Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
SURVEYING PRACTICE-I
III SEM
PREPARED BY
S.KOWSALYA
1. CHAIN SURVEY`
Exercise No. ......1................
Date :.........
Chain
6. Cross staff
Tape
7. Plumb bob
Arrows
8. Pegs
Ranging rod
9. Hammer
Offset rod
10. Field book, Pencil and Eraser
Other miscellaneous items like chalk, nails, threads and cords.
1. Chain
A chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. A chain may be metric or nonmetric. Generally a chain consists of 100 or 150 links each 300 mm or 200 mm in length. The link is
made of galvanized mild steel wire 4 mm to 6 mm diameter. The ends of each link are bent into a loop
and connected together by means of three rings. The ends of the chain are provided with brass handles
with a swivel joint to avoid twisting of chain while handling. The length of the chain is measured from
outside of one handle to the outside of the other. Metallic tags or tallies are fixed at every distinctive
distance such as 3 m or 5 m to facilitate quick reading of fractions of the chain. Small brass rings are also
providedateverymeterlength.
Types of chains
i.
Metric chains
Metric chains of length 20m, 30m, 50m and 100m are used now-a-days for measuring the
distances in meters and its fractions.
ii. Non-metric chains
The following are the non-metric chains in which the unit of measurement is foot.
a. Engineers chain
It is 100 feet long and consists of 100 links, each of 1 foot length.
b. Gunters chain or surveyors chain
It is 66 feet in length, consists of 100 links each being 0.66 foot long.
c. Revenue chain
It is 33 feet long and consists of 16 links. It is used in cadastral survey.
iii. Steel Band or Band chain
It is made of steel ribbon 16 mm wide and is available in 20 and 30 m lengths. It is wound on an
open steel cross in a closed case.
2. Tapes
Tapes are used for measuring the distances in precise work.
materials. They are,
Arrows are made of hardened and tempered steel wire of 4 mm diameter and 400 mm long. It is
pointed at one end and the other end is bent into a ring of 50 mm diameter. It is used for marking the
ends of chain length.
4. Ranging rod
Ranging rod is circular in cross-section and 2m to 3m long with pointed metal shoe at one end. It is
painted black and white or red and white alternatively. It is used for marking the stations and for ranging
the lines.
5. Offset rod
An offset rod is similar to ranging rod, but it is provided with a hook at the top for pulling or pushing
the chain through a hedge. It is divided into meters and decimeters with alternate bonds of paints. Offset
rods are mainly used for measuring offsets.
6. Cross staff
It is used to set a perpendicular at a point on a line. It may be,
a. Open cross staff
b. French cross staff and
c. Adjustable cross staff
An open cross staff is a wooden box or block of size 150 mm square and 38 mm deep with two fine
saw cut slits at right angles to each other. The block is mounted on a steel rod 1.2 m to 1.5 m long and
25 mm diameter.
7. Plumb bob
It is a solid cone attached to a thread. It is used when measuring distances along slopes to
transfer points to the ground.
8. Pegs
Pegs are made of wood 25 mm square or steel or iron pegs of 12 mm dia and 150 mm long, tapers
at one end to drive it into the ground. It is used for marking the stations.
RESULTS:
The above accessories like chain tape for chain surveying are stated.
Date :..........
Aim;
To practice in unfolding (or spreading), reading and folding the chain.
Procedure
Unfolding the chain
The process of stretching or spreading the chain for measurement is called unfolding the chain.
1. The follower keeps both the handles of the chain in one hand and holds the rest of the bunch
of links in other hand.
2. Keeping both handles in one hand, throws the remainder forward on the ground.
3. The follower directs the leader to take hold of the middle point of the chain and move in the
forward direction.
4. When one half of the chain becomes independent of the other, the follower transfers one
handle to the leader.
5. The follower directs the leader to move in the forward direction until the full chain is unfolded
Reading the chain
Chain can be read from both the ends. While taking the measurement, observe the tag
immediately before the point to be measured. Then count the number of links in the forward direction up
to the point of measurement
Folding the chain
It is the reverse process of unfolding:
1. Bring the two handles together and pull the chain from the middle to stretch it well.
2. Take the middle pairs of links in one hand and the next pair in other hand.
3. Place pair of links in one hand across the links in the other hand obliquely.
could
4. Continue the process until the complete chain is folded so that the entire bunch of the chain
be
gripped in one hand.
5. Tie the bunch of chain tightly with a piece of cord.
RESULT:
Unfolding and folding of chain or practiced.
Date :.........................
Calculation:
s.no
fig
chain age
Result
The area of the given field = ____________
base
offsets
mean
Area
2
M
Date :..............
