SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

VIRLYN C. TRILLANA MRS.

CLARISSA LUCIDO

Overview of the Topic

Objectives
Motivation
Activity
Pre-test
Enrichment
Applications
Definition of terms
Concept
Answer keys
Overview

Sound is a series of longitudinal or compression waves that move through air

or other materials. Sound does not travel in a vacuum.

Like any waveform, sound has the characteristics of wavelength, frequency,

amplitude and speed or velocity. Sound waves are created by the vibration
of some object, like the cone in a radio loudspeaker. The waves are detected
when they cause a detector to vibrate.

Questions you may have include:

• What is a description of sound?

• What are the characteristics of sound waves?
• How is sound created and detected?

concept

Sound is a mechanical vibration

Sound is a regular mechanical vibration that travels through matter as a

waveform. It consists of longitudinal or compression waves in matter.

Travels through matter

Although it is commonly associated in air, sound will readily travel through

many materials, such as water and steel. Some insulating materials absorb
much of the sound waves, preventing the waves from penetrating the
material.

Does not travel in vacuum

Because sound is the vibration of matter, it does not travel through a

vacuum or in outer space.

When you see movies or TV shows about battles in outer space, you should
only be able to see an explosion but not hear it. The sounds are added for
dramatic effect.

However, note that in outer space, there are actually some widely-spaced
atoms and molecules floating around. But since they are so far apart, regular
wave motion would not be great enough to detect.

Sound waves are different than light waves

Light and radio waves are electromagnetic waves. They are completely
different than sound, which is vibration of matter. Electromagnetic waves are
related to electrical and magnetic fields and readily travel through space.
Sound is a longitudinal wave

The rapid back-and-forth vibration of an object creates the longitudinal or

compression waves of sound. Longitudinal waves are waves that oscillate in
the same path that the sound wave is moving. This is different than the up
and down or transverse motion of a water wave.

Transverse wave (water wave)

Longitudinal or compression wave (sound)

The illustrations above show a comparison of a transverse wave—such as a

water wave—and the compression wave of sound.

Characteristics of sound
A sound wave has the same characteristics as any other type of waveform. It
has wavelength, frequency, velocity and amplitude.

Wavelength

Wavelength is the distance from one crest to another of a wave. Since sound
is a compression wave, the wavelength is the distance between maximum
compressions.

Speed or velocity

The sound waveform moves at approximately 344 meters/second, 1130

feet/sec. or 770 miles per hour at room temperature of 20oC (70oF).
Frequency

The frequency of sound is the rate at which the waves pass a given point. It
is also the rate at which a guitar string or a loudspeaker vibrates.

The relationship between velocity, wavelength and frequency is:

velocity = wavelength x frequency

Amplitude

Since sound is a compression wave, its amplitude corresponds to how much

the wave is compressed, as compared to areas of little compression. Thus, it
is sometimes called pressure amplitude.

Creating and detecting sounds

Creating and detecting sounds are similar effects, but opposite. They
demonstrate the duality of nature.

Creating sound

Whenever an object in air vibrates, it causes longitudinal or compression

waves in the air. These waves move away from the object as sound. There
are many forms of the vibration, some not so obvious. The back and forth
movement of a loudspeaker cone, guitar string or drum head result in
compression waves of sound. When you speak, your vocal cords also vibrate,
creating sound.

Blowing across a bottle top can also create sound. In this case, the air inside
the bottle goes in a circular motion, resulting in sound waves being formed.
Wind blowing through trees can also create sound this indirect way. Sound
can also be created by vibrating an object in a liquid such as water or in a
solid such as iron. A train rolling on a steel railroad track will create a sound
wave that travels through the tracks. They will then vibrate, creating sound
in air that you can hear, while the train may be a great distance away.

Detecting sound

When a sound wave strikes an object, it can cause the object to vibrate. This
leads to the method to detect sound, which requires changing that vibration
into some other type of signal—usually electrical. The main way you detect
or sense sounds is through your ears. The sound waves vibrate your ear
drum, which goes to the inner ear and is changed to nerve signals you can
sense. You can also feel sounds. Stand in front of a stereo or hi-fi
loudspeaker on at full volume, and you can feel some of the vibrations from
the music.
There are mechanical devices that detect sounds, such as the microphone.
The sound vibrates a membrane, which creates an electric signal that is
amplified and recorded.

