What Is CFD

C
ComputationalFluidDynamics
i
l Fl id D
i
Copyrights,www.cctech.co.in
IntroductiontoCFD
O li
OutlineofTheTalk
f Th T lk
ComputationalFluidDynamics:AnOverview
Th Th
TheThreeStepProcess
St P
IndustrialapplicationsofCFD
CFD
CFD:careerandopportunities
d
t iti
IntroductiontoCFD
Fl id fl
Fluidflow
Studyoffluidundermotioniscalledfluiddynamics
Fl id fl
Fluidflowsaregovernedbysetofequationssatisfying
db
t f
ti
ti f i
conservationofmass,momentumandenergy
Aim of any fluid flow study
Aimofanyfluidflowstudy
Toknoweffectoffluidonboundaries
Boundariesmaybesolidsurfaceorinterfacewithotherfluids
y
Example
Dragonacar
H tt
Heattransferrateinheatexchangers
f
t i h t
h
Heatsinkperformance
Pressuredragacrossapump
Temperaturedistributioninaroom
IntroductiontoCFD
Wh
Whereisfluidflow?
i fl id fl
?
Fluidflowsencounteredineverydaylifeinclude
meteorological phenomena (rain wind hurricanes floods fires)

meteorologicalphenomena(rain,wind,hurricanes,floods,fires)
environmentalhazards(airpollution,transportofcontaminants)
heating,ventilationandairconditioningofbuildings,carsetc.
g
g
g
combustioninautomobileenginesandotherpropulsionsystems
interactionofvariousobjectswiththesurroundingair/water
complexflowsinfurnaces,heatexchangers,chemicalreactorsetc.
l fl
i f
h
h
h i l
processesinhumanbody(bloodflow,breathing,drinking...)
and so on and so forth
andsoonandsoforth
IntroductiontoCFD
Methodsforsolvingfluidflow
h d f
l
fl d fl
Dragonflatplate
AnalyticalFluidDynamics(AFD)
Mathematicalanalysisof
Mathematical analysis of
governingequations,including
exactandapproximatesolutions
Steps
SetupProblemandgeometry,
identifyalldimensionsand
parameters
Listallassumptions,
approximations,simplifications,
boundaryconditions
SimplifyPDEs
S
lf
Integrateequations
ApplyI.C.sandB.C.stosolvefor
constantsofintegration
t t fi t
ti
Verifyandplotresults
Integralanalysisofsteadyflow
momentumequation
IntroductiontoCFD
Methodsofsolvingfluidflow
h d f l
fl d fl
AFD Limitations
ComplexityofGoverning
Complexity of Governing
equations
Viscosity
Phasechange.
ComplexityofGeometry
Geometryofourinterest
GoverningEquations
6
IntroductiontoCFD
h d f l
fl d fl
ExperimentalFluidDynamics
((EFD))
EFD
Observationanddataacquisition
throughexperimentation
Steps
Buildprototypeofproduct
Dodimensionalanalysis
Collectdataofinterest
Understandabouttheproduct
performance
Limitations
Time
Cost
Feasibility
IntroductiontoCFD
h d f l
fl d fl
Computationalfluiddynamics(CFD)
Numericalsolutionsofgoverning
equations
Steps
Mathematicalmodelingofphysics
Numericalmethods(discritization
andsolutiontechniques)
Visualizationofdata
Advantages
Lowcost
Speed
Comprehensiveinformation
IntroductiontoCFD
Si l E
SimpleEquation:SimpleSolution
i
Si l S l i LimitedUse
Li i d U
Whichequationisthis?
Bernoulli'sEquation
Wh i h
Whatisthetypicalapplicationofthis?
i l
li i
f hi ?
Dischargethroughpipe
Howtomeasuredischarge?
How to measure discharge ?
Venturi MeterExperiment
IntroductiontoCFD
Si l E
i
Li i d U
Steps
Measurethepressuredropintermsofthemercurycolumn
M
h
d
i
f h
l
UseBernoullisequation
Solvetheequation
Solve the equation
Q = Cd A2
10
2 gh( 2 1 )
;
4
1
D2
where, =
D1
IntroductiontoCFD
Si l E
i
Li i d U
Limitations
Letslookattheequationcarefully
Lets look at the equation carefully
Wh i h
Whatistheconservationprinciple?
i
i i l ?
Isitapplicableforviscousflows?
Is it applicable for compressible flows ?
Isitapplicableforcompressibleflows?
Whatifthereissomeenergyadditionandextractionbetweentwo
sections?
Isitapplicableforunsteadyflows?
I i
li bl f
d fl
?
11
IntroductiontoCFD
Fl id Fl
FluidFlowEquations:TheNavier
E
i
Th N i StokeEquation
S k E
i
AlthoughBernoullisEquationisverysimpletosolve,its
applications are limited
applicationsarelimited
Fluidflowequations
Conservationofmass
Conservation of mass
Massisneithercreatednordestroyedinthefluidparcel
12
IntroductiontoCFD
Fl id Fl
E
i
S k E
i
Fluidflowequations
Newton
Newton'sssecondlawofmotion
second law of motion
Therateofchangeofmomentum=sumoftheforcesactingonthefluid
ConservationofEnergy(FirstLawofThermodynamics)
Thechangeintotalenergy=netheattransfer networkdonebythe
fluid
13
IntroductiontoCFD
Wh i CFD ?
WhatisCFD?
Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational:Havingtodowithmathematics,computing
Computational : Having to do with mathematics computing
FluidDynamics:Thedynamicsofthingsthatflow
14
Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)isthescienceof

