1'1111 ACI,

vii

Non:

ix

I.

INTHODUCTION

.:..

I'ClS't-F.ARTHQUAKE DAMAGE EVALUATIONS

2. I
'/,.!.

I.

J.2
).J
3. t,

4.2
1,,3
4. 4

Criteria of Repair and Strengthening

Additional I nvestiga t ions
Damage Evaluation and Selection of a
Repair and Strengthening Solution
Final Design Procedures

NATERlALS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

5. t
5. 2
5. 3
5. 4
5.5
5.6
). 7

6.

General
Methods for Supporting Vertical Loads
Methods for Providing Lateral Support
\\edging Techniques

TilE R~:I'AlR AND STRENGTHENING DESIGN PROCESS

lt . l

...

l:t-II'RGENCY MEASURES FOR TEMPORARY PROTECTION

J .l

....

F.mergency Earthquake Damage Evaluation

Pre! iminary Investigacio,,

Conventional Cast-in-Situ Concrete

Concrete Using Shrinkage- Compensating
or Expansive Cement
Polymer Modified Concrete
Resin Concretes
Shotcrete (Gunite)
Resins
Grouts

R"lNFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

6. t

Repair and St r engthening of Original

Struc t ural Elements
6 . I. 1
Introduction
6 .1. 2 Columns
Beams
6 . 1. 3
6 . 1. 4
Beam-Column Joints
6 . 1. 5
Shear l~alls
6. I . 6
Slabs
6 . 1.7
Infilled Partition Walls

5
5
7

13
I7

21
21
22
22
25
27

27
27
28
28
29
29
31
33
33

33
33

47
52
58
61
65

11,2

lnltttlncllilll Ill 1-hWiltttttlntld 11tuullt"

&8
f(J,

b.'J..4
b.l.';
&.2.6

Wing WallR
'l'russes and Diagonal Braces
foundations

72
77

80
80

fO.'l
I O.r.

7. 2

7.3

Large Panel Structural Systems

Introduction
7. 1. 1
Repair of Large Panel Prefabricated
7. 1. 2
Construction
Strengthening of Large Panel Con7 . 1. 3
struction
Prefabricated Frame Structural Systems
7. 2. 1
Introduction
Repair and Strengthening of Pre7. 2. 2
fabricated Frame Systems
Lift Slab Systems

87

88

90
91
91
92
94

99

8.4

8.5
8. 6
9.

General
Repair of Walls
Repair and Strengthening of Hall Intersections
Strengthening of ~lalls
8 . 4 .1
Strengthening of Brick Masonry
l~alls by Confinement
8 . 4.2
Strengthening of Walls by
Confinement with Steel Sections
8 . 4. 3
Strengthening Walls with
Reinforced Concrete Jackets
8. 4. 4
Strengthening Rubble Core Stone
Halls with Injection
Strengthening Horizonatal Diaphragms and
Tie Beams
Strengthening of Foundations

VERIFICATION OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

100
106

109
109
112
11 4

120
124
130
133

133
9. 1

9.2
9.3
9. 4

General
Design Verification
Construction Inspection
Construction Verification

133

134
134
137

10 .

CASE STUDIES
Bulgarian Example of Repair and Strengthening of a Slip- Formed Residential
Building
10.2 Greek Example of Repair and Strengthening
of an Apartment House in Athens after
the Earthquakes of 1981

10.1

lltttl

"'""'I'

!i.'.'''IIKihct.lltiK
.

" Y Stltoul lllnlding

!tutu ttl tlut 1

I 11 u I unctpatr and
" I 11 It o ,, 1111 C'ttl Cun<' r 1,
,

Strcn h .
gt en1ng
'lutklh Htp<th llltc.l
tc fr,Jmc Slructure
5
Y!cp,ull J uv l{x,&nt(tl c ot ~ren~thening Case Study
ul tlw u.amn~o~cd Towne~=~~ :n~ S~ren~thening
Mont,ncgro
U1ldJ.ng t.n Ulcinj ,

163
175

185
199

99

8. 1
8.2
8. 3

AI'Pf:NOJ X I

87
87

MASONRY STRUCTURES

8.

