internal and External characteristic
Apparatus: Following apparatus is required
1.
2.
3.
4.

Voltmeter 0-300 V (D.C)

Ammeter 0-3 A & 0-15 A (D.C)
Rheostat 300 ohm, 1.7 A
Tachometer

Theory: The working behavior of a D.C generator under different conditions is studied; the
graphs or curves exhibiting in inter-relations between various quantities are called
characteristics. When load test is performed on D.C shunt generator the terminal voltage of
generator falls down as the load on the generator increases at constant speed of prime mover i.e
speed of generator
Following are the reasons for the terminal voltage of generator falls down as the load on
D.C shunt generator increases.
Armature Resistance drop: As the load increases the armature current I a= If+ IL is increases and
voltage drop IaRa increases due to armature resistance. Hence terminal voltage of generator falls
down
Armature Reaction Drop: Due to the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction, flux is weakened
and e.m.f of a generator will reduce and hence terminal voltage reduced.
Reduced terminal voltage due to above two factors in self- excited D.C shunt generator
field current reduces, hence flux reduces and hence induced e.m.f further reduces
External Characteristics: It gives the relationship between terminal voltage V and load current
IL at constant speed. The characteristics clearly indicate the terminal voltage maintained by the
generator at a particular load. It is also referred as performance characteristics or Voltage
regulating curve.

It can be obtained by two ways: By making simultaneously measurement with a suitable

voltmeter and Ammeter at load side on D.C shunt generator and by graphically from O.C.C
provided that the armature resistance, field resistance and demagnetizing effect are known.
From this characteristic curve we can see that the terminal voltage V t= E - IaRa decreases with
increase in load .But as Ra is very small, though IL changes from no load to full load, the terminal
voltage drop is very small. Hence D.C shunt generator is called Constant Voltage Generator
Internal Characteristics:It gives the relation- ship between e.m.f actually induced in the
armature and armature current. It is also referred as total characteristic. The e.m.f induced &
armature current in the generator is given as
E= V+ IaRa
Ia = IL+If
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit Diagram
2) Switch ON 230 V D.C supply shunt motor and start motor with help of starter
3) Adjust D.C shunt motor speed at rated speed with the help of regulator
4) Keep the load open ,adjust terminal voltage of D.C shunt generator at rated voltage
with the help of shunt field rheostat
5) Note the reading of terminal voltage V, load current IL , field current If at no load
6) Increase the load in steps and note the readings of terminal voltage V,load current IL ,
field current If.
7) Switch Off the load and then switch Off the supply
8) Plot Graph

a. Terminal Voltage (V) V/s Load Current (IL)

b. Induced E.M.F (Ea) V/s Armature Current Ia
Observation table:
Sr.No Terminal
Voltage
(V) Volts

Load
Current
(IL)Amp

Field
Current
(If)Amp

Calculations:
Ia= IL +If
E= V+ IaRa
Observations:
1) Armature Resistance Ra=-------------ohm
2) Speed of Motor or Generator N=------------r.p.m

Armature
Current
(Ia)Amp

Armature
Resistance
Drop IaRa

Induced
e.m.f
(E ) volt

Date of completion:

Signature of Faculty

Date:
Experiment4
AIM: To perform speed control of D.C shunt motor by

Field control Method

Armature Control Method

Apparatus: Following apparatus is required:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Voltmeter 0-300 V (D.C)

Ammeter 0-3 Amp (D.C)
Rheostat 300 ohm,1.7 Amp
Rheostat 50 ohm , 5 Amp
Tachometer
N

Theory: the spped of a D.C motor is given by the equation:

Eb

; Here Eb= Va- IaRa

Field Control method:The magnetic flux set up by the main poles is related to the exciting
current. Speed of the D.C motor is inversely proportional to flux and this inverse relation gives
variation of speed with respect to field current. This method can easily be adopted to shunt motor
by adding a variable resistance called regulating resistance ,R rin series with the shunt field
resistance .With rated voltage applied across the armature and field current ,initially when R r=0,
the field current If will be maximum , a value slightly higher than normal field current. By
increasing the value of Rrthe net resistance of the field circuit is increased. This causes the field
current to decrease and speed to increase from a value slightly lower than the normal level to a
speed higher than the rated speed.
Thus the range of speed variation in this method is from normal value to about two times
more. Higher value is restricted by mechanical considerations
Armature Control Method :In this method the speed of a D.C motor can be changed by adding a
variable resistance in the armature circuit. Addition of extra resistance in the armature circuit
reduces the back e.m.f of the motor which in turn reduces the speed, as the speed is directly
proportional to the back e.m.f. The resistance connected in the armature circuit should be capable
of carrying the large armature current for continuous period. If E b1 is the back e.m.f under normal

