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and rejects heat to a sink at 50C. What are the power developed and the heat
rejected?
Ex For 1 kg of an ideal gas, initially at 0C, is heated to 100C by contact with a heat
reservoir at 100C, all at constant P. What is the entropy change of the gas? Cp is
4.18 J/gK and is independent of T.
One mole of an ideal gas is compressed isothermally but irreversibly at 130C from
2.5 bar to 6.5 bar in a piston cylinder device. The work required is 30% greater than
the work for a reversible, isothermal compression. The heat transferred from the gas
during the compression flows to a heat reservoir (ideal gas) at 25C. Calculate the
entropy changes of the gas, the heat reservoir and the total.
10 kmol/hr of air is throttled from upstream conditions of 25C and 10 bar to a
downstream pressure of 1.2 bar. Cp = 7/2R. Find the downstream temperature, the
entropy change of the air and the rate of entropy generation.
Water at 93.3C is pumped from a storage tank at a rate of 189 L/min. The motor of
the pump supplies work at a rate of 1.5 kW. The water goes through a heat
exchanger, giving up heat at a rate of 42,201 kJ/min and is delivered to a second
tank at an elevation 15 m above the first tank. What is the temperature of the water
delivered to the second tank? Assume steady state and no fluid velocity changes.
Ex. Steam at 1,100 kPa is throttled to 101.33 kPa and 105C. Throttles are
considered isenthalpic. What is the quality of the steam prior to the throttle?
Ex. In the process described below (water as the fluid), the feed stream to the
turbine originates from a moisture separator. Stream 1 is at 361.3 kPa with a mass
flow rate of 63 kg/s and an enthalpy of 2000 kJ/kg. Assume the moisture separator
is completely efficient in removing liquid, stream 2. The exit stream from the turbine
is at 35C and has a quality of 0.90. What is the quality of the stream entering the
moisture separator, the specific enthalpy of the stream entering the turbine and the
work done by the turbine?
Ex. Two streams of liquid water are mixed to form the feed to a boiler. The process
data provided are: a. Feed stream 1: 120 kg/min at 30C b. Feed stream 2: 175
kg/min at 65C c. The boiler pressure is 1500 kPa d. The outlet stream from the
boiler is a saturated vapor at the boiler pressure e. The outlet pipe is 6 cm ID and
the velocity of the two inlet streams can be considered negligible and there are no
potential energy changes
Find the heat added to the boiler.
1. A compressor receives 0.1 kg/s R-134a at 150 kPa, -10C and delivers it at 1000
kPa, 40C. The power input is measured to be 3 kW. The compressor has heat
transfer to air at 100 kPa coming in at 20C and leaving at 30C (i.e. like a heat
exchanger). What is the mass flow rate of air? Ans: 0.043 kg/s.
2. A certain industrial process requires a steady 0.75 kg/s supply of compressed air
at 500 kPa, at a maximum temperature of 30C. This air is to be supplied by
installing a compressor and aftercooler. Local ambient conditions are 100 kPa, 20C.
Using a reversible compressor, determine the power required to drive the
compressor and the rate of heat rejection in the aftercooler. Ans: Wc = -129 kW
3. For a Carnot cycle, with water as the operating fluid, the following steps are
known to occur. The water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor at
200C as heat is added. Heat is rejected at constant pressure at 20 kPa. This heat
engine is powering a Carnot cycle refrigerator, that operates between -15 and 20C.
Find the heat added per kilogram of water in the heat engine cycle. Also, how much
heat would need to be added so the refrigerator can remove 1 kJ from the cooled
space? Ans: 1941 kJ/kg and 0.46 kJ.
4. A turbo charger boosts the inlet air pressure to an automobile engine. It consists
of an exhaust gas driven turbine directly connected to an air compressor, as shown
below. For a certain engine load the conditions are given in the figure. Assume that
both the turbine and the compressor are reversible and adiabatic. Calculate the
turbine exit temperature and power output. Find also the compressor exit pressure
and temperature. Ans: my answers on this may differ from yours there are at least
two approaches. Turbine out T = 793K (also saw 680K) and the work is 13 kW (will
differ based on the different T if you use mine you should get this value). P
compressor out = 349 kPa.
Redo this problem, assuming that the compressor and turbocharger both have
isentropic efficiencies of 85%. Ans Compressor out T = 414K, P = 295 kPa
the
coefficient
of
performance,
for
condensation
A steam power plant following the Rankine cycle has the following conditions: the pump outlet
pressure is 10 MPa, the boiler outlet temperature is 600C, the turbine outlet pressure is 10 kPa,
the turbine efficiency is 80%, the pump efficiency is 75% and the power rating is 80,000 kW.
Find the heat transfer rate in the boiler and condenser, the water flow rate and the thermal
efficiency of the plant.
Consider a steam power plant that operates on a regenerative Rankine cycle (has one
open feedwater heater) and has a net power output of 150 MW. Steam enters the turbine
at 10 MPa and 500C and the condenser at 10 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine
is 80% and that of the pumps is 95%. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.5 MPa to
heat the feedwater heater in an open feedwater heater. Water leaves the feedwater heater
as a saturated liquid. Show this cycle on a TS diagram, find the mass flowrate of steam
through the boiler, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
3. Consider the air conditioning of a house through use of solar energy. At a particular
location, experiment has shown that solar radiation allows a large tank of pressurized
water to be maintained at 175C. During a particular time interval, heat in the amount of
1,500 kJ must be extracted from the house to maintain its temperature at 24C when the
surroundings temperature is 33C. Treating the tank of water, the house, and the
surroundings as heat reservoirs, determine the minimum amount of heat that must be
extracted from the tank of water by any device built to accomplish the required cooling of
the house. No other sources of energy are available. Q = 144 kJ.