4. Plumb bob
5. A chain or tape
Procedure
i. Direct ranging
There are two methods of direct ranging (a) Ranging by eye (b) Ranging by line ranger.
a. Ranging by an eye
1.To range a line, AB first ranging rods are fixed at the ends of the line.2. The follower stands 2m
behind the ranging rod at the starting point A.3. The leader holds a ranging rod at arms length at C,
approximately on the line AB.4.The follower then directs the leader to move his ranging rod to the right or
left as required till all the three ranging rods are in one line.5.
The leader then fixes the rod in the
ground to establish the point C in line with A6. Similarly, other points are established on the line AB.
Date.................
=2a2m/2a2p
= a1a2/40
Men and equipments required
The team will consist of the following members:
1. Surveyor
2. Leader
3. Follower and
4. Two or more helpers.
Equipments
1. A chain (20m or 30m)
2. A metallic tape (20m or 30m)
3. 10 arrows.
4. Ranging and offset rods.
5. An optical square or cross-staff
6. A plumb bob
7. Wooden pegs
8. A hammer
9. A field book, pencils and eraser.
10. Other miscellaneous items like chalk, nails, threads and cords.
Field work procedure
Field work of chain surveying is carried out in the following steps :
1. Reconnaissance
2. Marking stations
3. Running survey lines.
1. Reconnaissance
In this, the surveyor walks over the area to have the general idea about the main features and
boundaries. He then prepares a neat hand sketch in the field book called key plan which shows the
boundaries, main features, positions of chain lines and stations. The north direction is drawn on the right
hand top corner by an arrow pointing vertically upward.
2. Marking stations
After the reconnaissance survey, all survey stations are marked accordingly with reference to two
or three permanent objects. A brief description of each survey station is given and the reference sketches
are drawn in the field book.
3. Running survey lines
2. COMPASS SURVEY
Exercise No. ........6..............
Date :.........................
Prismatic compass
Setting up of Compass
Fix the prismatic compass on the tripod vertical spindle which is carried in a ball and socket joint.
The setting up is done in the following sequence of temporary adjustments.
1. Centering
Centering is the process of keeping the instrument exactly over the station. This is done in the
following ways:
1. The stand is to be suitably placed over the station.
2. Suspend the plumb bob from a point just below the pivot point.
3. Adjust the tripod legs such that the point of the plumb bob just either touch the station or just lies
about it.
4. In absence of a plumb bob, drop a pebble (small stone) from the point just below the pivot point.
5. Adjust the tripod legs such that the pebble dropped is to strike the station point.
6. The movement of tripod legs is now clamped.
2. Leveling
Leveling is the process of bringing the compass in the horizontal plane with the help of the ball and
socket joint. The compass box is to be so oriented that the graduated ring and hence magnetic needle
can rotate freely on a horizontal plane.
3. Focusing the prism
The position of the prism is to be so adjusted by moving up or down so that the graduations on the
ring are clearly and sharply readable.
Observing a bearing with a Prismatic Compass
To observe the bearing of a line AB proceed as follows:
1. Centre and level the compass over the station A.
2. By seeing through the eye vane turn the compass
towards the object B which is bisected by the thread (or horse
hair) in the sight vane.
3. Check that the vane slit, hair of the object vane and the
object should be in one line.
4. Before taking observations, the vibrations of the needle
should be arrested by gently pressing the break pin knob below
the sight vane.
5. Note the reading by moving the eye upwards a little and taking observations through the prism
where the hair line appears to cut the graduation.
6. The reading is the bearing of AB as shown in fig. 2.2
Result:
About prismatic compass and practice in setting up over a station and observing bearing are study.
Date :.........................
1. Go round the area to be surveyed for reconnaissance, prepare a key plan and fix survey
stations.
2. Centre and level the compass at the starting point A.
3. Orient the compass accordingly and take F.B. of AB and B.B of HA.
4. Measure the length of first line AB and take offsets to the objects on either side of the line AB.
5. Now, shift the compass to second station B, and take F.B of BC and B.B of AB.
6. Measure the length of line BC and take offsets to the objects on either side of the line BC.
7. Similarly, repeat these operations at each of the subsequent stations till the last station is
reached.
8. Record the observations in the field book in the following tabular form:
Observation:
Points
FB
BB
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
RESULT:
They include ding angles 540
Hence ok.
Date:.........................
Observations
Bearing of QP, QNP
Distance of QP
Distance of QR
Distance, PR
Date :.................
The distance between the inaccessible points Q and R being near and distant banks respectively,
can be calculated by the bearings of the lines joining the points from a station S as follows :
1. Set the perpendicular QS to some convenient distance, say 50m, at Q either left or right side of
the line PQR.