operation without any extra resistance and Eb2 is the back e.m.f with extra resistance in the
armature circuit, the network equations representing them are given by following equations:
Eb1=V- Ia(Ra+Rse)
Eb2=V- Ia(Ra+Rse)
Then under constant flux condition , the ratio of speed in the above two occasions is given by:
N 2 Eb 2

N 1 Eb1

.Thus in armature resistance control , the range of speed variation is from normal
speed down to even zero speed.
Circuit Diagram:

Field Control Method

Armature control method

Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connect the machine as shown in the circuit diagram , for field control method
Set Rheostat at minimum position and note the reading of field current If
Measure the speed by tachometer
Now step by step increases the resistance of field winding by rheostat and take different

reading of field current & the corresponding speed at each step

5. Now connect the circuit for armature control method
6. Keep field current constant and vary the voltage across the armature by varying the
position of rheostat which is connected in series with armature
7. Measure the volt across armature and speed at each position of rheostat
8. Draw Graph
N V/s If
N V/sVa
Observation Table:
(a) Field Control Method
Field Current
(If)Amp
Speed
(N) r.p.m
(b) Armature control method:
Armature
Voltage (V)
Speed
(N) r.p.m

Completion Date

Signature of Faculty

Date:
Experiment 5
AIM: Perform Open circuit Test & Short circuit Test On Single-phase transformer to obtain

 Equivalent circuit parameters

Apparatus: Following apparatus is required :
1. Voltmeter (0-300V)
2. Voltmeter (0-30V)
3. Ammeter (0-3A)
4. Ammeter (0-5 A)
5. Wattmeter (0-750 W)
6. Single phase variac
Theory:The Performance of a transformer, namely voltage regulation and efficiency and be
determined by conducting Indirect test known as
1. Open circuit test
2. Short circuit test
In this testing method of transformer, losses are predicted at different load and power factor
without actually loading the transformer in order to evaluate the efficiency and regulation. This
indirect text can be carry out with minimum power consumption
Open circuit Test: This test, shortly called as OC test or as Core loss test has two aims :
1. To find Rm and Xm the shunt branch elements of the equivalent circuit
2. To determine the iron loss at rated voltage.
In this test one of the winding is connected to supply at rated voltage, while the other winding is
kept open circuited. For the convenience and availability of supply this test is usually performed
on the L.V. side, while the H.V. side is kept open circuited as shown in the circuit diagram. Since
no current flows in H.V.winding, the current in L.V.winding will be merely that necessary to
magnetize the core at normal voltage. Moreover this magnetizing current is a very small fraction
of the full load current (3 to 5% of full load current) and may be neglected as far as the copper
loss is concerned. Hence this test gives core loss (Iron Loss). This loss is constant for all loads.
So iron losses are also known as constant losses. As the OC test aims at finding R 0 and Xm, the
value of the shunt branch elements in the equivalent circuit, the current through the series branch
consisting of R01 and X01 is kept zero by keeping the load terminals open circuited. Further, as the
values of R0 and Xm depend on the applied voltage, rated voltage is applied to one winding while
the other winding is open circuited. The total current drawn from the supply under this test I 0 is
current drawn by the two-shunt branch elements R0 and Xm. The active power drawn from the
supply Wo is the power consumed by the resistance R o that represents the iron loss of the
transformer