1. A reversible steady state device receives a flow of 1 kg/s air at 400 K, 450 kPa and the air
leaves at 600 K, 100 kPa. Heat transfer of 900 kW is added from a 1000 K reservoir, 50
kW rejected at 350 K and some heat transfer takes place at 500 K. Find the heat
transferred at 500 K and the rate of work produced.
2. A reversible and isothermal compressor is used to continuously compress helium initially
at 27C, the same temperature as the surroundings, and 1200 kPa to a final pressure of 18
MPa. Calculate the work required per mole of He and the amount of heat removed.
Assume ideal gas.
3. Saturated vapor steam at 100 kPa is compressed adiabatically to 300 kPa. If the
compressor is 75% efficient, what is the work required and the temperature of the
discharge stream?
October 20 Practice Problems
1. A piston/cylinder device contains refrigerant 134A at 20C and 1600 kPa. The refrigerant
is heated to 60C by an external heat source that is always at 70C. The refrigerant
heating process is internally reversible and at constant pressure. Find the heat transferred
and the entropy generation.
2. Consider a combination of a gas turbine power plant and a steam power plant (work is
harnessed from both simultaneously). The gas turbine operates at higher temperatures
than the steam power plant, and the heat lost from the gas turbine (QL) equals the heat
input to the steam (QH). Assume both cycles have a thermal efficiency of 32%. What is
the efficiency of the overall combination?
3. A steam turbine inlet is at 1200 kPa, 400C. The exit is at 200 kPa, 200C. What is the
isentropic efficiency?
4. A steam turbine with a power outlet 56,400 kW has inlet conditions of 8600 kPa and
500C, and outlet conditions of 10 kPa. The turbine efficiency is 0.75. What is the quality
of the exiting steam and what is the mass flow rate of the water?
5. A stream of an ideal gas at 300C and 45 bar is expanded adiabatically in a turbine to 2
bar. Calculate the isentropic work produced?
T2 = 464K
P1 = 2 bar
P2 = 6 bar
2695.7
kJ
kg
100 < T < 125
interpolating,
T 110C
T = ~ 70C
1. An inventor claims to have devised a cyclic engine which exchanges heat with reservoirs
at 25C and 250C, and which produces 0.45 kJ of work for each kJ of heat extracted
from the hot reservoir. Is this claim believable?
2. An inventor claims to have invented a process that takes saturated steam at 100C and
through a series of steps makes heat continuously available at a temperature of 200C
with 2000 kJ of heat liberated for every kg of steam into the process, if 0C cooling water
is available. Is this process possible?
3. In a steady state flow process, 1 mol/sec of air at 600K and 1 atm is continuously mixed
with 2 mol/sec of air at 450K and 1 atm. The product stream is at 400K and 1 atm. Find
the rate of heat transfer to or from the surroundings and the rate of entropy generation for
the process. Assume Cp = (7/2)R and the surroundings are at 300K.
4. A rigid storage tank of 1.5 m3 contains 1 kg argon at 30oC. Heat is then transferred to the
argon from a furnace operating at 1300oC until the specific entropy of the argon has
increased by 0.343 kJ/kg K. Find the final temperature and pressure of the argon, and
then find the total heat transfer and entropy generated in the process. Assume ideal gas
behavior with constant heat capacities.
Examples
1. A pipe contains steam at 1.4 MPa and 300C. An initially evacuated tank is attached to
this pipe and the valve is opened until the tank pressure reaches 1.4 MPa, adiabatically.
What is the final temperature of the steam?
2. In a well-insulated concurrent heat exchanger, 1 kg/s of air at 500K flows into one side ad
2 kg/s air flows into the other channel at 300K. If it is infinitely long, what is the exit
temperature? How does T vary with time in the two channels? Neglect KE and PE effects
and assume steady state.
3. A flow of 5 kg/s water at 100 kPa, 20C should be delivered as steam at 1000 kPa, 350C
to some application. Consider compressing it to 1000 kPa, 20C and then heating it at
constant a constant pressure of 1000 kPa to 350C. What kind of devices are needed and
find the specific energy transfers in those devices.
4. A tank containing 20 kg of water at 20C is fitted with a stirrer that delivers work to the
water at the rate of 0.25 kW. How long does it take for the temperature of the water to
rise to 30C if no heat loss is lost from the water?
5. A heating coil (electric) is used to heat 20.0 kg of a liquid in a closed adiabatic vessel.
The liquid is initially at 25C and 1 atm. The heating coil delivers a steady 2.00 kW of
power to the vessel and its contents. How long will it take the liquid to reach its normal
boiling point (say 100C)? The heat capacity of this liquid is 4.18 kJ/kg/C.
1. One kg of water at 25C:
a. Experiences a temperature rise of 1K. What is Ut, in kJ? Ans: 4.18 kJ
is allowed
to
reach
thermal
equilibrium
with
the