"''I'''

"N,tkHillt C:nold" l,lttntNil

"' tltull&llol

lootWtoll
!lhlllt ~~.d I II
In I 1 I ll.'tl l~tt I I 8

7. 1

YUijtllll lV IJUotntolo otf

11 1

b~

11.2.1
h. 2.1
h 'J. J

REINFORCED PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

7.

Ill , I

b'>

139

147

- CLOSSARY

English-Bulgarian
English-Greek
English- Hungarian
Eng I ish-Rumanian
English-Turkish
English-Serbocroatian

207
209
213
217
221
225
229

I'll!

1'1\1~1

lh Ro~lutwl l'rul<'<'l ,"11ulld1nR Construction under Seismic Conditions

lu 1 he llnlkun R~lun", UNDI'/UNlDO R~:R/79/015, has been carried out with
!Itt 11111 ~ ldpnt lon ol tlw Govo;rnments or Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary,
HuuuutiH, Tutkcy mtd Yugoslavia, and with the United Nations Industrial
lhvl upmPnl Org.lniznt ion n<:L ing as Executing Agency for the United
Nut luttH Dcve lopmenL Programme . Mr . J . G. Bouwkamp served as Chief Tech" It'" Advisor .

Within the framework of the Project, a set of seven Manuals has been

r n<htcud, ref leering to a considerable extent the experience of the

1'11111clpming nations in earthquake resistant design and construction .
''"'"'' Manuals were developed by the National Delegates of the Project
W111 kIn}~ Groups, the Chief Technical Advisor and the Consultants.
Tht fo l lowing Manuals hav e been prepared :

Vu lonnt

Design and Construction of Seismic Resistant Reinforced

Concrete Frame and Shear-Wall Buildings

Vulun1< 2

Design and Construction of Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete

Building Systems

Vu l uml' 3

Design and Construction of Stone and Brick-"asonry Buildin~ts

Vul\trnc. 4

Post-Earthquake Damage Evaluation and Stren ~ th Assessment

of Buildings under Seismic Conditions

Volume 5

Repair and Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete, Stone and

Br1ck-}1asonry Buildings

V<~lumc

Repair and Strengthening of Ristorical Monuments

ings in Urban Nuclei

Vult1mo l 7

and Build-

Seismic Design Codes of the Balkan Region .

AI'KNOWI.EDGEMENTS
The financial support of the United Nations and the Governments of
llull\llrla, Greece, Hungary, Rumania, Turkey and Yugoslavia should hereby
ht Hcknowledged . Also the cooperation of the National Science Foundation
II l h l' USA is noted with appreciation.
'rhl! Project has been directed by the Project Coordinating Committee .
l'lu' membership of the Conunittee was as follows :
llult,:nria
.. cc
11ungury
Kunnin
Turkl!y
f,,.,~,

VU)\OSlllVia

G. Brankov
Th. Tassios and J . Sbokos
F. Hunyadi
V. Cristescu
M. Erdik
N. Vukotic

f'rom the Unilcd Nullontl tht lollowln~\ lndivhluul puft lclpaltd in

the deliberations of the Coord1notJng Conuullt.ce:
O.A. Nordstrand - UNDP, Athens, Greece, Resident RcprcsentnLive and
UNDP Principal Project Representative,
E. Csorba
- UN!DO, Vienna, Austria, Senior Industrial Development
Officer, and
J.G. Bouwkamp
- UNIDO, Thessaloniki, Greece, Chief Technical Advisor.