Short Circuit Test:This test, shortly called as SC test has two aims :
1. To find Rt, Zt and hence Xt, i.e; to find total resistance, impedance and hence reactance of the
transformer referred to a particular side
2.To find the full-load copper loss.
For convenience of supply arrangement and current to be handled this test is usually performed
on the H.V. side, while L.V. side is short circuited as shown in circuit diagram. Since the
transformer resistance and leakage reactance are very small, the voltage (V SC) required to
circulate the full load current under Short Circuit is approximately 5 to 8% of the rated voltage.
As VSC is very low so flux linking with core is very small and therefore iron losses are so small
that it can be neglected. Hence wattmeter reading represents full load copper losses of the
transformer.
During the short circuit test, the load terminal is short circuited by a thick wire. Hence
under this condition the total impedance of the transformer Z 02 gets connected in parallel with
the shunt branch elements Ro and Xm. The Value of R02 is fixed based on the construction of the
Transformer. The value of X02 depends on supply frequency. Under normal operation with rated
frequency it is a constant value. Relatively the values of R 02, X02 and hence Z02 are low. The
values of shunt branch elements R0 and Xm are voltage dependant. Therefore, when a voltage VSC
is applied to the equivalent circuit more current flows through the low impedance path Z 02.
Further, to limit the current taken by this low impedance path below the rated H.V. side current,
only a low voltage need to be applied to the circuit. Hence, neglecting the shunt branch, the
entire current ISC drawn from the supply is assumed to pass only through the low impedance Z 02.
The total active-power drawn form the supply is considered as the power loss accruing in the
total resistance of the Transformer R 02. This power loss is nothing but the total copper loss of the
Transformer
Circuit Diagram
Open circuit Test:

Short Circuit Test:

Procedure:
1. Connect the transformer to supply system through single phase variac by including
appropriate meters as shown in circuit diagram
2. Keep the secondary open circuited and adjust input voltage to a rated value through
variac. Note down the readings of meters connected on primary side of transformer
3. Connect the circuit for short circuit test. Adjust the input voltage through variac such that
rated full load current flows in the secondary of transformer. Note down the readings
Observation Table:
Open circuit Test
Sr.No

Short Circuit Test

Vo (Volt)

Io (Amp)

Wo(Watts)

Sr.No

Vsc (Volt)

Isc (Amp) Wsc(Watts)

Calcutions:
cos o

Wo
Vo I o

1. No load power factor:

2. Active component of no load current=Ic=Io*coso
3. Magnetizing Component of No load=Im=Io*sino
2
WSC I SC
* R02

4. Copper losses=

R02

Z02

WSC
2
I SC

VSC
2
2
X02 Z02
R02
I SC

Where, R02, X02& Z02 is the resistance, reactance & impedance referred to H.V. side.
If the above values referred to L.V. side are required, the following conversion may be carried
out.

V
R01 R02 x LV
VHV

V
x01 x02 x LV
VHV

Date of Completion

Signature of Faculty

Date:
Experiment 6
AIM: To perform load test on single phase transformer and find efficiency and regulation
Apparatus: Following apparatus is required :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Voltmeter (0-150 V)
Voltmeter (0-300V)
Ammeter (0-10 Amp)
Ammeter (0-5 Amp)
Wattmeter (0-750 W)
Single phase variac
Lamp bank

Theory: Efficiency of a apparatus is defined as the ability of a device to convert energy from one
form to another. In other words it is the ratio of the useful power output to the input power.
While converting energy some losses take place in the device. Losses are more in case of rotating
machine due to friction and windage. The transformer is a static device so the efficiency of it
ranges between 96% to 99%.
In the transformer there are mainly two types of losses:
1. Constant losses (Iron losses)
2. Variable losses (Copper losses)
Constant losses are constant for a given frequency and voltage. Variable losses depend upon the
square of the load current. Because of the voltage dropacross the primary and secondary
impedances it is observed that the secondary terminal voltage drop from its no load value E 2 as
the load current increases.
Voltage Regulation: It is defined as the change in magnitude of the secondary terminal voltage
when rated load of specified power factor supplied at rated voltage is thrown off i.e. reduced to
no load with primary voltage held constant as percentage of the rated load terminal voltage.
voltage regulation

E 2 V2
V2

E2=Secondary voltage when load is thrown off.

