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1.

NARRATIVE TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose

To amuse, entertain and deal with actual sensational experience.

B. Generic Structure

Orientation

: Sets the scene and introduces the


participants (characters).

Complication

: A crisis arises.

Resolution

: The crisis is resolved, for better or worse.

Reorientation

: Closure of the story.

(optional)

C. Language Features

A narrative focuses on specific participants.

There are many action verbs, verbal and mental processes (verbs of
perception: think, realize, feel, etc).

It usually uses past tenses (Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses).

Direct and indirect speeches are often used (some dialogs are used in
the story and the tense can change).

Descriptive language is used to create listeners or readers


imagination (more adjectives are used).

Temporal conjunctions are also used.


a. As the sentence introducers (sequencers):
Then, ...
After that, ...
Afterwards, ...
Finally, ...
Lastly, ...
b. As time introducers (adverbial clauses):
... before ...

After ..., ...


When ..., ...
While ..., ...
... until ...
During ..., ...

D. Example of Text
CINDERELLA

Orientation
Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She
lived with her step mother and two step sisters. The step mother and
sisters were so unkind to Cinderella. They treated Cinderella very badly.
Cinderella had to do the hardest household chores; such as scrubbing the
floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the family.
While, The two step sisters did nothing.

Complication
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to come to the
ball that the kings son was going to give at the palace. They were excited
about this and spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear.
Cinderella wanted to go along with them, but she had to do much work at
home, she spent the night crying.Why are crying, Cinderella? a voice
asked. it was fairy godmother standing beside her, because I want so
much to go to the ball said Cinderella. Well said the
godmother,youve been such a cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining
girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball. Magically, the fairy
godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a

coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderellas raged


dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave
her a pair of pretty glass slippers. Now, Cinderella, she said; You must
leave before midnight. Then away she drove in her beautiful
coach.Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again
and again with the kings son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve,
she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her
glass slipper was left behind.

Resolution
A few days later, the king son proclaimed that he would marry the
girl whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper
but it was too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes
into it. In the end, the kings page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She
stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.

Reorientation
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The kings son was very
happy to see her again. They were married and live happily ever after.

2. RECOUNT TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose
B. Generic Structure
C. Language Features
D. Example of Text

CAMPING ACTIVITY

Orientation
Last week our school had camping activity. My classmates and I
joined in it. We left for the campsite at 5.00 in the morning. Each student
had prepared his/her needs.

Event 1
The campsite was near Lamongan town. It was about 20 kilometers
at the south west of Lamongan. It had a dam dyke. The weather were
clean and fresh. So it was a good place for camping.

Event 2
As soon as arrived there, we set up the tent. We needed 2 poles, 3
sticks and ropes. While the boys finished to build the tent, the girls got
fire and cooked for the lunch. After those all were ready, we enjoyed the
lunch together.

Coda
The camping lasted for 2 days. After the activities, we should made
a report as our duties to our coach.

3. ANECDOTE TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose
To amuse or entertain the reader/listener with unusual incident.

B. Generic Structure

Abstract

: Signals the retelling of an unusual incident

Orientation

: Sets of the scene

Crisis

: Provides details of the unusual incident

Reaction

: Reaction to crisis

Coda

: Reflection/evaluates the incident

C. Language Features

Using exclamation words:


a. Its awful!
b. Its wonderful!

Using imperative: listen to this

Using rhetoric question: do you know that?

Using action verb: go, write, etc.

Using conjunction of time: then, afterward

Using Smple Past Tense.

D. Example of Text

SLEEP OVER

Abstract
Professor Carter visited Mr. and Mrs. Crockett on the other side of
town.

Orientation
After a good dinner and a game of cards, he said, Im going to
walk home now.

Crisis
But Mrs. Crockett looked out of the window and said, Its raining
outside. Please stay here tonight. She went and prepared the guest room
for him. After a few minutes, she came back to the living-room, but the
professor was not there.

Reaction
Mr. and Mrs. Crockett waited for more than 30 minutes, and then
they started to go to bed. But then somebody knocked at the back door of
the house.