predictingfluidflow,heattransfer,masstransfer,chemical
reactions,andrelatedphenomenabysolvingthe
mathematicalequations whichgoverntheseprocesses
using numerical methods (i.e.,onacomputer)
usingnumericalmethods
(i e on a computer)
IntroductiontoCFD
Fl id Fl
E
i
S k E
i
Integralfrom
ScalarTransportEquation
Scalar Transport Equation
15
IntroductiontoCFD
Fl id Fl
E
i
S k E
i
Differentialform
ConservationofMass
C
ti
fM
MomentumEquation
16
IntroductiontoCFD
Fl id Fl
E
i
S k E
i
Differentialform
ConservationofEnergy
Conservation of Energy
Equationofstate
E
i
f
17
P
PropertyRelation
R l i
IntroductiontoCFD
Fl id Fl
E
i
S k E
i
Analyticalsolutionofaboveequationsarealmost
impossible
Complexityofequation
Viscosity:Boundarylayer,turbulence
Unsteady
Nonlinear
Canbesolvedonsimplegeometries
Flowovercylinder,flatplateetc
Complexityofreallifegeometries
C
l i
f
l lif
i
Heatexchanger
Pump,turbine
Car,etc
18
IntroductiontoCFD
Oh C
OtherComplexities
l ii
19
PhaseChange
C b ti
Combustion
Multiphaseflows
R ti
Reactions,etc
t
IntroductiontoCFD
N
NumericalMethods
i lM h d
Thereisonlyonewayout
Solvingequationsnumerically
Solving equations numerically
Differentmethodsareavailable
FiniteDifferentMethod(FDM)
FiniteVolumeMethod(FVM)
Finite Volume Method (FVM)
FiniteElementMethod(FEM)
TheoverallideaisDividethedomaininsmallpartsandsolvethe
governingequationsforonepartatatimetakingintoaccountthe
effect of neighbors
effectofneighbors
20
IntroductiontoCFD
Fi i Diff
FiniteDifferenceMethod(FDM)
M h d (FDM)
Historically,theoldestofthethree
Thedomainisdiscretized intoaseriesofgridpoints
g p
Thegoverningequationsarediscretized (convertedtoalgebraic
form))
astructured(ijk)meshisrequired
firstandsecondderivativesareapproximatedbytruncatedTaylorseries
expansions
Theresultingsetoflinearalgebraicequationsissolved
g
g
q
iteratively
i
j
21
j
i
IntroductiontoCFD
Fi i Diff
M h d (FDM)
22
Procedure:
Startwiththeconservationequationindifferentialform
Start with the conservation equation in differential form
Solutiondomainiscoveredbygrid
Approximatethedifferentialequationateachgridpointby
Approximate the differential equation at each grid point by
approximatingthepartialderivativesfromthenodalvalues
ofthefunctiongivingonealgebraicequationpergridpoint
Solvetheresultingalgebraicequationsforthewholegrid.At
eachgridpointyousolvefortheunknownvariablevalueand
the value of itssneighboringgridpoints
thevalueofit
neighboring grid points
IntroductiontoCFD
Fi i Diff
M h d (FDM)
ThefinitedifferencemethodisbasedontheTaylorseries
expansion about a point, x
expansionaboutapoint,x
Assumethatweknowthevalueoff atx
(point1)inFig.
Wewanttocalculatethevalueoff atx+x
(point2)
23
IntroductiontoCFD
FDM R
FDMRepresentationofDerivative
i
fD i i
Ifwewishtoapproximatethepartialderivativewiththeabovealgebraic
finitedifferencequotient
Thelowestorderterminthetruncationerrorinvolvesxtothefirstpower;hence,
thefinitedifferenceexpressioninEq.aboveiscalledfirstorderaccurate.
24
IntroductiontoCFD
Diff
DifferenceEquation
E
i
Whenallthepartialderivativesinagivenpartialdifferential
equationarereplacedbyfinitedifferencequotients,theresulting
algebraicequationiscalledadifferenceequation
l b i
i i
ll d diff
i
Considerunsteady,onedimensionalheatconductionequationwith
Consider
unsteady onedimensional heat conduction equation with
constantthermaldiffusivity
Considerforwarddifferenceintime
Considercentraldifferenceinspace
25
IntroductiontoCFD
Diff
DifferenceEquation
E
i
Writingjustthedifferenceequation
26
IntroductiontoCFD
Diff
DifferenceEquation
E
i
PartialDifferentialEquation
Notruncationerrors,the
equationrepresentsphysics
Difficulttosolve!!!
DifferenceEquation
Truncationerrors:Basedonorderof
finitedifferencerepresentation
Willbesolvingsomeapproximated
PDEs,notthePDEwehavestarted
with
Needtoconsider,consistency,stability
andconvergenceofmethod
g
27
IntroductiontoCFD
Fi i Diff
FiniteDifferenceMethod
M h d
Oncethedifferenceequationareformed,theycanbesolved
using different numerical techniques
usingdifferentnumericaltechniques
Needtotalkabout
Stabilityofscheme
Consistencyofscheme
Convergenceofscheme
Somepopularmethods
LaxWendroff Technique
Maccormacks Technique
Andmanymore.
28
IntroductiontoCFD
Fi i V l
FiniteVolumeMethod
M h d
Theintegralformofgoverningequationsareused
Using Finite Volume Method the solution domain is subdivided
UsingFiniteVolumeMethod,thesolutiondomainissubdivided
intoafinitenumberofsmallcontrolvolumesbyagrid
Theconservationequationsaresolvedoneachcontrolvolume
t ki i t
takingintoaccounttheeffectofneighbors
t th ff t f i hb
Illustrationofthecells
Continuous domain
Continuousdomain
29
Discretized domain
Discretizeddomain
IntroductiontoCFD
Fi i V l
FiniteVolumeMethod
M h d
Governingequations
Discritizedform
30
IntroductiontoCFD
Fi i V l
FiniteVolumeMethod
M h d
Oncethealgebraicequationsareformed,theycanbesolved
by numerical algorithms
bynumericalalgorithms
Needtotalkabout
Need to talk about
Stability
Consistency
Convergence
Solutionmethodsfor
Compressibleflows(densitybasedorcoupledsolvers)
Incompressibleflows(pressurebasedorsegregatedsolvers)
31
IntroductiontoCFD
Wh i CFD ?
WhatisCFD?
Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational:Havingtodowithmathematics,computing
Computational : Having to do with mathematics computing
FluidDynamics:Thedynamicsofthingsthatflow
32
Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)isthescienceof