V2= Secondary voltage at any load and specified power factor

The secondary voltage does not depend only on the magnitude of the load current but also on the
nature of the power factor of load. If V2 is determined for the full load& specified power factor
condition the regulation is called full load regulation. In case of lagging power factor V2<E2 we
get positive voltage regulation and vice versa. The voltage drop should be as small as possible
so that regulation is less and performance of a transformer is better.
To find the efficiency at any load we have to evaluate output and input. Efficiency and regulation
of a transformer on any load and load power factor can be determined by using the direct loading
method known as load test. This method gives accurate results but cannot apply to large
transformers.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1) Connect the transformer to supply through single phase variac.
2) Connect lamp bank on the secondary side of the transformer. Vary load to give load
current equal to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,100%.of the full load current in steps. For each
step observe the reading of ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter connected on both sides of
transformer. At each load condition ,primary voltage must be kept constant at its rated
value with the help of variac
3) To determine regulation, set the rated conditions and disconnect the load. Measure the
secondary no load voltage E2with the primary voltage held constant
4) Draw graph Efficiency Vs Load current
Observation Table:

Sr.No

V1

I1

W1

V2

I2

( volts)

(Amp)

watts

(volts) (Amp)

W2

Efficiency

Regulation

(watts)

W2
W1

E 2 V2

Calculation:
W2
*100
W1

1 % efficiency=
E 2 V2
*100
V2

2.% voltage regulation=

Completion Date

Signature of Faculty

V2

Date:

Experiment 7
AIM: Perform parallel operation of Single Phase Transformers
Apparatus: Following apparatus is required
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Lamp bank
SPST Switch

:
:
:
:

(MI) 150 V
(MI) 500 V
(MI) 5A -2 No.
(MI) 10A

Theory: If the amount of power to be transformed is more than that which can be handled by one
transformer, it becomes necessary to employ two or more units in parallel.For the operation of
transformer in parallel, primary windings are connected to the same supply bus bars and
secondary windings are connected to the load bus bars. It is essential that terminals of similar
polarities be joined to the same bus bars. If it is not done, the two emfs induced in the
secondaries will act together in the local secondary circuit resulting in a dead short-circuit, even
on no load condition. There are certain definite condition which must be satisfied in order to
avoid local circulating current and to ensure that the transformer share the common load in
proportion to their KVA ratings.
Conditions for satisfactory operation of transformer in parallel are:
1. Primary windings of the transformer should be suitable for supply system voltage and
frequency.
2. The transformers should be properly connected with regard to polarity.
3. The transformer should have the same transformation ratio or turn ratio & Voltage ratings
are same.
4. The percentage impedances should be equal in magnitude and have the same X/R ratio.
5. The equivalent impedance should be inversely proportional to the individual KVA rating
in order to avoid circulating current in case of transformers having different KVA ratings.
From the above conditions, condition 1 and 2 are absolutely essential. If condition 3 is not
satisfied, it result in some circulating current will flow even at no load. When load is given to
secondary of transformer, circulating current will tend to produce unequal loading condition. So
full KVA output of transformer cannot be taken from the parallel-connected group. If condition 4
is not satisfied, there will be no circulating current, but the division of load between the

transformers will no longer be proportional to their KVA ratings. Hence the capacities of the
transformers cannot be utilized to a full extent.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

Observation Table:
Load current shared by Load
Transformer-1 (I1Amp)

current shared by Total current(I Amp)

Transformer- 2 (I2Amp)

Conclusion:

Date of Completion
Faculty

Signature of

Date:
Experiment 8
AIM: Study of Three point starter

Introduction: Starter is an additional external device which is required to be connected along

with a dc motor, in order to start the motor in a safe manner.That means starting a dc motor
without a starter is not safe for the motor.
Need of a Starter
1. A motor at rest has no back or counter e.m.f. At starting therefore, the armature current is
limited only by the resistance of the armature circuit.
2. The armature resistance is very low, however, and if full voltage were impressed upon the
motor terminals at stand still, the resulting armature current would be many times fullload value usually sufficient to damage the machine.
3. For this reason, additional resistance is introduced into the armature circuit at starting. As
the motor gains speed, its back e.m.f builds up and the starting resistance is cut out.
Types of starters
There are two types of starters used for the DC motor
1.Three point starter
2.Four point starter
Three Point Starter

This is called three point starter because three points L, A and F are brought out for
the external connection.
Point L: It is the line terminal and should be connected to the positive terminal of the
dc supply.
Point A: It is to be connected to the armature winding.
Point F: It is to be connected to the field winding.
Point L is connected to the overload coil the second end of which is connected to the
handle of the starter.
We can run this handle from OFF to RUN positions manually. The spring attached to
the handle can bring the handle back to its original position. i.e OFF position.
The starter is basically a variable resistor which is divided into a number of sections.
The contact points 1, 2, . 10 are called as studs. The handle makes contact with
these studs when it is moved from points 1 to 10 or in other directions.

