A PROPOSAL TOWARDS LAB

IMPROVEMENT FOR FUTURE TRENDS

(LIFT PROGRAMME)
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
By

T.SATYANARAYANA
SUBJECT:

IC APPLICATIONS LAB

ECE-III YEAR
1. Objectives and Relevance
2. Scope
3. Prerequisites
4. Syllabus
5. Lab Schedule
6. Suggested Books
7. Websites
8.

Experts Details

9.

Mapping of Lab with Projects/Consultancy/R&Ds

10.

Industrial Visits

11.

Shadow Engineering

12.

Calibration,Testing and Inspection

13.

Preventive Maintenance Schedules

14. Troubleshooting

OBJECTIVES AND RELEVANCE

The main objective of this lab course is to gain the practical hands on
experience by exposing the students to various linear IC applications. The
students will have an understanding of the concepts involved in various Linear
and Digital integrated circuits and their various applications.
Through this lab the students will get a thorough understanding of various
linear ICs and finally this lab introduces some TTL ICs(74LS series) for digital
circuit applications, and the 741 operational amplifier, 555 timer and its various
applications. The lab also introduces various voltage regulators.
2

SCOPE

This lab is more useful in Understanding of Linear and Digital IC

Applications and Understanding the application of ICs in consumer electronic
industries to manufacture the electronic appliances.
3

PREREQUISITES

Theoretical knowledge on subject Integrated Circuit Applications also

requires the awareness of various digital electronics and analog electronics like
electronic devices and circuits, pulse digital circuits, numbering systems
combinational and sequential circuits.
PREAMBLE

This lab covers the experiments in Integrated Circuit Applications subject.

The JNTU has given 17 experiments and divided in to 2 parts in the syllabus out
of which 12 minimum of experiments have to be conducted(6 from each part).
PART- A
TO VERIFY THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

ADDER, SUBTRACTOR, COMPARATOR USING IC741 OP-AMP.

INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTATOR USING IC741 OP-AMP.
ACTIVE HP&LP BUTTERWORTH (SECOND ORDER) FILTER.
RC PHASE SHIFT & WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATORS USING IC 741 OP-AMP.
IC 555 TIMER IN MONOSTABLE OPERATION.
SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUITS USING IC 741 & IC 555.
IC 565-PLL APPLICATIONS.

PART- B
TO VERIFY THE FUNCTIONALITY OF 74 series TTL ICs.

1.
D FLIP-FLOP (74LS74) and JK Master- Slave Flip-Flop(74LS73).
2.
DECADE COUNTER (74LS90) and UP-DOWN COUNTER(74 LS 192).
3.
UNIVERSAL SHIFT REGISTERS 74LS194/195.
4.
3 TO 8 DECODER 74LS138.
5. 4-BIT COMPARATOR-74LS85.
6. 8x1 MULTIPLEXER 74151 AND 2X4 DEMULTIPLEXER- 74155
7. RAM (16 x4)-74189 (Read and Write operation)

PART - 1
4. SYLLABUS-JNTU
UNIT-I
No experiments in this unit as per syllabus.
UNIT II
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Adder, Subtractor, Comparator using IC 741 Op-Amp.
OBJECTIVE
To study the applications of IC 741 as adder, subtractor, comparator.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741 ,Regulated
Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of Adder, Subtractor, Comparator.
d. Graphical determination of input and output waveforms of comparator. OPAMP AS
ADDER
To design adder, subtractor and comparator using opamp.

APPARATUS:
Name of the
component/equipment

S.No.

Quantity

1.

Op amp 741 IC

2.

Resistance- 1K

3.

Resistance -10 K

4.

Dual Regulated Power supply

5.

Bread Board

6.

CRO

7.

Multimeter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

RESULT:

Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

Apply +Vcc =+15V and Vcc = 15V to Pin 7 and 4 of 741IC
Apply the i/p voltage V1 and V2.
Measure the o/p voltage using Multi meter.
Verify with theoretical value.
Repeat the above for different values of V1 and V2.
In the above circuit Opamp works as summing amplifier.

OPAMP AS SUBTRACTOR
To design subtractor using 741opamp.
APPARATUS:
Name of the
component/equipment

S.No.

Quantity

1.

Op amp 741 IC

2.

Resistance 10K

3.

Dual Regulated Power supply

4.

Bread Board

5.

CRO

6.

Multimeter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
Apply +Vcc =+15V and Vcc = 15V to Pin 7 and 4 of 741IC
Apply the i/p voltage V1 and V2.
3.
Measure the o/p voltage using Multi meter.
4.
Verify with theoretical value.
5.
Repeat the above for different values of V1 and V2.
6.
RESULT: In the above circuit Op amp works as subtractor.
1.
2.

COMPARATOR USING IC741

To compare the applied input signal with the reference voltages to the Comparator
Circuit.
. APPARATUS:
Name of the
component/equipment

S.No.

Quantity

1.

Op amp 741 IC

2.

Resistor- 10K

3.

Resistor-100

4.

Dual Regulated Power supply

Bread Board

6.

CRO

7.

Diode-4148

CIRCUIT DIAGARAM

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the comparator circuit as shown in fig (1).
2. Connect the 1MHz function generator to the input terminals. Apply 1V signal at noninverting terminals of the op-amp IC741.
3. Connect the 20MHz C.R.O at the output terminals.
4. Keep 1V reference voltage at the Inverting terminal of the Op-amp. When Vin is less
than the Vref, then output voltage is at Vsat because of the higher input voltage at
negative terminal. Therefore the output voltage is at logic low level
5. Now, Keep 1V reference voltage. When Vref is less than the Vin, then the output
voltage is at +Vsat because of the higher input voltage at positive terminal. Hence, the
output voltage is at logic high level.
6. Observe and record the output voltage and waveforms.
RESULT: comparison between the given 2 waveforms are observed.
APPLICATIONS
The applications of comparator are
1.
2.
3.
4.

Zero crossing detectors.

Window detector.
Time marker generator
Phase meter.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Integrator and Differentiator Circuits using IC 741.
OBJECTIVE

To design and verify the operation of an integrator and differentiator for a given input.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741, Regulated
Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of an integrator and differentiator for a given input.
d. Graphical determination of input and output waveforms of integrator and
differentiator.
APPARATUS:

IC741 Op-Amp Trainer.