Activity

SOUND AND VIBRATIONS WITH A COFFEE CAN

DRUM
Remove the top and bottom from a large coffee can, or some other large,
rigid cylinder. Stretch plastic wrap tightly over one end and secure with a
rubber band. Duct tape the coffee can "drum" to a table top with the open
end near a table edge. Use clay to secure a flashlight or diode laser pointer
to the table top so that a light beam strikes the plastic wrap and reflects onto
a wall. Turn the lights down so that the reflected beam spot is very clear.
Play amplified music, or speak, or sing loudly into the coffee can drum. You
can increase the effect of your voice by speaking through a cone made of
paper or a plastic cup with the bottom cut out. The sound, which is a
vibration of the air, will in turn vibrate the plastic wrap. This vibration can be
seen in the movement of the reflected beam spot. Have one or two students
place a finger or two on the plastic wrap to feel the vibrations. The idea here
is for your students to connect vibrations with sound.

SODA STRAW WAVE MACHINE

Take a couple of dozen soda straws and clip a paperclip to each end of every
straw. Measure out a little more than 2' of sticky tape, and stick a straw
every inch or so with the tape in the middle of each straw. Stick a second
identical length of tape over the top of the straws to cover the sticky part of
the first tape. Hang the straw strip from a desk or table, pull it taunt, and
give one of the straws at the top or the bottom a tap to start a transverse
wave. Increasing the tension will increase the speed of the wave, and
increasing the density (by adding more paperclips) will decrease the speed
of the wave. Although sound is a longitudinal wave, best represented by
compression waves in slinkys, the soda straw waves can be used to illustrate
many of the properties of sound waves.

SODA STRAW REED PIPE

Cut two narrow "V's" out of opposite sides of a plastic soda straw at one end,
with the "V's" about 5/8" long. Mash the two halves of the cut end flat
between your molars to form a double reed like that on an oboe or bassoon.
With practice you can blow through the straw with the reed in your mouth to
make a buzzing note. You can stick the straw whistle into a polled piece of
paper to make a slide (or trombone) whistle, or cut pieces off of the end of
the straw with scissors while playing. In any case, the pitch will increase if
the whistle is shortened, or decreased if the whistle is lengthened.

objectives
  To know how sound waves are produce;
 To discuss what are sound waves; and
 To know how to create and detect sound waves

pretest

Click on the buttons in front of the correct answers to the questions.

1. This is thought to be the waves caused by the vibration of the object,

whether or not they are heard by the ears

light sound gravity

2. Sound waves travel through the air

by vibrating or moving the particles of matter in the air

by the force of gravity pulling them to the earth

by magnetic force

3. There must be particles in the air for sound to be heard.

True False

4. Sound waves that are regular and organized making them pleasing to the
ear are called

noise music cacophony

5. The crowding together of the molecules of air is called

rarefaction condensation evaporation

1. sound
2. by vibrating particles of matter in the air
3. true
4. music
5. rarefaction
motivation

Procedure

1. Have students do "the wave" across the room. They should start in
their seats and stand up and raise their arms when it is their turn, and
then sit down again.

Discussion: Ask students if anyone is in a new position after they did

the wave (they shouldn't be). Ask them how they moved when it was
their turn (up and down). Ask them how the wave moved (down the
row of students).

2. Now ask for volunteers to do "the jiggle" (you'll need at least five
students). Have the students line up next to each other. One of the end
students should begin by bumping hips with the student next to
him/her. The students should pass the hip bump down the line.

Discussion: Ask the students the same questions as you did in number
1. The answers should be the same except for the motion of the
students - in this case the students moved side to side instead of up
and down.

applications

Ultrasonic Waves:
Humans can normally hear sound frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz
(20kHz). When a sound wave's frequency lies above 20 kHz, it is called an
ultrasonic wave. While we cannot hear ultrasonic waves, we apply them in
various technologies such as sonar systems, sonograms, surgical tools, and
cleaning systems. Some animals also use ultrasonic waves in a specialized
technique called echolocation that allows them to pinpoint objects and other
animals, even in the dark.