predictingfluidflow,heattransfer,masstransfer,chemical
reactions,andrelatedphenomenabysolvingthe
mathematicalequations whichgoverntheseprocesses
using numerical methods (i.e.,onacomputer)
usingnumericalmethods
(i e on a computer)
IntroductiontoCFD
C
CFD
HowItWorks?
k ?
Analysisbeginswithamathematical
model ofaphysicalproblem.
p y
p
Conservationofmass,momentum,
andenergymustbesatisfied
throughouttheregionofinterest.
g
g
Simplifyingassumptions aremadein
ordertomaketheproblemtractable
((e.g.,steadystate,incompressible,
g,
y
,
p
,
inviscid,twodimensional).
Provideappropriateboundaryand
initialconditionsfortheproblem
p
Commercialfintubeheatexchanger
Domainofinterest
D
i fi
Areabetweentwofins
Halfthicknessoffin
33
IntroductiontoCFD
C
CFD
HowItWorks?
k ?
CFDappliesnumericalmethods(called
discretization)todevelopalgebraic
equationstoapproximatethegoverning
ti
t
i t th
i
differentialequationsoffluidmechanics
inthedomaintobestudied.
Th
Thesystemofalgebraicequationsare
f l b i
i
solvednumerically(onacomputer)for
theflowfieldvariablesateachnodeor
cell.
34
Governing differential equations