Resistors- 5.6K, 10K, 100K
Capacitors- 0.1 F
Signal Generator.
CRO.
Probes.
Connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Differentiator:

Integrator :

The Integrator:
A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integration of the input is called
integrator
Procedure:
1. Connect the integrator shown in figure and switch on the mains.
2. Connect the function generators to the input terminals, apply square wave at the input
terminals.
3. Measure the output voltage of regulated power supply circuit +5 volts and -5volts.
4. Observe output of the square wave oscillator using CRO the output voltage will be
approximately 4.5vpp and frequency is 100 Hz to 20 KHz.
5. Select required frequency using potentiometer and connect it to the input of the
differentiator.
6. Choose capacitor value such that RC time constant is smaller than the input signal
(RC<<T).
7. Connect the capacitor and observe the output signal suing CRO.
8. Thus the output signal will be the derivative of the input signal.
9. Similarly change the capacitor C value for different time constants
RC>>T
RC=T
RC<<T
The Differentiator:
The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. That is
the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform.

Vout RF C1

dVin
dt

Procedure:
1. Connect the differentiator shown in figure and switch on the mains.
2. Connect the function generators to the input terminals, apply square wave at the input
terminals.
3. Measure the output voltage of regulated power supply circuit +5 volts and -5volts.
4. Observe output of the square wave oscillator using CRO the output voltage will be
approximately 4.5vpp and frequency is 100 Hz to 20 KHz.
5. Select required frequency using potentiometer and connect it to the input of the
differentiator.
6. Choose capacitor value such that RC time constant is smaller than the input signal
(RC<<T).
7. Connect the capacitor and observe the output signal suing CRO.
8. Thus the output signal will be the derivative of the input signal.
9. Similarly change the capacitor C value for different time constants
RC>>T
RC=T
RC<<T
APPLICATIONS
1. The differentiator used in wave shaping circuits to detect high frequency components
in an input signal and also as a rate-of change detector in FM demodulators.
2. The integrator is used in analog computers and analog to digital converters and
signal-wave shaping circuits
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Schmitt trigger circuits using IC 741 & IC 555.
OBJECTIVE
To design the Schmitt trigger circuit using IC 741 and IC 555.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741 ,
Operation of IC 555 ,Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min.

b. Connection of experiment and its verifications.

c. Experimental determination of Schmitt trigger.
d. Graphical determination of UTP and LTP of the Schmitt trigger.
To study the Schmitt trigger characteristics by using 741 IC.
APPARATUS :

741 Op-Amp
Resistors 100 2 Nos, 56 K, 10 K.
Bread board.
Function generator.
CRO.
Probes.
Connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram and switch ON the power supply.
2. Apply the input sine wave 5 V (p-p) using function generator at 1 KHz frequency.
3. Connect channel 1 of CRO at the input terminals and Channel-2 at the output
terminals.
4. Observe the output square waveform corresponding to input sinusoidal signal.
5. Sketch the waveforms by noting the amplitude and timeperiod of input Vin and output
Vo.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

TABULAR COLUMN :

RESULT :

Schmitt trigger characteristics of 741 IC is studied by noting the expected

waveforms.

APPLICATIONS
1. Schmitt triggers are typically used in open loop configurations for noise immunity
and closed loop configurations to implement function generators.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Voltage Regulator using IC 723.
OBJECTIVE
To design a low voltage variable regulator of 2 to 7V using IC 723.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 723 , Operation
of IC 555 ,Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min.
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications.
c. Experimental determination of characteristics of a voltage variable regulator.
d. Graphical determination of Load and Line Regulation characteristics.
To construct and test voltage Regulator using 723 IC.
APPARATUS:

S.No.

1.

Name of the component/equipment

IC 723

Quantity

Resistor 2.2 K ,10K, 1.5 ,K,5.6 K

2.

3.
4.

1
Capacitor 100pF
Regulated Power supply

2
1

5.
6.

Bread Board
CRO

1
1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig Consisting.
2. The internal Vref is applied to Potential divides the consisting of R1 and R2.
3. Vary the input voltage and note down the corresponding values of Output.
4. Draw a smoother curve by talking input voltage on X- axis And Output voltage on Y-axis.
RESULT:
By experiment voltage Regulator using 723 IC we observed Vi and Vo values .
THREE TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS-7805, 7809,7812,7912.

To study about 3 pin regulators IC 78XX & 79XX.

APPARATUS :

3 Pin Regulator IC trainer.

Digital Multimeter.
Connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
78XX voltage Regulator

79XX voltage Regulator

The voltage regulators of 78XX series all have the same internal circuitry, expect
for different values of one resistor, which determines the output voltage level.
Fig represents the circuit connections for 78XX series. Pin 1 represents the input, Pin 2
represents ground and Pin3 represents the output terminal.
79XX THREE TERMINAL NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
The 79XX series of fixed output negative voltage regulators are complements to the
78XX series devices. The negative regulators are available in the output voltage options -2,
-5, -5.2, -6, -8, -12, -15, -18 and -24 V. The maximum input voltage for Vo=24v is 40V,
while for the remaining options is -35V

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Switch ON the 3 Pin regulator IC trainer.
3. Observe the output voltages for 78XX and 79XX IC regulators at Pin 2 by applying
input at Pin 1.
4. Tabulate the reading for different ICs.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Voltage
Regulator
7805
7806
7812
7905
7912
7924

Input Vin
(volts)

Output Vo
(volts)

RESULT: 78XX and 79XX 3 pin IC voltage regulators output voltages are observed.
APPLICATIONS
Voltage regulators are used as
1.Control circuits in PWM.
2.Series type switch mode supplies.
3.Rregulated power supplies.
4.Voltage stabilizers.
UNIT-III
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Active Low Pass & High Pass Butterworth Filter(Second Order).
OBJECTIVE
To study Op-Amp as second order LPF and second order HPF and to obtain frequency
response.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741 ,Regulated
Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .

DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of frequency response for second order low pass & high
pass filter.
d. Graphical determination of input and output waveforms of integrator and
differentiator.
To plot frequency Response of LPF (first order).
APPARATUS :

Low Pass Filter trainer

Function Generator.
CRO.
Probes.
Connecting Wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

A First Order Low Pass Butterworth filter that uses an RC network for filtering. Note
that the op-amp is used in the non-inverting configuration; hence it does not load down
the RC network. Resistors R1 and RF determine the gain of the filter.
According to the voltage divider rule, the voltage at the non-inverting terminal (across
capacitor C ) is
-jXC
V1 = ---------Vin
R- jXC
Where j = -1 and - jXC = 1/ j 2fC
Simplifying Equation , we get
Vin
V1 = ----------1+ j 2fRC
And the output voltage

V0 = ( 1 + R F / R1) V1
Vin
`That is
or

V0 = ( 1 + R F / R1 ) --------1+j2fRC
V0 /Vin = AF /[1+ j(f / f H)]

Where (V0 /Vin) = gain of the filter as a function of frequency .

RF
AF = 1 + ------ = passband gain of the filter.
R1
f = Frequency of the input signal.
1
fH = --------- = high cutoff frequency of the filter.
2 RC
The gain magnitude and pahse angle equations of the Low Pass filter can be obtained
by converting equation into its equivalent polar form, as follows.
| V0 /Vin |
= AF/1+ (f / fH) 2
= - tan-1 (f / fH)
Where is the phase angle in degrees .
The operation of the low pass filter can be verified from the gain magnitude equation.
At very low frequencies , that is f < fH
1.
| V0 /Vin |
= AF
2.

At f = fH, | V0 /Vin |

= AF/2 = 0.707 AF

At f > fH | V0 /Vin |
< AF
Thus the Low Pass filter has a constant gain AF from 0 Hz to the high cutoff frequency
fH the gain is 0.707AF , and after fH it decreases at a constant rate with an increase in
frequency . That is when the frequency is increased tenfold ( one decade), the voltage
gain is divided by 10 . In other words, the gain decreases 20 dB ( = 20 log 10) each time
the frequency is increased by 10. Hence the rate at which the gain rolls off after f H is 20
dB/decade or 6 dB/octave , where octave signifies a two fold increase in frequency. The
frequency f = fH is called the cut off frequency because the gain of the filter at this
frequency is down by 3 dB ( =20log 0.707) form 0 Hz. Other equivalent terms for cutoff
frequency are -3dB frequency , break frequency , or corner frequency.
3.

PROCEDURE :
1. Switch ON low pass filter trainer kit by connecting any one capacitor provided
externally on the trainer to the C terminals of the circuit.
2. Connect input terminals to the function generator.

3. Connect channel -1 of CRO to input terminals (Vin ) and channel -2 to output

terminals (Vo).
4. Set Vin = 100mV using function generator.
5. By varying the input frequency in regular intervals, note down the output voltage.
6. Calculate the gain (Vo/ Vin ) and Gain in dB = 20 log (Vo/ Vin ) at every frequency.
7. Plot the frequency response curve ( taking frequency in X-axis & Gain in dB in Yaxis).
8. Verify the practical (fH = 3 dB frequency from graph ) & the calculated theoretical cutoff frequency(fH = 1/2 RC ).
TABULAR COLUMN :

S.NO.

R = 10 k
C = 0.1 F
Vin = 100 mV
Input Frequency
Output Voltage
Gain Magnitude
f(Hz)
Vo (V)
| V0/Vin|

CALCULATIONS :
THEORETICAL Cut-off frequency :
fH = 1/(2RC) = high cutoff frequency of the Low pass filter.
= 1/ (2 x 10K x 0.1 F )
=
PRACTICAL Cut-off frequency :
fH = high cutoff frequency of the Low pass filter
= 3dB cutoff frequency
=

Gain in dB =
20log| V0/Vin|

EXPECTED GRAPH :

RESULT :

The frequency response of 1st order Low Pass Filter is plotted. The cut off
frequency is calculated and is verified with the theoretical value.

APPLICATIONS
High-pass filters have many applications.
1. They are used as part of an audio crossover to direct high frequencies to a tweeter
while attenuating bass signals which could interfere with, or damage, the speaker.
2. High-pass filters are also used for AC coupling at the inputs of many audio power
amplifiers.
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
RC Phase Shift and Wien Bridge Oscillators using IC 741 op-amp.
OBJECTIVE

To design verify the (i) phase shift oscillator (ii) Wien Bridge oscillator for the given
frequency of oscillation and verify it practically.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741,

Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator and CRO.

DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of frequency response for second order low pass & high

pass filter.
d. Graphical determination of measuring the time period and amplitude of the output
waveform
To compare theoretical and practical frequency of oscillation of RC Phase Shift
Oscillator.
APPARATUS :

RC Phase Shift Oscillator Kit

CRO
Probes
Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Oscillator is a circuit which generates output without any input. Oscillator can be defined
as a device that converts dc to ac.
Oscillators can be classified as
Based on the components used.

RC Oscillators - RC Phase shift, Wein Bridge Oscillator

LC oscillators - Colpitts, Hartley, Clapp Oscillator
Crystal Oscillators
Based on the type of waveform
Sinusoidal Oscillators RC Phase shift, Wein Bridge, Colpitts, Hartley.
Non-Sinusoidal Oscillators- UJT relaxation Oscillators
Based on frequency range
Audio frequency oscillator RC oscillators
Radio frequency oscillator LC oscillators

Barkhausen s criterion for oscillations:

1) For sustained oscillations the phase shift around the circuit( amplifier and feedback
circuit) should be 360o or 0o.
2)The gain of the amplifier should greater than or equal to unity
A Phase shift oscillator consists of an Op-Amp as the amplifying stage and three
cascaded networks as the feedback circuit. The feedback circuit provides feedback
voltage from the output back to the input of the amplifier. The Op-Amp is used in the
inverting mode, therefore any signal that appears at the inverting terminal is shifted by
180o at the output. An additional 180o phaseshift is provided by the 3 RC sections each
section providing a Phase shift of 60 o. There fore feedback circuit ( 3 RC-sections)
provide additional around the loop 180o, totally giving 360o phaseshift around the loop. A
specific frequency when the phaseshift of the cascaded RC sections is 180 o and the gain
of the amplifier is sufficiently large, the circuit will oscillate at that frequency which is
called the frequency of oscillation fo and is given by
fo = 1/2RC6 = 0.065/ RC
At this frequency, the gain Av must be atleast 29
i.e., Rf/R = 29.
The circuit will produce a sinusoidal waveform of frequency fo if the gain is 29 and the
total Phase shift around the circuit is exactly 360o or 0o. For desired frequency of
oscillation. Choose a capacitor C, and then calculate the value of R.
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect Resistors and Capacitors provided externally on the kit.
2. Switch ON the RC Phase Shift Oscillator Kit.
3. Connect the output of the circuit to CRO through probes.
4. Calculate the practical frequency of oscillation f = 1/T by observing the timeperiod of
the output sinusoidal waveform on the CRO and compare it with theoretical frequency
of Oscillation f = 1/2RC6
5. Sketch the output waveform by noting the timeperiod and peak to peak voltage of the
output waveform
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No