Coda
It was the professor. He was very wet. Mr. Crockett and his wife
were very happy to see him. They said, Youre here!.
Yes, the professor answered. He smiled and added, I went home
and got my pajamas.

4. SPOOF TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose
To amuse, entertain the listeners or readers with humorous story.

B. Generic Structure

Orientation

: Sets the scene and introduces the

participants

Events

: Tell the events chronologically

Twist

: The humorous part of the story, put usually


at the end of the story

C. Language Features

A spoof focuses on specific participants.

There are many action verbs (stood, walked, etc.) and mental
processes (verbs of perception: think, realize, feel, etc).

It usually uses past tenses (Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses).

Direct and indirect speeches are often used (some dialogs are used in
the story).

Temporal conjunctions are also used.


a. As the sentence introducers (sequencers)
Then, ...
After that, ...
Afterwards, ...
Finally, ...
Lastly, ...

D. Example of Text
MONEY

Orientation
There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of
his life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He was a
real miser when it came to his money. He loved money more than just
about anything.

Events
Even, just before he died, he said to his wife, Now listen, when I
die, I want you to take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I
wanna take my money to the afterlife.
So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he
died, she would put all the money in the casket with him.
Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the
casket. The wife was sitting there in black clothes next to her closest
friend. When they finished the ceremony, just before the undertakers got
ready to close the casket, the wife said Wait just a minute!.
She had the a box in her hands. She came over with the box and
placed it in the casket. After that the undertakers locked the casket down
and rolled it away.

Twist
Not long after that, her friend said, I hope you were not crazy
enough to put all that money in the casket.
The wife turned to her friend and replied, Yes, because I have promised.
Then she continued, I cant lie. I promised him that I was going to put
that money in the casket with him. Feeling shocked, her friend said, You
mean that you have put every cent of his money in the casket with him?.
Then the wife answered, Surely I did. I got it all together, put all the
money into my account and I just wrote him a check.

(Re-written from www.onlyfunnystories.com)

5. REPORT TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose

To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, manmade and social phenomena in our environment.

B. Generic Structure

General
Classification

Description

: Tells what the phenomenon under


discussion is.
: Tells what the phenomenon under
discussion is like in term of:

Parts

Qualities

Habits or behaviors (for living


things).

C. Language Features

Report texts usually use Simple Present Tense, and seldom use part
tenses (if the thing is extinct).

Use of adjectives, adjective phrases in describing especially the


qualities.

The language is neutral or should be objective: no expression of


opinions, no reference to the reader (not using I, we, or you),
except in spoken texts.

Use of be : is, are, was, were for the classification.

Use of verb have : have, has, had, to give detailed description.

Use of action verbs related to the topic, especially when describing


behaviors (for living things).

D. Example of Text

WHAT IS A KANGAROO?

General Classification
A kangaroo is an animal found only in Australia, although it has a
smaller relative, called a wallaby, which lives on the Australian island of
Tasmania and also in New Guinea.

Description (to describe parts, qualities, habit and behaviors)


Kangaroos are marsupials. A female kangaroo has an external
pouch on the front of her body. A baby kangaroo is very tiny when it is
born, and it crawls at once into this pouch where it spends its first five
month of life.
Kangaroo eats grass and plants. They have short front legs, but
very long, and very strong back legs and a tail. These they use for sitting
up on and for jumping. Kangaroos have been known to make forward
jumps of over eight metres, and leap across fences more than three metres
high. They can also run at speeds of over 45 kilometers per hours.
The largest kangaroos are the Great Grey Kangaroo and the Red
Kangaroo. Adults grow to a length of 1.60 metres and weight over 90
kilos.

(Adapted Text Source: Peter Haddock Ltd., Ref. 083)

6. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose
B. Generic Structure
C. Language Features

D. Example of Text

MY PET

Identification
I have a pet. It is a dog and I call it Brownie.

Description
Brownie is a chinese breed. It is small, fluffy and cute. It has got
thick brown fur. When I cuddle it, the fur feels soft. Brownie does not like
bones. Everyday it eats soft food like steamed rice, fish or bread. Every
morning I give her milk and bread. When I am at school, Brownie plays
with my cat. They get along well, and never fight maybe because Brownie
does not like bark a lot. It treats the other animals in our house gently, and
it never eats shoes. Brownie is really a sweet and friendly animal.

