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Bituminous coal
1 Formation
Throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity
and/or heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such
as rening metals. A fossil fuel, coal forms when dead
plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that
bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over a
long period. The Energy Information Administration estimates coal reserves at 948109 short tons (860 Gt).[3]
One estimate for resources is 18 000 Gt.[4]
RANKS
Ranks
Coal ranking system used in the United States (US Geological
Survey)
and is an important source of light aromatic hydrocarbons for the chemical synthesis industry.
Bituminous coal is a dense sedimentary rock, usually
black, but sometimes dark brown, often with welldened bands of bright and dull material; it is used
primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation,
with substantial quantities used for heat and power
applications in manufacturing and to make coke.
Coastal exposure of the Point Aconi Seam (Nova Scotia)
3
The middle six grades in the table represent a progressive transition from the English-language sub-bituminous
to bituminous coal, while the last class is an approximate equivalent to anthracite, but more inclusive (US anthracite has < 6% volatiles).
Cannel coal (sometimes called candle coal) is a variety
of ne-grained, high-rank coal with signicant hydrogen
content. It consists primarily of "exinite" macerals, now
termed liptinite.
2.1
Hilts law
Content
USES TODAY
5.3
Gasication
5.2
5
C (as Coal) + O2 + H2 O H2 + CO
If the rener wants to produce gasoline, the syngas is collected at this state and routed into a Fischer-Tropsch reaction. If hydrogen is the desired end-product, however,
the syngas is fed into the water gas shift reaction, where
more hydrogen is liberated.
CO + H2 O CO2 + H2
USES TODAY
5.5
Rened coal
Rened coal is the product of a coal-upgrading tech- Historically, production of chemicals from coal has been
nology that removes moisture and certain pollutants used since the 1950s and has become established in the
7
market. According to the 2010 Worldwide Gasication
Database,[68] a survey of current and planned gasiers,
from 2004 to 2007 chemical production increased its
gasication product share from 37% to 45%. From 2008
to 2010, 22% of new gasier additions were to be for
chemical production.
Cultural usage
In North America, Central Appalachian coal futures contracts are currently traded on the New York Mercantile
Exchange (trading symbol QL). The trading unit is 1,550
short tons (1,410 t) per contract, and is quoted in U.S.
dollars and cents per ton. Since coal is the principal fuel
for generating electricity in the United States, coal futures
contracts provide coal producers and the electric power
Bioremediation
13.1
12
Underground res
13
Production trends
13.1 World coal reserves
10
15
REFERENCES
mated at 7.075 billion short tons, or 133.179 quadrillion importers are still Japan (206.0 millions tonnes), China
BTUs.[113] This is an average of 18.8 million BTU (172.4) and South Korea (125.8).[119]
per short ton. In terms of heat content, this is about
57,000,000 barrels (9,100,000 m3 ) of oil equivalent per
day. By comparison in 2007, natural gas provided 14 See also
51,000,000 barrels (8,100,000 m3 ) of oil equivalent per
day, while oil provided 85,800,000 barrels (13,640,000
Asphaltene
m3 ) per day.
Biochar
British Petroleum, in its 2007 report, estimated at 2006
end that there were 147 years reserves-to-production ratio based on proven coal reserves worldwide. This gure
only includes reserves classied as proven"; exploration
drilling programs by mining companies, particularly in
under-explored areas, are continually providing new reserves. In many cases, companies are aware of coal deposits that have not been suciently drilled to qualify as
proven. However, some nations haven't updated their
information and assume reserves remain at the same levels even with withdrawals.
Of the three fossil fuels, coal has the most widely distributed reserves; coal is mined in over 100 countries, and
on all continents except Antarctica. The largest reserves
are found in the United States, Russia, China, Australia
and India. Note the table below.
13.2
Biomass-coal
Carbochemistry
Clean coal
Coal assay
Coal dust
Coal homogenization
Coal Measure (stratigraphic unit)
Coal mining
Coal phase out
Coal-tar
Coalbed methane
Fluidized bed combustion
Gytta
The reserve life is an estimate based only on current production levels and proved reserves level for the countries
shown, and makes no assumptions of future production
or even current production trends. Countries with annual
production higher than 100 million tonnes are shown. For
comparison, data for the European Union is also shown.
Shares are based on data expressed in tonnes oil equivalent.
13.3
Oil (petroleum)
Countries with annual consumption higher than 20 million tonnes are shown.
13.4
Countries with annual gross export higher than 10 million tonnes are shown. In terms of net export the largest
exporters are still Australia (328.1 millions tonnes),
Indonesia (316.2) and Russia (100.2).
13.5
Countries with annual gross import higher than 20 million tonnes are shown. In terms of net import the largest
15 References
[1] Harper, Douglas. coal. Online Etymology Dictionary.
[2] Blander, M. Calculations of the Inuence of Additives
on Coal Combustion Deposits. Argonne National Laboratory. p. 315. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
[3] EIA International Energy Statistics : Coal : Recoverable
Reserves. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
[4] Fred Pearce (Feb 15, 2014). Fire in the hole: After
fracking comes coal. New Scientist: 3641.