DtSCLAIMER
The material contained in these Volumes includes detailed findings
In earthquake engineering - particularly, objective evaluations of causes
nntl ('I ftct.s In earthquake damage - and in the seismic and geologic charltd< LVI l~t leu of the physical environment.
l'hl' "'"t.rlul rl'lli.'CLR the Interpretation and opinions of the authors
.ulll ,untl l hut OJ 11 oml do<ll not necessarily represent the viewpoint of the
\lnlttcl Nnt JunK lnc\ustr lo l Dl'vclopment Organization, the United Nations
Ptvc luptno nl Prorronvnc, lhe participattng Governments and the National
~~ lltu.:c Fuunc.laL Ion of the USA. The above mentioned Covernments and Organlzallons -while providing fot the presentation of these Volumes in the
Jlubttc interest and fot their obvious informational value - assumes no
responsibility !or any views expressed therein.
The Governments and Organizations do not approve, recommend, or
endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in
this publication. No reference shall be made to the Governments or
Organizations mentioned above, that would indicate or imply - directly
or indirectly - that the Governments and Organizations mentioned approve
or disapprove of the use of any proprietary product or proprietary
material mentioned herein.
The description and classification of countries and tertitories in
these publications and the arrangement of the material do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of
UNIDO concerning the legal status of any country, territory , city or
area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
This publication has been reproduced without formal editing by
UNlDO .

Ntll ~.

lido 1tnn11.&1 ill t lw lit I h vul Will' ol thl' Sl'v('n volumes developed under the
IINIII'/IfNIIlU l'ruict Ill R/7q/OI ~ "llui I ding Construction Under Seismic Conditions
111 lh u.!lknn Rttt~!on" .tnt!"""' prepared by the Project \~orking Group Eon "ReI'''' .uul St ltngtlwntn); ol lluildings". It is aimed to provide engineers in
lh llulk.ut rc1tiun, us w~ll <18 in other earthquake-prone countries, with in'"'"'"~ ion IWrlinont to the repair and strengthening of earthquake-damaged
huii<IIIJKII by tlrnwinp. on the experience gained following some recent strong
1h<llltlkc" in the Balkan region and elsewhete .
11111 ~l.llllttl gives m~inly qualitative instructions for repair and strengthening
I'"" ,,lurtl'. Only 1n the Case Studies have quantitative results been presented,
lh1111hy <IIIIN~Ling in general the existing practices in the l!alkan countries.
IIPWV<H, it is fully recognized that further improvements in the repair and
Rt 1 cn~llll'nlnf\ process require further analytical and experimental research.
lh <Wtllrllt ion between the Balkan countties will form an essential element
Ill IIIVUIII'IIIft thi6 technology.

I h ,.,,.,, cnta of this ~tanual are based on the National Reports of the partici1'''' iu~ onuntriell and were developed in Working Group Meetings together with
t h., l'1 u i o.-L Chic( Technical Advisor and the Consultant. The l!orking Group
111nl 1h11 limes, namely, in Titograd (in April 1982 and December 1982) and
an lhrHr..doniki (in M;~rch 1983). During the first meeting, the scope of the
H ""'''I wu~t defined and a general outline for the preparation of the National
llqPt t '' w1111 l'Ntnb lished.
During the second meeting, the National Reports
1<1111 L l''''til'lll.l'd in a two-day joint seminar, together with Project !.orking Group11
II "" "l'uu 1-l~urLhquake Damage Evaluation and Strength Assessment of l!ui.ldings .
liuhtHnt ly, together with the Consultant, the members reviewed the reports
""' ln!lnullllo'tl the Ma~ual contents: During their third meeting, a first draft
nl tlu H.lnuHI was rev1.ewed and a f1nal text was agreed upon .
llu WtllkcclK Group consisted of National Delegates of the participant countries

wII h Ill . l'rudgrng Gavri lovic, Professor, Institute of Earthquake Engineering

'""' lu~intcring Seismology, Skopje, Yugoslavia, serving as Convenor.