Governingdifferentialequations
algebraic
Thecollectionofcellsiscalledthegridor
mesh.
Meshforplatefinproblem
Systemofequationsaresolved(usually
throughiterations)toprovidesolution.
Thefinalsolutionispostprocessed to
extractquantitiesofinterest(e.g.lift,
f
(
lf
drag,heattransfer,separationpoints,
pressureloss,etc.)
TemperatureContours
p
IntroductiontoCFD
C
CFD:3StepProcess
3S
PreProcessing
Problemspecification
Additionalmodels(askedbyphysics)
Numerical Computations
NumericalComputations
Solver
PostProcessing
35
PreProcessing
Sol er
Solver
Geometrycreation
Geometrycleanup
Meshgeneration
Boundaryconditions
Understandingflowwithcolor,contour
etc..plots
Lineandcontourdata
Averagevalues(Drag,life,heattransfer
coefficient)
Report generation
Reportgeneration
PostProcessing
IntroductiontoCFD
CFD 3 S
CFD:3StepProcess
P
ColdAirOut
ColdWater
Hot Air In
HotAirIn
BuildGeometry
Compute
36
CreateGrid
BoundaryConditions
PostProcess
IntroductiontoCFD
S
Step1:PreProcessing
1 P P
i
Geometry
Definingthedomaininwhichthegoverningequationsaresolved
Defining the domain in which the governing equations are solved
Twowaysforcreatinggeometry
y
gg
y
1. UsededicatedCADsoftware
2.
Usepreprocessingsoftwaretocreategeometry
37
CATIA,SolidWorks,ProE etc..
Mostly followed for complex geometries
Mostlyfollowedforcomplexgeometries
Needtorepairgeometryafterimportingintopreprocessingsoftware
ICEMCFD,GAMBIT,GridZ etc
IntroductiontoCFD
S
Step1:PreProcessing
1 P P
i
Grid
Dividingthedomainintosmallparts
Dividing the domain into small parts
Cartesian
Quadtree/Octtree
PatchedGrid
MonoBlock
Structured(BFC)
(
)
MultiBlock
Unstructured
OverlappingGrid
Triangulation/Tetrahedron
Quadrilateral / Hexahedrons
Quadrilateral/Hexahedrons
Cartesiantriangulations
CartesianStructured
Hybrid
y
Structuredtriangulations
38
IntroductiontoCFD
S
Step1:PreProcessing
1 P P
i
PreProcessingSoftware
39
ICEM CFD
ICEMCFD
GAMBIT
TGrid
GridZ
Hypermesh
ANSA
StarCCM+
etc
etc
IntroductiontoCFD
S
Step2:Solution
2 S l i
Solutionofgoverningequations
Solvers
40
Selection of solver
Selectionofsolver
Applyingappropriateboundaryconditions
Applyingappropriatediscretization
pp y g pp p
scheme
Makingappropriateassumptions
etc.
ANSYS FLUENT
ANSYSFLUENT
ANSYSCFX
StarCCM+
FlowZ
etc
IntroductiontoCFD
S
Step3:PostProcess
3 P
P
APictureisWorthaThousandWords
Visualizationofdata
PostProcessors
41
ColorPlots
Contourplots
Pathlines
XYplots
etc
ANSYSFLUENT
ANSYSCFX
ViewZ
etc
IntroductiontoCFD
S
SomeApplicationsofCFD:Aerospace
A li ti
f CFD A
42
Combustor
Externalaerodynamics
Firesuppression
Inlets and nozzles instrumentation
Inletsandnozzlesinstrumentation
Missilesystems
Propulsion
Pumps
p
Rotorairframeinteraction
IntroductiontoCFD
S
SomeApplicationsofCFD:Automobile
A li ti
f CFD A t
bil
43
Airhandlingsystems
Enginecooling
Intakeandexhaustmanifolds
E t