C F

Theoretical
fo= 1/2RC6

Timeperiod
T

Practical
fo = 1/T

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS :

RESULT: Practical frequency of oscillation of RC Phase Shift Oscillator is compared with the
theoretical value.
IC-741 OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR & WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
b) Wein Bridge Oscillator.
To compare theoretical and practical frequency of oscillation of Wein Bridge Oscillator.
APPARATUS :

Wein bridge Oscillator Kit

CRO
Probes
Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

This wein Bridge Oscillator is the standard oscillator circuit for low to moderate frequencies, in
the range of 5 Hz to about 1 MHz . This oscillator is preferred for commercial audio generators
and other low frequency applications. To avoid the damped oscillations at the output the Wein
Bridge oscillator it uses a feedback circuit called a lead lag network. To generate un damped
oscillations, the positive feedback must be used because the output must generate itself.
Barkhausen s criterion for oscillations:

1) For sustained oscillations the phase shift around the circuit( amplifier and feedback
circuit) should be 360o or 0o.
2)The gain of the amplifier should greater than or equal to unity.
This type of RC oscillators is used for frequencies from 1 Hz to 5 MHz,
The commonly used audio frequency oscillator is Wein Bridge oscillator as shown in the
circuit. The feedback signal in this circuit is connected to the non-inverting terminal, therefore
the Op-Amp is working in non-inverting mode. Hence this amplifier doesnt provide any phase
shift. There fore the feedback network need not provide any phase shift. The condition of zero
Phase shift around the circuit is achieved by balancing the bridge.
For sustained oscillations, the amplifier must have a gain of precisely 3. but practically
Av may be slightly less or greater than 3.
For Av < 3, the oscillations will either die down or fail to start.
For Av > 3, the oscillations will be growing.
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect Resistors and Capacitors provided externally on the kit.
2. Switch ON the Wein bridge Oscillator Kit.
3. Connect the output of the circuit to CRO through probes.
4. Calculate the practical frequency of oscillation f = 1/T by observing the timeperiod of the
output sinusoidal waveform on the CRO and compare it with theoretical frequency of Oscillation
f = 1/2RC
5. Sketch the output waveform by noting the timeperiod and peak to peak voltage of the output
waveform
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No

C F

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS :

Theoretical
fo= 1/2RC

Timeperiod
T

Practical
fo = 1/T

RESULT: Practical frequency of oscillation of Wein Bridge Oscillator is compared with the
theoretical value.
APPLICATIONS
Oscillators are used in
1. Radio,
2. Television,
3. Computers, and communications
UNIT-IV
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
IC 555 Timer-Monostable Operation Circuit
OBJECTIVE
To generate a pulse using Monostable Multivibrator by using IC555
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 555,
Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of frequency response for second order low pass & high
pass filter.
d. Graphical determination of output waveform and measure the pulse duration.
To compare theoretical and practical frequency of oscillation of an Monostable
Multivibrator using IC555
APPARATUS : Monostable Multivibrator Kit
CRO
Probes
Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Monostable can also called as One shot Multivibrator. when the output is low, the
circuit is in stable state, Transistor Q1 is ON and Capacitor C is shorted out to ground. However,
upon application of a negative trigger pulse to Pin 2, transistor Q1 is turned OFF , which
releases short circuit across the external capacitor and drives the output High. The capacitor C
now starts charging up toward VCC through RA . However when the voltage across the external
capacitor equals 2/ 3 VCC comparator 1s (C1 ) output switches from low to high, which is turn
derives the output to its low state via the output of the flip flop turns transistor Q1 ON, and
hence, capacitor C rapidly discharges through the transistor. The output of the Monostable
remains low until a trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats. The time during which
the output remains high is given by Tp = 1.1 R C

Waveforms for IC555 Monostable Multivibrator

Once triggered, the circuit s output will remain in the high state until the set time t p
elapses. The output will not change its state even if an input trigger is applied again during this
time interval tp.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Connect function generator at Pin 2 and Ch-1 of CRO at Pin 2 and ch-2of CRO at Pin 3.
3. Apply square wave from function generator and observe the output voltage Vo with respect to
input.
4. Now connect ch-2 of CRO across capacitor and observe the voltage across the capacitor Vc.
5. Note the timeperiod and amplitude of output voltage Vo and capacitor voltage Vc.
6. Calculate the practical frequency of oscillation (fp =1/T) with the theoretical value ( f T= 1/T =
1/ (1.1 RC) )
CALCULATIONS:
THEORETICAL frequency of oscillation
R=
C=
T = 1.1 RC =
fT= 1/T =
PRACTICAL frequency of oscillation
T =
fp =1/T =

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

RESULT: Theoretical and Practical frequency of oscillation of monostable multivibrator is

calculated and compared.
APPLICATIONS
1. Missing Pulse Detector.
2. Frequency Divider.
3.

PWM.

4. Linear Ramp Generator

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
IC 565 PLL Application.
OBJECTIVE
To study and verify the operation of NE 565 PLL.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 565,
Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .

DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of operation of NE 565 PLL
d. Graphical determination of output waveform and measure the pulse duration.
To use IC565 PLL for FM Demodulation
APPARATUS:

PHASE LOCKED LOOP Trainer.