2. Set up the compass at station point S.
3. Observe the bearing of point R at station S, say SNR.
4. Locate the point P' on line PQ, by setting the bearing as SNP at S, such that SNR SNP = 90.
i.e., SNP = SNR 90.
5. Measure the distance between the points P and Q.
6. Now, from similar triangles, QRS and PQS.
2
QR=QS /PQ
Observations
Length of line,
QS =
Distance of line,
Calculation:
P'Q =
D1 +D2
-2 1*D*2cos
Result
The distance between two in-accessible points = ____________ m
3. LEVELLING
Exercise No. ......10................
Date....
Aim
To study about the leveling instrument practice in temporary adjustments, taking staff readings and
booking.
General
The art of determining the relative elevations of points on the surface of the ground is known as
Leveling. For this the instrument, a level is used with other equipments of leveling staff, chain, etc.
A Level
The instrument which is used for leveling is known as a Level. The levels may be classified as
1. Dumpy level
2. Wye or Y-level
3. Reversible level and
4. Tilting level
The level irrespective of its type essentially consists of,
1. Leveling head with foot screws
2. Telescope and
3. Level or bubble tube.
The essential parts of a dumpy level are shown in fig. 3.1.
Dumpy literally means short and thick. It consists of a telescope rigidly fixed in its support. Its leveling
head consists of two parallel plates with either three or four foot screws. The upper plate is known
Tribrach and the lower plate is known as Trivet screwed on to the tripod stand. Temporary adjustment
of a Level
l Procedure
The adjustments which are made for each setting of a level, are called temporary adjustments. These
include
1.
2. Leveling up
3. Elimination of parallax.
1. Setting up the level
This includes,
a. Fixing the instrument on the tripod
b. Approximate leveling by leg adjustment.
a. Fixing the instrument on the tripod
i. Unfold the tripod, spread the legs and setup on the ground firmly to hold the level at convenient
height of the observer.
ii. Hold the instrument in one hand and lift the same from the box.
iii. Fix the instrument on the tripod by turning round the leveling head with the other hand.
b. Approximate leveling by leg adjustments
i. The foot screws are brought to the middle of their run.
ii. Fix two legs firmly into the ground.
iii. Move the third leg radically and circumferentially until the instrument is leveled approximately.
2. Leveling up
After setting up the level, accurate leveling is done with the help of foot screws and with reference
to the plate levels. The object of leveling up the instrument is to make its vertical axis truly vertical.
The following steps are followed to level the instrument with a three screw head
Turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the plane level is parallel to a line joining any twolevelling
screws.
ii. The bubble is brought to the centre of its run by turning both the foot screws inwards or outwards
simultaneously.
The bubble moves in the same direction as left hand thumb.
iii. Rotate the instrument through 90 until the axis of the plate level coincides the line joining the
thirdfoodscrew
and the midpoint of the line joining the first two screws. (Fig.(b)).
iv. Now, bring the bubble to the centre of its run by turning the third foot screw.
v. The plate level is brought back to its original position by turning the instrument intone same
quadrant and repeat step (ii) till the bubble is central.
vi. Rotate again through 90 and repeat step (iv)
vii. Repeat the steps (i) to (vi) till the bubble remains central in both the positions.
viii. Turn the instrument about vertical axis through a complete revolution. If the instrument is in
correct adjustment, the bubble will remain in the centre of its run. If not, it needs permanent adjustment.
3. Elimination of Parallax
An apparent change in the position of an object caused by the change in position of the observers
eye is known as parallax. This can be eliminated in two ways:
a. Focusing the eye piece for distinct vision of the cross-hairs.
b. focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.
a. focusing the eye-piece
i. Direct the telescope either towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective.
ii. Move the eye-piece in or out till the cross-hairs appear sharp and distinct.
b. focusing the objective
i. Direct the telescope towards the leveling staff.
ii. Turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.
Date:.........................
8. Select a point D equidistant from the instrument station O 2 and take the F.S reading on the staff
held at D.
9. Repeat the process until the F.S. reading is taken on the staff held at point B.
10. Reduce the levels of all staff points with reference to the level of B.M. Then the difference of
level of the points A and B is determined.
Reduction of levels by height of collimation
In this method, the elevation of plane of collimation (H.I) is determined for every set-up of the
instrument and then the R.Ls of the points are obtained in the following manner.
1. Determine the elevation of the plane of collimation for the first set up of the level by adding the
B.S. reading tithe R.L of the B.M.
2. Obtain the reduced levels of the intermediate points and first change point by subtracting the
staff readings taken on these points (I.S and F.S) from the H.I.