7. PROCEDURE TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose
To describe how something is accomplished through sequences of actions
B. Generic Structure
C. Language Features
D. Example of Text
HOW TO MAKE PUTU AYU CAKE

Materials
The ingredients

Eggs

0,50

Teaspoon of baking soda

250

Grams of sugar

Glass of water

250

Grams of flour

0,50

Teaspoon of vanilla

1,5

Glasses of grater coconut

1.

Mix the eggs and the sugar in a bowl until

Methods
Steps

creamy.
2.

Add the salt, vanilla, flour, baking soda,


and water, stir slowly with a whisk

3.

While stirring, add the greater coconut


little by little

4.

Smear the butter on the shape cookies

5.

Pour the water in the shape cookies

6.

Boil some water in the rice boiler

7.

Put the shape cookies in the rice boiler for


about 20 minutes.
Share for 20 persons.

8. ANALITYCAL TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose
To persuade the listeners or readers that something is the the case. To
make the persuasion stronger, the speaker or writer gives some arguments
as the fundamental reasons why something is the case.

B. Generic Structure

Thesis

: Introduces the topic and shows


speaker/writers position, outlines the
arguments to be presented.

Arguments

: Point and Elaboration. Point: states the


main argument. Elaboration: develops and
supports each point of argument.

Conclusion

: Reiteration (restatement): restates


speaker/writers position.

C. Language Features

An analytical exposition focuses on generic human and non human


participants.

It uses mental processes: to state what the writer/ speaker thinks or


feels about something. For instance: realize, feel, etc.

It often needs material processes: to state what happens, e.g. has


polluted, etc.

It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.

Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of give


arguments: The first, the second, firstly, secondly, finally, etc.

D. Example of Text

THE PROBLEM OF BEING TOO FAT

Thesis
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight obesity. It is
simply defined as too much body fat inside. Overweight potentially leads
high risk of health problem.

Arguments
Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due
to the overweight, the heart will work harder. It can lead to the heart
attack. Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood
pressure. In addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the
blood. This will cause diabetes and other serious disease.
Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young
women. They said that becoming too fat will bother their physical beauty
appearance.

Conclusion
More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity.
However it is clear enough that overweight is not good enough for healthy
life.

9. HORTATORY TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose
To explain to the listeners or readers that something should or should not
happen or be done.

B. Generic Structure

Thesis

: Statement or announcement of issue


concern

Arguments

: Reasons for concern that will lead to


recommendation

Recommendation

: Statement of what should or should not


happen or be done based on the given
arguments

C. Language Features

A hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non-human


participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.

It uses mental processes: to state what the writer/speaker thinks or


feels about something. For instance: realize, feel, etc.

It often needs material processes: to state what happens, e.g. ...has


polluted ..., etc.

It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.

Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of the given


arguments: Firstly, secondly, finally, etc.

D. Example of Text

CORRUPTION

Thesis
Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the
relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common
everywhere in the world, even in the United States. Its just a matter of
intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims
Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.

Arguments
The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a
living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port
smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize
their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the
officials.
Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by
punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the
younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.

Recommendation
I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think
everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must
not make any distinction.

(Adapted from: The Jakarta Post, February 2005)

10. EXPLANATION TEXT

A. Communicative Purpose
To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural
or sociocultural phenomena.
B. Generic Structure

General statement

: A general statement to position the reader

Explanation

: A sequenced explanation of why or how


something occurs

Closing

C. Language Features

Focus on generic, non-human participants

Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, Simple


Present Tense, Passive Voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun
phrase, adverbial phrase, complex sentences, and technical language.

D. Example of Text

TSUNAMI

General statement
The term tsunami comes from the Japanese which means
harbour (tsu) and wave (nami). A tsunami is a series of waves
generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly displaced on a massive
scale.

Explanations

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms


and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical
movements of the earths crust can occur at plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating
tsunami, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental
plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to
regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.

Closing
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused
by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of
the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.

(simplified from www.panda.org)

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