Function generator
CRO.
Probes.
Multimeter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

The phase Locked loop principle has been used in applications such as FM.
Demodulations, FSK decoders and generation of local oscillator frequencies in TV and in FM
tuners.
The PLL can lock to track an input signal over typically 60 % of band with respect to f
as
the
center frequency. The lock range f L and capture range fC of the PLL 565 is given
OUT
below:
f L = 8 fout / V
Where f out is the free running frequency of VCO (Hz)
and V = + V- (-V) Volts
therefore , V = 2V Volts.
fC = { fL / 2 x (3.6) x 10

x C2 } 1/2

The lock range usually increases with an increase in input voltage but decreases with increase in
supply voltage.
Fig shows the block diagram of PLL in its basic form containing

1. Phase Detector.
2. Low Pass Filter
3. VCO ( Voltage Controlled Oscillator)
PHASE DETECTOR : The function of phase detector is to compares the input signal f IN with
the feed back signal f OUT . Therefore , the output of phase detector is proportional to the phase
difference between f IN and f OUT . But the output voltage of the phase detector is d.c voltage and is
often referred as the voltage.
LOW PASS FILTER : The output signal of phase detector is fed to the input of Low Pass
Filter . The function of the Low Pass Filter is to remove the high frequencies and it allows
the only low frequency signal . It produces a d.c voltage.
VCO: The output low pass filter is fed to the voltage controlled oscillator . The VCO frequency
is compared with the input frequencies and adjusted until it is equal to the input frequencies. In
other words, the PLL goes through three states:
1. Free running 2. Capture Range 3. Phase Lock
If no signal is applied , then the PLL is in free running state. Once the input frequency
is applied, the VCO frequency starts to change and the PLL is said to be in the capture mode. The
VCO frequency continues to change until it equals the input frequency and the PLL is said to be
phase locked state.
RATINGS: Transformer : Primary Voltage : 230V , 50Hz
Secondary Voltage : 18V 0 18V /500mA
PLL 565:
1. Operating Frequency

: 0.001 Hz to 500KHz

2. Operating Voltage Range : 6 to 12V

3. Input Impedance

: 10 K

4. Output sink current

: 1 mA

5.Output source current

: 10mA

6. Square wave amplitude

: 5.4 V p-p at 6 V

7.Triangle wave amplitude

: 2.4 V p-p at 6V

8. Band width adjustment range : < 1 % to > 60%

9. Input level required for tracking : 10 mV rms and 3 V p p (maximum)
10.Drift in VCO center frequency f(out) with temp : 300 ppm / 0 C
11. Drift in VCO center frequency with supply voltage : 1.5 % /V(max)
IC 565 PLL is a circuit designed for highly- linear FM demodulation. During lock, the average
dc level of the phase comparator output signals is directly proportional to this frequency of the
input signal. As the input frequency shifts , it is this output signal which caused the VCO to shift
its frequency to match that of the input. Consequently the linearity of the phase comparator

output with the frequency is determined by the voltage to frequency transfer function of the
VCO.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. Switch ON the circuit
2. The VCO free running frequency fo should be adjusted to be at the centre of the input signal
frequency range. C1 can any value , R1 should be in the range of 2 to 20 K with an optimum
value of the order of 4K.
3. The input signal be directly coupled if the dc resistance seen from pin 2 & 3 are equal and
there is no DC voltage difference between the pins. Apply 2Vp-p voltage through the capacitor =
1F.
4. Pin 6 provides Dc reference voltage that is also to the DC potential of the demodulated output
( at pin 7)
5. Thus if a resistance is connected between pin 1, 6 and 7 the gain of the output stage can be
reduced with little change in DC voltage level at the output.
6. This allows the lock range to be decreased with little change in free running.
7. A small capacitor ( 1Kpf) should be connected between pins 7 and 8 to eliminate the possible
oscillations in the control current source.
8. Single loop filter is formed by the capacitor C2 connected between pin 7 and +5V supply.
9. Connect channel-1 at the input pin 2 and channel -2 of CRO to the pin 7 which displays the
demodulated output.
10. Change the input frequency and observe the output is phase locked at a particular frequency.
EXPECTED WAVEFORM:

RESULT: 565IC is used for FM demodulation.

APPLICATIONS
Phase-locked loops are widely employed in
1.

Radio.

2. Telecommunications.
3. Computers and other electronic applications.
4. They can be used to recover a signal from a noisy communication channel, generate
stable frequencies at a multiple of an input frequency (frequency synthesis), or
distribute clock timing pulses in digital logic designs such as microprocessors.
UNIT V
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
4 Bit Comparator IC 7485.
OBJECTIVE
To study and the operation of 4-bit Magnitude Comparator using IC 7485.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 7485,
Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of 3 to 8 decoder by verifying truth table.
Shift registers are used in digital systems for temporary information storage and for
data manipulation or transfer. There are two ways to shift (store) data into a register i.e.
serial or parallel, and similarly two ways to shift data out of the register. The following
are the four basic modes of operation:
Serial data i/p

Shift
register
(4 bits)

Serial data o/p

Shift

MSB

Serial data i/p register

(4 bits)

LSB
a. Serial in serial out (siso)

b. Serial in-parallel out (sipo)

MSB
Parallel
data i/p

MSB
Serial data o/p

LSB

Shift
register

c. Parallel in serial out (piso)

Parallel
data i/p

Shift
register
LSB
(4 bits)

LSB
d. Parallel in-parallel out (pipo)

A. Serial in-Serial out: In this type of shift register, data is stored into the register one
bit at a time (serial) and taken out serially too.
B. Serial in-Parallel out: Here data is stored serially into the register and is taken out
collectively at one shot (parallel).
C. Parallel in-Serial out: In this case entire data is stored into the register in one shot
and is taken out serially.
D. Parallel in- Parallel out: Data is stored into the register at one go and is taken out
collectively at one shot too.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
clk

data [3:0

reset

4-bit Shift

q [3:0]

Register

reg (1)-reg
(4)

SISO or SIPO or PISO or PISO

SISO: SERIAL IN SERIAL OUT :

Serial-in, serial-out shift registers delay data by one clock time for each stage. They will
store a bit of data for each register. A serial-in, serial-out shift register may be one to 64
bits in length, longer if registers or packages are cascaded.
TRUTH TABLE:
Si
x
0
1
0
1

Clk
Rst
1
2
3
4

Q
0000
0000
1000
0100
1010

Sout
X
0
0
0
0

SIPO: SERIAL IN PARALLEL OUT

A serial-in/parallel-out shift register is similar to the serial-in/ serial-out shift register in
that `it shifts data into internal storage elements and shifts data out at the serial-out, dataout, pin. It is different in that it makes all the internal stages available as outputs. Therefore,
a serial-in/parallel-out shift register converts data from serial format to parallel format. If
four data bits are shifted in by four clock pulses via a single wire at data-in, below, the data
becomes available simultaneously on the four Outputs QA to QD after the fourth clock
pulse.
The practical application of the serial-in/parallel-out shift register is to convert data from
serial format on a single wire to parallel format on multiple wires. Perhaps, we will
illuminate four LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) with the four outputs (QA QB QC QD ).