Sonar:
Sonar stands for SOund NAvigation Ranging. Sonar is used in navigation,
forecasting weather, and for tracking aircraft, ships, submarines, and
missiles. Sonar devices work by bouncing sound waves off objects to
determine their location. A sonar unit consists of an ultrasonic transmitter
and a receiver. On boats, the receiver is mounted on the bottom of the ship.
To measure water depth, for instance, the transmitter sends out a short
pulse of sound, and later, the receiver picks up the reflected sound. The
water depth is determined from the time elapsed between the emission of
the ultrasonic sound and the reception of its reflection off the sea-floor. In
the diagram below, a ship sends out ultrasonic waves (green) in order to
detect schools of fish swimming beneath. The waves reflect off the fish
(white), and return to the ship where they are detected and the depth of the
fish is determined.

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

With laparoscopy, removal of the gallbladder is guided by a laparoscope, which is a bit like a periscope. The surgeon first creates
space in the abdomen by filling it with carbon dioxide, which flows out of a tube inserted through the navel. Four small incisions in
the abdomen enable the surgeon to insert instruments and a laparoscope -- a thin telescope that can relay an image of the area to a
video monitor. The surgeon separates the gallbladder from the liver and removes it through one of the incisions. Laparoscopic
cholecystectomy requires general anesthesia, but patients can still leave the hospital earlier than with open surgery, and there is less
post-operative pain and disability than with the open procedure. Patients usually go home on the same day as the surgery, and return
to work within ten days.

What causes gallstones?

The mere presence of gallstones may cause more gallstones to develop. Other factors that contribute to the formation of gallstones,
particularly cholesterol stones, include

• Sex. Women are twice as likely as men to develop gallstones. Excess estrogen from pregnancy, hormone replacement
therapy, and birth control pills appears to increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder movement, which can
lead to gallstones.
• Family history. Gallstones often run in families, pointing to a possible genetic link.
• Weight. A large clinical study showed that being even moderately overweight increases the risk for developing gallstones.
The most likely reason is that the amount of bile salts in bile is reduced, resulting in more cholesterol. Increased
cholesterol reduces gallbladder emptying. Obesity is a major risk factor for gallstones, especially in women.
• Diet. Diets high in fat and cholesterol and low in fiber increase the risk of gallstones due to increased cholesterol in the
bile and reduced gallbladder emptying.
• Rapid weight loss. As the body metabolizes fat during prolonged fasting and rapid weight loss—such as “crash diets”—the
liver secretes extra cholesterol into bile, which can cause gallstones. In addition, the gallbladder does not empty properly.
• Age. People older than age 60 are more likely to develop gallstones than younger people. As people age, the body tends to
secrete more cholesterol into bile.
• Ethnicity. American Indians have a genetic predisposition to secrete high levels of cholesterol in bile. In fact, they have
the highest rate of gallstones in the United States. The majority of American Indian men have gallstones by age 60.
Among the Pima Indians of Arizona, 70 percent of women have gallstones by age 30. Mexican American men and women of
all ages also have high rates of gallstones.
• Cholesterol-lowering drugs. Drugs that lower cholesterol levels in the blood actually increase the amount of cholesterol
secreted into bile. In turn, the risk of gallstones increases.

What are the symptoms of gallstones?

As gallstones move into the bile ducts and create blockage, pressure increases in the gallbladder and one or more symptoms may
occur. Symptoms of blocked bile ducts are often called a gallbladder “attack” because they occur suddenly. Gallbladder attacks often
follow fatty meals, and they may occur during the night. A typical attack can cause

• steady pain in the right upper abdomen that increases rapidly and lasts from 30 minutes to several hours
• pain in the back between the shoulder blades
• pain under the right shoulder
Notify your doctor if you think you have experienced a gallbladder attack. Although these attacks often pass as gallstones move,
your gallbladder can become infected and rupture if a blockage remains.People with any of the following symptoms should see a
doctor immediately:

• prolonged pain—more than 5 hours

• nausea and vomiting
• fever—even low-grade—or chills
• yellowish color of the skin or whites of the eyes
• clay-colored stools

Many people with gallstones have no symptoms; these gallstones are called “silent stones.” They do not interfere with gallbladder,
liver, or pancreas function and do not need treatment.