Other

uumhnc nl the l~orking Croup were, Dr . Nicola Ignatiev, Professor, Higher Inltlltll~t ul Architect.ure and Engineering, Sofia, Bulgaria; Costas Syrmakezis,

Ill, t:1vi I Engineer, Lecturer, National Technical University, Athens, Greece

l'1vlu11 Knme7is, Civil Engineer, Athens, Greece; Dr. Peter Nedli, Assistant'
l'tll uiH<II, liME, Budttpest, Hungary; Dr . Nicolas Laszlo, Technical Director
II ir.n lnntl tuLc lor Buildings and Town Planning (ISLGC) Bucarest Rumania
''"'I Ill. GiiMy 01.men , Professor, Istanbul Technical Unive;sity, Ist~nbul, Tu~
k y. C:un11ult.ant of the l'orking Group was Mr. Loring l,'yllie , H. J. Degenkolb
Anul,lltll, Engineers, San Francisco, USA .
I'Hf Plli<.H J11ck G. Bouwkamp, University of California, Berkeley, California,
u,/1, rvttl ns Pruj ect Chief Technics 1 Advisor and participated in all \~or
~

lull c.ruup c.Jiscu"sions.

llu ','url<(n~t Group would like to acknowledge the contribution of the Project
~'utklllll <.ruup Con "Stone and Brick Masonry Structures" in providing material
I" Jtlntnt to tlw rcpnir and strengthening of masonry buildings.

I.

J NTRODUCTJON

llifl' 1.,,.' I 1nm recent earthquakes has demonstrated that structures which have
I" "l"'r 1y
designed and constructed are able to withstand severe
111 li111~11 without collapse .
However, these same earthquakes have shown that
11 lonllollt11\'t as well as buildings of recent construction can be seriously
I tiiiiK<tl "' cotn co llnpse causing loss of life to the occupants . Studies of the
llllltoltutll
lll'rformance
during
these recent
earthquakes
have
clearly
tlrnl nnt ttl t hnt structural systems must not only have sufficient strength to
tllH I" I I t 1 " " I orces , but they also must have sufficient ductility, or the
rti!IIIIV '" onnlntain their integrity when stressed beyond their yield point in
" " ' 1"
Ill N~ t human life .

I ""

I''

I "I' 111

111

1 he

reestablishment of the initial strength of damaged structural

lhc reestablishment of the function of damaged nonstructural
til~"" 111ft,
\'roperly repaired structural members will possess approximately the
'"""' 111 tln~otl h HR before they were damaged but will probably have a somewhat
11 j.,, ol r11 II l ncRs in concrete and masonry structures due to very fine cracks
!ill I< lo 11111 <'IIU'il'd by the earthquake and are impossible to restore. Repair of
lltlll '"" lurnl l'lements , such as partitions or ceilings, consists simply of
toplacernent or patching to return the function or usage of that
''"''' 111

'""'

1 1 II tin nln~o~ Is the judicious modification of the strength and/or stiffness

oil "'"" 1111111 members or of the structural system to improve the structure's
l'f I' ttntncCl
ln
future
earthquakes.
Strengthening
generally
includes
Ill lll'llli11K tht strength or ductility of individual members or introducing new
HI rt" 1111 n I tloments to significantly increase the lateral force resistance of
lh lll~<'lllll'. On occasion, strengthening can also involve making selected
111 fll 1111 ,,) momhcrs weaker to improve the interaction of the structural members
!!Ill '"' vnnl pn:mnture failure of a weaker adjacent member.
I 1 h 1111 IH"turt Is n unique system and its damage in an earthquake will be
II I Itt tnt I rum other structures, requiring custom repair and strengthening
"tlool lun nnd details.
The decision of the rehabilitation (repair and/or
11 111\tlultlilll\) method and the appropriate construction technique depends on
I tillY ''" l n 111, such as local site conditions, type and age of the structure,
I Vjo tnol <lttl\rt'c of damage, ava:llable time, equipment and staff for specific
1 il uth 1111111 I on work, architectural requirements, cost, and the required level
r "' llludc llilll'ly. The decision-making is one of the most responsible tasks
In tlu tohnhllltntion process of a damaged structure.