Externalaerodynamics
l
d
i
Motorsports
Powertrain
Oilfilters
Combustionchamber
PassengerComfort
IntroductiontoCFD
S
SomeApplicationsofCFD:Electronic
A li ti
f CFD El t i
Electronics
l
44
Componentlevelflowandcooling
Telecommunicationequipment
Engineandtransmissioncontrollers
M
Magneticstoragedevices
i
d i
IntroductiontoCFD
S
SomeApplicationsofCFD:HVAC
A li ti
f CFD HVAC
45
Airflowaroundbuildings
g
Burnerdesign
Fannoise
Environmentalcontrolsystems
Heatingsystemdesign
g y
g
Ducts,hoods,valves,fittings
Roomflowdistribution
IntroductiontoCFD
S
SomeApplicationsofCFD:ChemicalEngineering
A l
fC
Ch
l
46
Reactordesign
g
Mixers
Heatexchanger
Filterdesign
Compressors
p
IntroductiontoCFD
C
CareerOpportunitiesforCFDEngineer
O
i i f CFD E i
Development
Profile
47
Education(Minimum)
SkillSets
CADDeveloper
B.E. /B.Tech
Programming
Geometry
Meshing Developer
B.E. /B.Tech
Programming
MeshingAlgorithms
SolverDeveloper
M.E./M.Tech
Programming
Physics
PostProcessingDeveloper
B.E./B.Tech
Programming
Visualization
Physics
IntroductiontoCFD
C
O
i i f CFD E i
Application
Profile
Education(Minimum)
SkillSets
PreProcessingEngineer
B.E. /B.Tech
CADSoftware
Preprocessingsoftware
f
Physicsunderstanding
CFDAnalysisEngineer
B.E. /B.Tech
Solversoftware
CADSoftware
CATIA,UG,ProE
Preprocessingsoftware
ICEMCFD,GAMBIT,Tgrid,GridZ,etc..
Solver
ANSYSFLUENT,ANSYSCFX,FlowZ,etc..
48
IntroductiontoCFD
C
O
i i f CFD E i
Testing
Profile
49
Education(Minimum)
SkillSets
PreProcessingTesting
Engineer
B.E. /B.Tech
Preprocessing
software
f
Programming
Scripting
SolverTestingEngineer
B.E. /B.Tech
Solversoftware
Programming
Scripting
S i i
IntroductiontoCFD
CFD C
CFDCompaniesinIndia
i i I di
Product:
ANSYSFLUENT,StartCD,MSCSoftware,MatrixCFDSolutions,ESISoftware,Flomerics,Zeus
Numerix Partial Derivative Flowmaster
Numerix,PartialDerivative,Flowmaster
Consultancy:
Infosys,Infotech,Quantech
y ,
,Q
GlobalServices,PacificMindware
,
Engineering,Transoft
g
g,
International,MachWell,Neilsoft,TCS,Satyam,Sungrace,Plexion,MahindraEngineeringDesign
andDevelopmentCo.Ltd.,CADES,OnwardTechnologies,Bechtel,CSMSoftware,QUEST,Tata
INCAT
Engineering:
TataEngineering,AshokLeyland,MahindraandMahindra,Thermax,BayerIndia,BHEL,
Kirloskar,MICO,NHMGIndia,Reliance,NTPC,Escort,ForbesMarshall,Maruti,MagnaSteer,
Toyo,AtlasCopco,TVS,Concentric,BHER
DesignCenters:
JohnDeere,JohnF.WelchTechnologyCentreGE,Emerson,Cummins,GeneralMotor,Whirlpool,
John Deere John F Welch Technology Centre GE Emerson Cummins General Motor Whirlpool
Snecma Aerospace,Honeywell,Ford,DaimlerChrysler,Intel,TACO,Delphi
*AboveistherepresentativelistofcompaniesdevelopingorusingCFDtools.Nameofthe
company might have been changed over the period of time.
companymighthavebeenchangedovertheperiodoftime.
50
IntroductiontoCFD
Rudimentary
knowledgeof
Computerusage
Man power for R&D