[5] International Energy Annual 2006. Energy Information
Administration. 2008. Archived from the original on 23
May 2011., see data tables
11
[26] Smith, A. H. V. (1997). Provenance of Coals from Roman Sites in England and Wales. Britannia 28: 297324
(3224). doi:10.2307/526770. JSTOR 526770.
[27] Salway, Peter (2001). A History of Roman Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280138-4.
[28] Forbes, RJ (1966): Studies in Ancient Technology. Brill
Academic Publishers, Boston.
[29] Cunlie, Barry W. (1984). Roman Bath Discovered. London: Routledge. pp. 145, 194. ISBN 0-7102-0196-6.
[30] Cantril, T. C. (1914). Coal Mining. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 310. OCLC
156716838.
12
15
Ipaper.ipapercms.dk.
Retrieved on
[54] http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22029470.
300-mining-insider-leave-the-coal-in-the-ground.html
[55] IPCC digested: Just leave the fossil fuels underground.
New Scientist.
[56] Blast furnace steelmaking cost model. Steelonthenet.com.
Retrieved on 24 August 2012.
[57] Conversion of Methanol to Gasoline. National Energy
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[58] Direct Liquefaction Processes. National Energy Technology Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
[59] Haul, Robert (April 1985). Friedrich Bergius (1884
1949)". Chemie in unserer Zeit (VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft
mbH) 19: 62. doi:10.1002/ciuz.19850190205.
[60] Speight, James G. (2008). Synthetic Fuels Handbook:
Properties, Process, and Performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 910. ISBN 978-0-07-149023-8.
[61] Lowe, Phillip A.; Schroeder, Wilburn C.; Liccardi, Anthony L. (1976). Technical Economies, Synfuels and
Coal Energy Symposium, Solid-Phase Catalytic Coal Liquefaction Process. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. p. 35.
[62] Direct Liquefaction Processes, Single-stage Processes
and Two-stage Processes. National Energy Technology
Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
[63] Hk, M., Aleklett, K. (2010). A review on coalto-liquid fuels and its coal consumption. International Journal of Energy Research 34 (10): 848.
doi:10.1002/er.1596.
REFERENCES
[64] Tarka, Thomas J.; Wimer, John G.; Balash, Peter C.;
Skone, Timothy J.; Kern, Kenneth C.; Vargas, Maria C.;
Morreale, Bryan D.; White III, Charles W.; Gray, David
(2009). Aordable Low Carbon Diesel from Domestic
Coal and Biomass. United States Department of Energy,
National Energy Technology Laboratory. p. 21.
[65] Rao, P. N. (2007). Moulding materials. Manufacturing
technology: foundry, forming and welding (2 ed.). New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-07463180-5.
[66] Kirk, Edward (1899). Cupola management. Cupola
Furnace A Practical Treatise on the Construction and
Management of Foundry Cupolas. Philadelphia, PA:
Baird. p. 95. OCLC 2884198.
[67] Chemicals. National Energy Technology Laboratory.
Retrieved 12 July 2014.
[68] Gasication Systems 2010 Worldwide Gasication
Database. United States Department of Energy. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
[69] Rembrandt (2 August 2012). Chinas Coal to Chemical Future (Blog post by expert). The Oil Drum.Com.
Retrieved 3 March 2013.
[70] Ken Yin (27 February 2012). China develops coalto-olens projects, which could lead to ethylene selfsuciency. ICIS Chemical Business. Retrieved 3 March
2013.
[71] Didi Kirsten Tatlow (5 February 2013). Worse Than Poisoned Water: Dwindling Water, in Chinas North (Blog
in edited newspaper). International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
[72] Spill in China Underlines Environmental Concerns. The
New York Times. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
[73] Kentucky: Secretary of State State Mineral. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
[74] Utah State Rock Coal. Pioneer: Utahs Online Library.
Utah State Library Division. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
[75] NYMEX.com: Coal. Archived from the original on
2008-03-12. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
[76] ICE: Coal Futures. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
[77] Coal News and Markets (Archive) Department of Energy
see Bloomberg for realtime prices
[78] https://www.quandl.com/c/markets/coal
[79] Toxic Air: The Case for Cleaning Up Coal-red Power
Plants. American Lung Association (March 2011)
[80] Environmental impacts of coal power: air pollution.
Union of Concerned Scientists
[81] Deadly power plants? Study Fuels Debate: Thousands of
Early Deaths Tied To Emissions. MSNBC (2004-09-06)
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[82] The Unpaid Health Bill How coal power plants make
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13
[83] World Coal Association Environmental impact of Coal [102] EHP 110-5, 2002: Forum. Retrieved 9 September
Use
2005.
[84] Direct Testimony of James E. Hansen. State of Iowa
14
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17
Further reading
17
External links
EXTERNAL LINKS
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18.1
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