 A connection is made from stud 1 to the hold on coil or no volt coil. The other end of
no volt coil is connected to the terminal F.
The overload coil (OLC) and no volt coil (NVC) are the additional protections
provided in the three point starter.

Operation of 3 Point Starter

1. Initially the handle is in the OFF position and the DC supply is turned on.
2. The handle is then moved slowly to make contact with stud 1. As soon as it makes
contact with stud 1, the dc supply gets connected directly to the field winding through the
hold on coil.
3. The dc supply gets connected to the armature winding as well but via the complete starter
resistance. Thus the armature current at the time of starting is kept below a safe value.

4. Now the handle is moved further towards the RUN position, slowly. The starter resistance
coming in series with the armature is gradually cut-out as we move the handle from OFF
to RUN position.
5. When the starter handle reaches the RUN position, the entire starter resistance is cutout
and the motor starts running at the normal speed.
Drawback of 3 Point Starter
1. The hold on coil and the field winding are connected in series with each other in this
2. So if we reduce the field current to exercise the flux control, then the current flowing
through the hold on coil will also reduce.
3. If this current goes below a certain level, then the force of attraction produced by the hold

on coil will be insufficient to hold the handle in the RUN position and so the handle will
return back to the OFF position. The motor will be switched off.

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Date:
Experiment 9
AIM: Study of Four point starter
Introduction: Starter is an additional external device which is required to be connected along
with a dc motor, in order to start the motor in a safe manner. That means starting a dc motor
without a starter is not safe for the motor.

Four Point Starter

In the four point starter, the hold on coil is connected independently across the supply voltage
through the fourth terminal Lcurrent flowing through the hold on coil is not equal to the field
current. Hence it is possible to exercise the flux control without affecting the hold on coil.

Operation of 4 Point starter

1. There are four point brought out for the connection with the outside world namely L +, L
or N, F and A. Hence the name of this starter is four point starters.
2. The operating principle of four point starter is same as that of three point starter.
3. The functions of hold on coil (NVC) and the overload coil are exactly same as those for
the three point starter.
4. The resistance R connected in series with the hold on coil limits the current through the
hold on coil.
5. The variable resistance P connected in series with the field winding is used for
controlling the field current. This is done in order to exercise the flux control for the
speed control purpose.
Disadvantage of four point starter

1. The only disadvantage of four point starter is that it does not provide any protection
against the field failure or high speed protection to the motor.
2. Under running condition, if the field current reduces to zero due to field winding getting
open circuited or due to some other reason than the condition is called as field failure.
3. If If reduce to zero, then the only flux present will be the spelling flux which is very very
small.
4. Since speed N 1/, the motor tries to run at a very high speed which can be very
dangerous for it.

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Date:
Experiment 10
AIM: To study the construction of D.C machine.
Theory: machine can either be motor or Generator. But both will consist of some common parts
and these can be described as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Magnetic Yoke
Pole core and pole shoe
Pole coils
Armature core
Armature coils

6. Commutator
7. Brush and bearings
Internal Diagram:

Magnetic Yoke: It will serve the double purpose

It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles

It provides the mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the
whole machine.

Pole core and pole shoes: It will serve the following purpose

Pole core spreads the flux in the air gap to reduce the reluctance of magnetic path
Pole shoe provides the support for the pole coils

They are made up of thin laminations of steel with thickness 0.25mm to 1mm
Pole coils: It is made up of copper wire and placed on pole core
Armature Core: It houses armature coils and causes them to rotate, hence cuts the flux produced
by field winding. It is cylindrical and made up of laminations of approximately 0.5 mm
thickness. It is keyed to the shaft laminations and are used to reduce the eddy currents
Armature Windings: These are usually former wound. Various conductors are placed in armature
slots, which are lined with insulating material.

Commutator: The function of this is to collect the current from the armature conductors. It
converts the a.c of the armature conductor into unidirectional current in external load. It is
cylindrical structure with wedge shaped segments insulated from each other by thin sheets of
mica. Numbers of segments is equal to the number of armature conductors
Brushes and Bearings: Brushes collect the current fro commutator .They are made up of carbon
and are in rectangular shape. Brush holder is mounted on a spindle and brushes can slide. Ball
bearings are used for less wear and tear.

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