Boiler tube

Boiler tube is made from heat resisting carbon and low alloyed steels which can
withstand the load at high pressure and temperature. Boiler tube is used for parts of energy type
equipment such as boilers, steam superheaters, steam pipelines, etc. The tubes are supplied as hot
rolled or cold drawn. Specifications, dimensions and the steel grades are shown in a separate
overview.
Boiler tube dimensions and tolerances
The tube dimensions range from 10.2 mm to 139.7 mm, from 21.3 mm diameter and the wall
thickness from 2.3 mm and they supplied as hot rolled. The smaller diameter tubes and the thick
wall tubes of larger diameters are supplied as cold drawn and subsequently they are heat treated.
The tubes delivery in this condition happens only if there is an agreement upfront at the time of
ordering the tubes. Based on an agreement it is possible to deliver boiler tubes with dimensions
and tolerances according to the dimensional specifications for precision tubes. The tube
dimensions meet the requirements of the following EN 10216-2, DIN 2448, BS 3059-1, BS
3059-2, BS 3602-1, BS 3604-1, NF A 49-211, NF A 49-213, UNI 4991, STN 42 5715, STN 42
5716, SN 425715, SN 42 5716, GOST 8732, PN-H 74252, ANSI B36.10, ASME B36.10. The
detailed dimensional overview is shown in the tables according to EN, DIN, BS, NF A, UNI,
STN, SN and PN-H standards, GOST standards, TU standards,ANSI standards, ASME
standards.

Boiler Burner
Both gas and oil fired boilers use controlled combustion of the fuel to heat water. The
key boiler components involved in this process are the burner, combustion chamber, heat
exchanger, and controls.

Boiler Burner
The burner mixes the fuel and oxygen together and, with the assistance of an ignition device,
provides a platform for combustion. This combustion takes place in the combustion chamber,
and the heat that it generates is transferred to the water through the heat exchanger. Controls
regulate the ignition, burner firing rate, fuel supply, air supply, exhaust draft, water temperature,
steam pressure, and boiler pressure.
Hot water produced by a boiler is pumped through pipes and delivered to equipment throughout
the building, which can include hot water coils in air handling units, service hot water heating
equipment, and terminal units. Steam boilers produce steam that flows through pipes from areas
of high pressure to areas of low pressure, unaided by an external energy source such as a pump.
Steam utilized for heating can be directly utilized by steam using equipment or can provide heat
through a heat exchanger that supplies hot water to the equipment.

Swirling Flow

If the swirling flow in the burner is properly designed a recirculation zone is formed near the
sudden expansion at the transition of the mixing tube and the combustion chamber. The
formation of the IRZ is caused by the changes of vorticity, which induce negative velocity
against the main flow. In this zone the vortex breaks down and forms a zone with negative
axial flow velocity and with a stagnation point at the upstream end. At least in the reacting
case this zone forms a closed bubble due to the strong acceleration of the flow. The position
of the stagnation point is governed by the equilibrium of the fresh mixture velocity near the
tube exit and the induced negative velocity during vortex breakdown.
Generally a Newtonian flow involving friction cannot only be described by the equation of
conservation of the mass and by the Navier-Stokes equations, but also with the vortex
transport equation. Under many circumstances, effects linked to vortex dynamics alone can
be adequately treated without consideration of viscous effects or turbulent transport:

This equation describes the evolution of the vorticity with time for inviscid flows. The first
term on the right hand side represents the influence of stretching and tilting, which occur
due to the widening of the streamlines near the bubble. Thus, the first term exists in both
cases, in the isotherm as well as the reacting flow. The second term describes the influence
of the volume expansion caused by heat release. The third one represents the influence of

the baroclinic torque. The last two effects occur only in the reacting case, because they are
based on heat release and the associated density change.

Tumble Flow
Some gas engine components require a tumble motion ow pattern (right) in order to mix
uid with oxygen. Tumble ow circulates around an axis perpendicular to the cylinder axis,
orthogonal to swirl ow. The data set is composed of 61,700 unstructured, adaptive resolution
cells. cle, the kinetic energy associated with this motion is used to generate turbulence for mixing
of fresh oxygen with evaporated fuel.The more turbulence generated, the better the mixture of air
and fuel, and thus the more stable the combustion itself. By stable we mean achieving the same
conditions for each engine cycle. Ideally, enough turbulent mixing is generated such that 100%
of the fuel is burned. The swirl or tumble motion should be maximized to maximize turbulence.
From the point of view of the mechanical engineers designing the intake ports, the ideal ow
pattern leads to benecial conditions including: improved mixture preparation,a higher EGR
(Exhaust Gas Ratio) which means a decrease in fuel consumption, and lower emissions.
However, too much swirl (or tumble) can displace the ame used to ignite the fuel, cause
irregular ame propagation, or result in less fuel combustion. As such, a balance must be
achieved between generating enough swirl or tumble ow and not displacing the ame used to
ignite the ow. A controlled ow motion is used to get stable and reproducible conditions at each
engine cycle.

This illustration of a swirl and tumble shows what air does when it flows in certain
situations.From this illustration, you can certainly tell how the vertical areas of tire rims could
lead to air resistance.Reducing air resistance is key to saving fuel.