3. Shift the instrument to the second position and set up a new plane of collimation by adding the
new B.S .taken on the C.P. from the second position of the level to the R.L of the first change point.
4. Find out the R.Ls of the successive points and the second change point by subtracting their staff
readings from this H.I or H.Cl.
5. Repeat the process until all the R.Ls is worked out.
Note: The following statements may bear in mind while reducing the levels by H.I or H.Cl.
method.
R.L + B.S = H.Cl.
H.Cl. F.S or I.S = R.L
6. For the entire work the arithmetical check will be
B.S ~ F.S = Last R.L ~ First R.L
Observations and calculation
station
B.S
I.S
Result
The R.Ls of the given points is,
F.S
H.C
R.L
Date :.........................
In this system, the difference of levels between consecutive points are determined and then the
R.Ls of the points are obtained in the following manner.
1. Determine the difference of levels between consecutive points by comparing their staff readings.
2. Obtain the rise or the fall, according to the staff reading at the point is smaller or greater than
that at preceding point.
3. Find out the R.L of each point by adding the rise to or subtracting the fall from the R.L of the
preceding point.
4. For the entire work, the arithmetical check will be,
BS
IS
Result
FS
RISE
FALL
R.L
Date :........................
BS
IS
FS
RISE
FALL
R.L
Result
The R.Ls of given points are=
Date :.........................
CHECK LEVELING
Aim
To run check levels connecting the given points, reduce and check their levels.
Check leveling - Definition
It is the operation of running levels to check a series of levels, which are already taken. It is also
done to accurately establish a B.M. near the site of work from a known B.M. Check levels are carried out
at the end of each days work, starting from the last to the first point. If the leveling work is correct, the R.L
of the first point assumed at the beginning will be equal to that obtained from the check levels.
Generally check leveling is done using a single leveling instrument with a single staff or two
leveling instruments with a single staff.
Equipments required
1. A level with tripod
2. A leveling staff
3. Level field book
Field work procedure
The field procedure and reduction of levels of points are same as that for fly leveling.
The following is the procedure of leveling work in the field. (Refer to fig. 3.4)
1. The instrument position marked (1) is selected, such that it can observe staff readings on the
maximum
number of points 1, 2, 3, The points are shown on plan in fig. 3.4 (a) and in elevation as
marked1, 2,3Respectively in fig. 3.4 (b) along with the bench mark marked B.M.
2. The instrument is setup and leveled up over the station point (1).
3. Observe the reading on the staff held at B.M.
Let us express the reading in accordance with the convention a ij, where a is the staff reading on
the point for the ithe position of the instrument.
th
4. If the R.L of B.M is h and a1BM is the staff reading on the B.M. i.e., the first staff reading which is
termed
as
back sight or B.S. Then the height of the instrument position (1) may be designated as
H.I (1) = h + a1BM
or
5. In a similar way, a11 and a22 are, although, obtained, the reading of the staff at the point 3 may
not
be
obtainable.
Hence, a12 is the last staff reading from the instrument position (1), it is termed as foresight or
F.S.between B.S and F.S, sights like a11 are called intermediate sights or I.S. This forms the first stage in
theseriesof setups.
6. Now, the R.L of point (1)
= H.I (1) a21
and the R.L of point (2)
= H.I (1) a12
B.S
I.S
F.S
H.C
.
Result
The R.Ls of given points before and after taking check levels are given below :
R.L
GPS
Exercise No. ..........15...........
Date :.........................
Date :.........................
The map screen is the most commonly viewing screen while using this GPS.Each time it
shows number symbol for specific usage is given below:
A - Battery level.
B Saved way point
E North indicator.
F Satellite status.
G Time of day
H Map area.
Cursor:
There are two important cursors on the map screen ,the present position cursor and
the panning cursor.
Present position cursor.
Panning cursor. The red do around the panning cursor indicates the
direction of your present position.
Date :.........................
Optional:
Icon:
Highlight the icon and press enter to display all possible icons that can be used to
represent your waypoint icons that can be used to represent your waypoint. Select the
desired icon and press to accept the close the window.
Name:
[Default GCXXX]. Select the waypoint name field and press enter to display the
keyboard. Enter the name and select the green button.
Location:
The latitude or longitude fields and press enter to bring up the keyboard that can be
used to enter the desired data.
Difficulty:
Assign a difficulty rating to this point.
Terrain:
Indicate the type of terrain the point is located.
GC type:
Select the suitable type.
Hint:
Field for including hints about the point size.
Data:
Enter the data of the survey.
Select to accept the information and sere the point.
Result:
The observed latitude and longitude of a given point=lat/long
EXP NO 18
DATE.