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Electromagnetic induction
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
understand how an e.m.f. may be induced in a conductor
state Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction
state Lenzs law
use Flemings right-hand rule for relative directions
appreciate that the induced e.m.f., E D Blv or E D Blv sin
calculate induced e.m.f. given B, l, v and and determine relative directions
define inductance L and state its unit
define mutual inductance
appreciate that emf
dI
d
D L
dt
dt
calculate induced e.m.f. given N, t, L, change of flux or change of current
ED
MdI1 /dt
TLFeBOOK
94
Figure 9.1
Figure 9.2
TLFeBOOK
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
In a generator, conductors forming an electric circuit are made to move through a magnetic field. By
Faradays law an e.m.f. is induced in the conductors
and thus a source of e.m.f. is created. A generator
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
(The action of a simple a.c. generator is described
in Chapter 14).
The induced e.m.f. E set up between the ends of
the conductor shown in Fig. 9.3 is given by:
E = Blv volts
95
E
1.5
D
D 0.075 A or 75 mA
R
20
9
0.675 10 3
9 103
0.6 75
D 200 m=s
D
Figure 9.3
300
4 D 1.5 V
E D Blv D 1.25
1000
D
lv sin 90
A
5 10 6
D
0.02 15 1
4 10 4
D 3.75 mV
(b) E60 D Blv sin 60 D E90 sin 60
D 3.75 sin 60 D 3.25 mV
(c) E30 D Blv sin 30 D E90 sin 30
D 3.75 sin 30 D 1.875 mV
TLFeBOOK
96
Blv
km
m
1h
1000
h
km 60 60 s
4001000
D
3600
4000
D
m/s
36
v D 400
Hence
4000
6
E D Blv D 40 10 36
36
D 0.16 V
Figure 9.5
TLFeBOOK
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
97
d8
volts
dt
E = L
dI
volts
dt
Induced e.m.f. E D
d
dt
25 10
50 10
200
100 volts
9.3 Inductance
Inductance is the name given to the property of a
circuit whereby there is an e.m.f. induced into the
circuit by the change of flux linkages produced by
a current change.
When the e.m.f. is induced in the same circuit as
that in which the current is changing, the property is
d
dt
TLFeBOOK
98
800 10 6
40 10 3
150
3 volts
dI
D 124
dt
48 volts
L
LdI
0.1512
D
jEj
40
D 0.045 s or 45 ms
time dt D
0 D 4 A,
4000
8
E D 1.5 kV D 1500 V
dI
Since
jEj D L ,
dt
jEj
1500
inductance, L D
D
D 3H
dI/dt
500
and
9.4 Inductors
A component called an inductor is used when the
property of inductance is required in a circuit. The
basic form of an inductor is simply a coil of wire.
Factors which affect the inductance of an inductor
include:
(i) the number of turns of wire the more turns
the higher the inductance
(ii) the cross-sectional area of the coil of wire the
greater the cross-sectional area the higher the
inductance
(iii) the presence of a magnetic core when the coil
is wound on an iron core the same current sets
up a more concentrated magnetic field and the
inductance is increased
(iv) the way the turns are arranged a short thick
coil of wire has a higher inductance than a long
thin one.
TLFeBOOK
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Iron
core
Wire
(a)
Laminated
iron core
99
Coil of
wire
Energy stored,
(b)
Figure 9.6
W D 12 LI2 D 12 8 32 D 36 joules
Now try the following exercise
Exercise 43 Further problems on energy
stored
Figure 9.7
N
LI
D
t
t
N8
henrys
I
TLFeBOOK
100
LD
150025 10 3
N
D
D 12.5 H
I
3
(b) Energy stored,
LD
W D
1
2
2 12.53
dI
L D
dt
12.5
3 0
150 10
(Alternatively,
N
d
dt
1500
250 V
25 10 3
150 10 3
D 8 mWb
Induced e.m.f.
ED
D
dI
D
dt
2 0
20 10
300 V
ED
D
d
D
dt
750
8 10 3
20 10 3
300 V
D 250 V
ED
LI
32
D
D 8 10
N
750
D 56.25 J
N
from which, flux
I
(Alternatively,
(a) Inductance,
1
2
2 LI
Coil inductance, L D
N
. Thus
I
0.61.5
LI
D
D 10 000 turns
90 10 6
TLFeBOOK
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
101
1.5
D 0.0075 H or 7.5 mH
200
10 4
0.2
D
10 10 3
M
jE2 j D
120 V
dI1
volts
dt
jE2 jdt
d
, hence d D
dt
N
Thus the change of flux,
jE2 j D N
d D
12010 10 3
D 2.4 mWb
500
TLFeBOOK
102
TLFeBOOK
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
103
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