ManpowerforR&D
CFDCodedeveloper:
developingaspecial
codeforaproblem
d f
bl
51
UseofCFD
Software?
PGEnginee
ering
College
es
Basicfluid
mechanics
Howtoexecute
CFDsoftware
R&D
L
Laborator
ries
######+2student
UGEngiineering
Colle
eges
C
CareerPath:CFD
P h CFD
Manpowerfor
I d t
Industry
CFDUser:Analysisof
EngineeringProblem
Coursesin
Turbulence
Combustion
Numericalmethods
GasDynamics
Computationalgeometry
Grid generation
Gridgeneration
Datastructures
Parallelcomputing
..
IntroductiontoCFD
T
TeamBehindCCTech
B hi d CCT h
CoreTeam
SandipN.Jadhav
S
di N J dh
M.Tech.(Aero),
IITBombay
ChiefExecutiveOfficer
Chi
fE
i Offi
Expertise:CAD,
ComputationalGeometry,
GridGeneration
VijayMali
M.Tech.(Aero),
IITBombay
ChiefOperationalOfficer
Expertise:CFD,
Multidisciplinary Design
MultidisciplinaryDesign
Optimization
NemKumar
B.E.(Aeronautical),
PEC
ProgramDirectory(CAD)
Expertise:CAGD,Software
ProductDevelopment
SamMathew
B.Tech.(Chemical)IIT
B b
Bombay
ProgramDirector(CFD)
Expertise:Multiphaseand
C b ti M d lli
CombustionModelling
52
52
IntroductiontoCFD
T
TeamBehindCCTech
B hi d CCT h
Prof.K.Sudhakar
Ph.D.(IITBombay)
Mr.Rakesh Mehta
M.Tech.(IIT
Bombay)
Dr.M.S.Tandale
Ph.D.IITBombay
ProfessorandHOD,Dept.of
AerospaceEngg,IITBombay
Expertise:Multidisciplinary
Optimization,System
Engineering
Advisory
y
Director,BitMapper Integration
Technologies,andMechatronics
Expertise:VLSIDesignand
Fabrication,VLSITraining
Mr.Suryakant
Turbulencemodelling
Mr.Visavale
ChemicalProcessModelling
Mr.Yadav
CFDofsolidification
Mr.DattaParle
CADandFEAdevelopment
Mr.IrshadKhan
GridGeneration
Mr Abhishek Jain
Mr.AbhishekJain
Aerospace Simulations
AerospaceSimulations
Mr.Vishvadeep
CADdevelopment
Mr.RajeshGhole
GraphicsSoftwareDevelopment
ProfessorandHead,
Dept.ofMechanicalEngg.,Dr
BATULonere
Dr.Ashish V.Orpe
Ph.D.(Chemical
Engineering)IIT
Bombay
Scientist(NCL,Pune)
Mr.AmitayIssac
M.Tech(CSE),IIT
Bombay
P.hd.(UNSW,ADFA)
MDO,ParallelComputing
53
Technologist
Consultants
ContactUs
TrainingCenter
Copyrights2009:www.cctech.co.in

What Is CFD

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What Is CFD

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C

meteorological phenomena (rain wind hurricanes floods fires)

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)isthescienceof

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)isthescienceof

Governing differential equations

Man power for R&D

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