The above details of the serial-in/parallel-out shift register are fairly simple. It looks like
a serial-in/ serial-out shift register with taps added to each stage output. Serial data shifts in
at SI (Serial Input). After a number of clocks equal to the number of stages, the first data
bit in appears at SO (QD) in the above figure. In general, there is no SO pin. The last stage
(QD above) serves as SO and is cascaded to the next package if it exists.
If a serial-in/parallel-out shift register is so similar to a serial-in/ serial-out shift register,
why do manufacturers bother to offer both types? Why not just offer the serial-in/parallelout shift register? They actually only offer the serial-in/parallel-out shift register, as long as
it has no more than 8-bits. Note that serial-in/ serial-out shift registers come in gigger than
8-bit lengths of 18 to to 64-bits. It is not practical to offer a 64-bit serial-in/parallel-out shift
register requiring that many output pins. See waveforms below for above shift register.

The shift register has been cleared prior to any data by CLR', an active low signal, which
clears all type D Flip-Flops within the shift register. Note the serial data 1011 pattern
presented at the SI input. This data is synchronized with the clock CLK. This would be the
case if it is being shifted in from something like another shift register, for example, a
parallel-in/ serial-out shift register (not shown here). On the first clock at t1, the data 1 at
SI is shifted from D to Q of the first shift register stage. After t2 this first data bit is at QB.
After t3 it is at QC. After t4 it is at QD. Four clock pulses have shifted the first data bit all
the way to the last stage QD. The second data bit a 0 is at QC after the 4th clock. The third
data bit a 1 is at QB. The fourth data bit another 1 is at QA. Thus, the serial data input
pattern 1011 is contained in (QD QC QB QA). It is now available on the four outputs. It will
available on the four outputs from just after clock t4 to just before t5. This parallel data must
be used or stored between these two times, or it will be lost due to shifting out the QD stage
on following clocks t5 to t8 as shown above.
TRUTH TABLE:
si

clk

Qp

rst

0000

0000

1000

0100

1010

APPLICATIONS
1 Comparator designed for use in computer and logical applications that require the
comparison of two 4-bit words.
UNIT VI
No experiments in this unit as per syllabus.
UNIT VII

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
3 - 8 DECODER-74LS138
OBJECTIVE
To verify operation of the 3 to 8 decoder using IC 74138.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and Logic
Design ,Operation of IC 74LS138, Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of 3 to 8 decoder by verifying truth table.
A Decoder is a combinational circuit with multiple input, multiple output logic
circuit that converts Programd inputs into Programd outputs, where the inputs are lesser
in number than and output Programs. The input data is generally has fewer bits than the
output bits, there is one-to-one mapping from input Program words into output Program
words. In a one-to-one mapping, each input Program word produces a different output
Program word.
The general structure of a Decoder circuit can be shown as follows. The enable inputs, if
present must be asserted for the Decoder to perform its normal mapping function.
Otherwise the Decoder maps all the input Program words into a single disabled output
Program word. The corresponding I.C number is 74138.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

a(0)
a(1)
a(2)

Outputs y(0) to y(7)

3X8
DECODER
(74138)

g1 g2a

g2b

TRUTH TABLE:
Select Inputs

Decoder Outputs

a(2) a(1) a(0) y(7) y(6) y(5) y(4) y(3) y(2) y(1) y(0)

APPLICATIONS
Decoding is necessary in applications such as
1. Data Multiplexing.
2. 7 segment display and memory address decoding.
UNIT-VIII
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
D Flip Flop-IC 74LS74 and JK Master Slave Flip Flop-IC 74LS73.

OBJECTIVE
To verify the truth table of D Flip Flop-IC 7474 and JK Master Slave Flip Flop-IC
74LS73.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and
Logic Design Operation of IC 74LS73 and IC 74LS74, Regulated Power Supply,
Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min

b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of D Flip Flop-IC 7474 and JK Master Slave Flip Flop-IC
74LS73 by verifying truth table.

BOOLEAN EXPESSION:
Characteristic Equation is

Q(t+1) = d

LOGIC SYMBOL:
Set

TRUTH TABLE:

d
q
IC
Reset

Clk
(+ve edge)
1

Q(t+1)

APPLICATIONS
1. Flip-Flops and latches are used as data storage elements.
2. D Flip-Flop is a storage device used in register.
3. Master slave JK Flip-Flop is used in counter.
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Decade Counter 74LS90
OBJECTIVE
To construct and verify the working of a single digit decade counter using IC 7490.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and Logic
Design, Operation of IC 7490, Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .

DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min.
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications.
c. Experimental determination of decade counter.
APPLICATIONS
Decade Counter used in
1. Multiplexers and De-multiplexers
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Universal Shift Register - 74LS194/95.
OBJECTIVE
To study the following applications of the Universal shift register using IC 74LS194/95.
a. Shift Right Logic
b. Shift Left Logic
c. Parallel Load
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and Logic
Design, Operation of IC 74LS194/95, Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO
.

DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of D Flip Flop-IC 7474 and JK Master Slave FlipFlop-IC
74LS73 by verifying truth table.
APPLICATIONS

1. A shift register is used for multiplying and division. If a binary number of say Bin.
100101 (37 Dec.) is multiplied by 2 the bits have to be left shifted one time and the
number will then be Bin. 1001010 (74 Dec.) and to divide by 2 the bits have to be
right shifted
EXPERIMENT NO. 14
8x1 Multiplexer 74151 and 2x1 Demultiplexer 74155
OBJECTIVE
To verify the truth table of a given 8 to 1 Multiplexer and 2 to 1 De-Multiplexer using IC
74151 and 74155 .
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and
Logic Design ,Operation of IC 74151/74155, Regulated Power Supply, Function
Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of 8 to 1 Multiplexer and 2 to 1 De-Multiplexer by
verifying truth table.
A Multiplexer consists have a set of and gate whose outputs are connected to single
or gate, Because of this construction of any Boolean function in a SOP form can be easily
realized using multiplexer. Each AND gate in the multiplexer represents a minterm. In 8
to 1 multiplexer, there are 3 select inputs and 23 minterms. By connecting the function
variables directly to the select Inputs, a multiplexer can be made to select the AND gate
that corresponds to the minterm in the function. If a minterm exists in a function, we have
to connect the AND gate data input to logic 1; otherwise we have to connect it to logic 0;

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
I (1)
I (2)
I (3)
I (4)

8x1

I (5)

MULTIPLEXER
(74x151)

I (6)
I (7)

TRUTH TABLE:
Select ( S)
Enable
Output
(en)
O
0
000
I(0)
0
001
I(1)
0
010
I(2)
0
011
I(3)
0
100
I(4)
0
101
I(5)
0
110
I(6)
0
111
I(7)
1
Xxx
0

S (0) S(1) S(2) enable

(SELECT LINES)
APPLICATIONS
1. A multiplexer is often used with a complementary demultiplexer on the receiving end.
2.Multiplexers can be used as components of programmable logic devices

EXPERIMENT NO. 15
RAM (164) - IC 7489 using (read and write operation).
OBJECTIVE
To study the operation of the RAM Ic7489.
PREREQUISITES
Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and
Logic Design ,Operation of IC 74151/74155, Regulated Power Supply, Function
Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION
a. Introduction to experiment -30 min
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of read and write operation of RAM.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Addr(3:0)

Dout(3:0)

Din(3:0)
Clk
Reset

16 x 4
RAM

Rw
A 16X4 Ram has four data inputs Din (3:0), three control inputs Clk, Reset, Rw and four
data outputs. The control input Rw provides a mechanism for writing into or reading from
Ram.When Rw=0 write operation is performed and vive versa. The top priority is given to
Reset and then Clock.

APPLICATIONS
1. RAMs are used in Personal Computers.
2. Lap Tops.
3. Music Players etc.

LAB SCHEDULE:

(A) LAB SCHEDULE: The lab schedule should be planned once in a week. The week wise
scheduled experiment should be completed.
CYCLE 1:
CYCLE 1
Batches
B1(30112),B2(31324),B3(325336)
B4(337348),B5(349360),B6
B3
B4
B5

week-1
Demo

week-2
Exp.1

week-3
Exp.2

week-4
Exp.3

week-5
Exp.9

week-6
Exp.8

week-7
test

Demo

Exp.2

Exp.10

Exp.9

Exp.8

Exp.1

test

Demo
Demo
Demo

Exp.10
Exp.9
Exp.8

Exp.9
Exp.8
Exp.1

Exp.8
Exp.1
Exp.2

Exp.1
Exp.2
Exp.10

Exp.2
Exp.10
Exp.9

test
test
test

CYCLE 2
Batches

week-1

week-2

week-3

week-4

week-5

week-6

week-7

B1

Exp.3

Exp.4

Exp.6

Exp.11

Exp.12

Exp.5

test

B2

Exp.7

Exp.6

Exp.11

Exp.12

Exp.5

Exp.4

test

B3

Exp.3

Exp.11

Exp.12

Exp.5

Exp.4

Exp.6

test

B4

Exp.10

Exp.12

Exp.5

Exp.4

Exp.6

Exp.11

test

B5

Exp.9

Exp.5

Exp.4

Exp.6

Exp.11

Exp.12

test

(B) VIVA SCHEDULE: The viva schedule should be planned prior starting to the lab
experiment.
ROUND - 1
Batches

week-1

B1,B2,B3

viva

B1,B2,B3

week-2

week-3

week-4

week-5

viva

B1,B2,B3

viva

B1,B2,B3

viva

B1,B2,B3

viva

ROUND - 2
Batches

week-1

SG1

viva

SG2
SG3
SG4

week-2

week-3

week-4

week-5

viva
viva
viva

SG5

viva

*SG: Selected Group with a maximum of 6 or 12 students

SUGGESTED BOOKS
Linear Integrated Circuits-D. Roy Chowdhury, new Age international (p)Ltd, 3rd Edition,
2008.
2. Digital Fundamentals- Floyd and Jain,Pearson Education ,8th edition,2005.
3. Op-Amp
&
Linear
Integrated
Circuits-Concepts
&
Applications
by
JamesM.Fiore,Cengage/Jaico,2/e, 2009.
1.

WEB SITES
1.
2.
3.
4.

http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/117106030/
http://www.nprcet.org/e%20content/Misc/e-Learning/EEE/II%20YEAR/EE2254%20%20Linear%20Integrated%20Circuits%20and%20Applications.pdf
http://home.cogeco.ca/~rpaisley4/LM555.html
http://electronicsclub.info/555timer.htm

EXPERTS DETAILS
The expert details which have been mentioned below are only a few of the eminent ones
known Internationally, Nationally and Locally.

INTERNATIONAL
1. Mr.D.Roy Chowdhury, Ph.D. University of Michigan,Dept. of Electronics and
Communication Engg.
Contact Details: 033 23603722 (Off), rcdiptiman@yahoo.com

2. Mrs. Azita Emami , Ph.D.California Institute of Technology, Professor of Electrical

Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engg.
Contact Details:

Email: azita@caltech.edu<azita@caltech.edu, Phone:

(626) 395-8417,

NATIONAL
1. Prof.Roy Paily Palathinkal,Deptt. of Electrical Engg.,IIT Guwahati
Contact Information:
Office Address: ECE Department, Academic Complex, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati 781039.
Phone: +91-361-258-2512 (O)
Fax: +91-361-2582542, 2690762
Email: roypaily@iitg.ernet.in

2. Prof. Gaurav Trivedi, Deptt. of ECE, IIT, Guwahati.

Office Address: Room No. #008, EEE Department, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, INDIA.
Phone: +91-361-258-2536 (O)
Fax: +91-361-2582542, 2690762
Email: trivedi iitg.ernet.in