lttotouoolt,otc ly
lollowing an
earthquake,
an
Emergency
Earthquake
Damage
h111lua1luu, 1111 dlseu!lsed in Section 2.1, will be performed to determine which
loutltllnK c11 omot be safely occupied . Those structures judged hazardous or of
tlttllllcttnhl<
!l:tlcty will require further investigations.
A preliminary
lltY~utl:llun, 1111 dlscuRscd In Section 2.2, will determine suitable emergency
ll!llllftllt<ll ln1 lt'mpornry prolcction as outlined in Section 3.
Additional
I HI/ oiiK-11 ''"'" <lll!cu!lllttd In Section ~.I combined with appropriate criteria
lltYnruol In tio<'llun '.2 will ltnu to 11 scheme of npnlr and/or strengthening .
~tlu11o '
lhtotJKh II
diICtHt~ npnlr .uul tttrtnr,thl.'nlng materials and
ltoltnltlltll KntHIIIIy uno<! In concJt~l /Hicl m.onun1 y tolructuros.

'lhlll 1111111 u.tl, btiiH'tl on oXjWf luowu v,.dntcl wltldn tho ll11lk1111 1\Pr,lon, lfl lllltntltcl
to ptllVlde guldllnCl' tu dt!lll;ll<'l!l tuc ttp:dr noul Htn,on~tlll'nlnR of utructurcs
(or sclsmic realst;Jncu.
While rcpal1 f lo p.tm!!tnlly n function lollowing a
damagtng earthquake, strengthening can be done either prior tO or following an
earthquake.

houo,lloncy

~;,, rthquake

Damage Evaluil tion

ltijHII IIIII ly

,11 ttr n dilmaging earthquake, an initial evaluation of each

wIll IH made by official inspection teams to determine quickly the
'", ol l o vo I ut tlnmnge to the structure and if the structure is safe for
nl luo11 cl ''' nop.oncy. This evaluation is described in detail in another manual

Iii "

11

t '""

Lldll

lllllo'l

n 1 hill itli 1 i.il ev.lluation each examined structure may be in one of the
ll'l'""'''i l.tholed as follows :
This category is for buildings whose original seismic
capacity has not been decreased and which do not appear to
pnse any danger to human life .
The buildings are
immediately usable and the entry unlimited .
These
buildings may have sustained slight damage requiring
repair .

[ tt!l II

Buildings in this category have decreased seismic

\'olluw

capacity .

Limited entry at Owner 's risk is permitted but

not

usage on a continuous basis.

Buildings should be
r~paired and/or strengthened .
The need for supporting and
protection of both the building and its surroundings
should be considered.
Buildings in this category are unsafe as subject to sudden
co I lapse.
Entry is prohibited and building surroundings
should be protected. Decision for demolition will be made
on the basis of a more thorough inspection after
investigating technical possibilities for repair and/or
strengthening and their economic justification.

llotl

lh

' " lltdn.try lnvcntigation that is described in the following pages follows

1h t I ttl I I t1 {!v.ll un t ion, is an independent and more thorough evalua cion and is
JIH I t ft1111

r It"'

hy

dct1lgn engineer acting for the owner of the building.

The

I'IIDHOJ nl lhh preliminary investigation is to determine in detail the

ttllllltt 11'"1 clo~t ,.,. of dJmage and the need for emergency, temporary bracing or

lu It II

1811

11

I" II owl ng phasl!s of investigation involve detailed inspection of the

tllptlt nnd strengthening procedures can be designed and detailed.
I' llntl nnry I nvestigll tion

I"" p<Hlil

ot the preliminary investigation of the state of the

111 tu dl'ttrmine in detail the nature and degree of damage and to
umrp,ency mcnsures for temporary support to avert the risk
injuries, ns well as to minimize the possible material
111 <' '"'' n l
lncrensetl damage to the structure.
The probability of
' " " ' " ' 1111 .mit' .t~Livltls during thl d1\ys after the first shock is quite
tlttiiUV<'I, lmnHH'd d.tm.Jr,n rec;ultlnl\ I rom enrthquakc effects is often
tu till