3. Mr. R.K.Baruah, Tezpur University.

Email: ratulkr@tezu.ernet.in

REGIONAL

1. Prof..Mr.K.Nageshwar Rao, Deptt. of ECE ,JITS,Warangal.

Email: ratulkr@tezu.ernet.in

MAPPING OF LAB WITH PROJECT/CONSULTANCY/R & D:

The IC Applications lab course should be designed in such a way that it should meet the
requirements of research and development as well as consultancy projects. Also the
Proposals of Project/R&D/Consultancy are as follows:
Proposal 1: Project Design & Execution
Proposal 2: R& D Level Project Design & Execution
Proposal 3: Consultancy Task / Project Design & Development
PROPOSAL FOR R & D ACTIVITY:
PROPOSAL FOR R & D ACTIVITY:
1.An exact paper from a National/International journal in this entitled area/subject/area(IEEE
Format)
AND/OR
2.An article/white paper from a magazine /journal/weekly/any periodical in the entitled
Subject
AND/OR
3.An Advanced technology development/ proposal/article publication from any source of
Information

Sample for Serial No:1

TITLE :

Application of Dark Sensor for automatic lighting system.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this experiment is to implement AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF

GATE /STREET LIGHT using LDR , and to implement it to save the electric power,
and to reduce the man power in case of street light control system.
Needs no manual operation for switching.
When there is a need of light in dark places it automatically detects and switches

ON Light.
Light is switched ON at night and OFF in the morning hours.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741 ,Regulated
Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO.
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min

b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of relay operation and then light control.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
100k resistor x2
4.7k resistor x1
Photo resistor x1
180 ohm resistor
LM741 opamp ic
LED (any color) x1
jumper wires
9v battery
A breadboard

WORKING

When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases whichresults in increase of the voltage
at pin 2 of the IC 555.
IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between the input voltage from pin2 and
1/3rd of the power supply voltage
When input falls below 1/3rd then output is set high otherwise it is set low.
Since in brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain no positive voltage at output of pin 3 to
drive relay or LED, besides in poor light condition we get output to energize.
LDR
It is a special type of resistor whose value depends on the
brightness of light which is falling on it.
It has resistance of about 1mega ohm when in total darkness,

but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated.

It responds to a large part of light spectrum.
TRANSFORMER
For 9v ac power supply we can use step down transformer in order to convert 230 volt to 9 volt.
P.C.B
With the help of P.C.B it is easy to assemble circuit with neat and clean end products.
P.C.B is made of Bakelite with surface pasted withcopper track-layout.
Connection pin is passed through the hole and is soldered.

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Dark Sensor using 741 IC

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Dark Sensor using 555 IC

APPLICATIONS

The applications are

1. It can be used for GATE lights controlling.
2. It can also be used as a Automatic street lights control system.
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
TITLE:

Automatic water tank level controller.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this experiment is to design and verify the operation and
application of a simple, economical and versatile circuit switches on the motor pump when water
in the overhead tank falls below the lowest level and turns it off when the tank is full.
Moreover, if the pump is running dry due to low voltage, it sounds an alarm to alert you to
switch off the controller circuit (and hence the motor pump) to avoid coil burn and power
wastage.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741,

Regulated Power Supply, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min

b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of ON and OFF functioning of the circuit
This simple, economical and versatile circuit switches on the motor pump when
water in the overhead tank falls below the lowest level and turns it off when the tank is
full. Moreover, if the pump is running dry due to low voltage, it sounds an alarm to alert
you to switch off the controller circuit (and hence the motor pump) to avoid coil burn and
power wastage.
The water-level controller circuit (see Fig. 1) is built around IC 555 (IC2) to
monitor the water level in the overhead tank and on/off status of the motor through the
inverter and driver circuits. The transistor switch circuitry monitors the flow of water and
raises an alarm if the pump runs dry.

Fig: Circuit Diagram of water tank level controller using 555 IC

Working of Automatic water tank level controller:

We know the property of 555 timer IC, i.e. its output goes HIGH when voltage at the
second pin(trigger pin) is less than 1/3 Vcc.
Also we can reset back the IC by applying a LOW voltage at the 4th pin (Reset pin).
In this project 3 wires are dipped in water tank. Let us define two water levels- Bottom (L) level and
Top (H) level. One of the wire or probe is from Vcc, which can be called as middle level (M).

Fig.6: Position of three sensors in timer 555

 The probe from bottom level is connected to the trigger (2nd) pin of 555 IC. So the voltage at
2nd pin is Vcc when it is covered by water.
. When water level goes down, the 2nd pin gets disconnected(untouched) from water i.e.
Voltage at the trigger pin becomes less than Vcc. Then the output of 555 becomes high.
The

output of 555 is fed to a SL 100 transistor, it energizes the relay coil and the
water pump set is turned ON.

Fig.7: SL 100 transistor

While

the water level rises, the top level probe is covered by water and the transistor becomes
ON. Its collector voltage goes to Vce(sat) =0.2V.

The

low voltage at the 4th pin resets the IC. So the output of 555 becomes 0V. Hence the motor
will turn OFF automatically.

For

practical implementation, you must use a relay. Rating of relay is chosen according to the
load (Motor). 32 Ampere relay is best suited for domestic applications.

Fig.8: Probe/Sensor arrangement diagram

APPLICATIONS
The applications are

1. It can be used for water level control.

2. It can also be used as a Automatic fluid level control system in Indutries.
CONCLUSION
Thus by using this simple arrangement we can save wastage of water and
electricity. It is very important for us to control the use of natural source of energy. By
using this circuit we can solve our purpose very easily.
REFERENCE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

www.ebookbrowse.com
www.electronicsforyou.com
www.digitek.in
www.sridigitek.com
http://www.buildcircuit.com/ldr-engineer/
http://www.talkingelectronics.com/projects/50%20-%20555%20Circuits/50555Circuits.pdf
7. http://www.buildcircuit.com/ldr-engineer/
8. http://www.instructables.com/id/DARKLIGHT-SENSOR-BASED-ON-the-LM741opamp/?ALLSTEPS
9. http://www.technologystudent.com/elec1/opamp3.htm