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What is EUTRAN?
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What is LTE?
LTEi (Long Term Evolution) is initiated by 3GPPi to improve the mobile phone standard to cope with
future technology evolutions and needs.
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What is goal of LTE?
The goals for LTE include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making
use of new spectrum and reformed spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open
standards.
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What speed LTE offers?
LTE provides downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s, 50 Mbit/s in the uplink and RAN (Radio
Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10 ms.
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What is LTE Advanced?
LTE standards are in matured state now with release 8 frozen. While LTE Advanced is still under
works. Often the LTE standard is seen as 4G standard which is not true. 3.9G is more acceptable
for LTE. So why it is not 4G? Answer is quite simple - LTE does not fulfill all requirements of ITU 4G
definition.
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Brief History of LTE Advanced: The ITU has introduced the term IMT Advanced to identify mobile
systems whose capabilities go beyond those of IMT 2000. The IMT Advanced systems shall provide
best-in-class performance attributes such as peak and sustained data rates and corresponding
spectral efficiencies, capacity, latency, overall network complexity and quality-of-service
management. The new capabilities of these IMT-Advanced systems are envisaged to handle a wide
range of supported data rates with target peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high
mobility and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility.
See LTE Advanced: Evolution of LTE for more details.
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What is LTE architecture?
The evolved architecture comprises E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) on the access side and EPC
(Evolved Packet Core) on the core side.
The figure below shows the evolved system architecture
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S10:- Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information
transfer.
S11:- Reference point between MME and Serving GW.
S12:- Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane tunnelling when
Direct Tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U
protocol as defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN.
Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
S13:- It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
SGi:- It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet
data network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra
operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point
corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.
Rx:- The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the TS 23.203.
SBc:- Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message delivery and control
functions.
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What are LTE Network elements?
eNB
eNB interfaces with the UE and hosts the PHYsical (PHY), Medium Access
Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Packet Data Control
Protocol (PDCP) layers. It also hosts Radio Resource Control (RRC)
functionality corresponding to the control plane. It performs many
functions including radio resource management, admission control,
scheduling, enforcement of negotiated UL QoS, cell information
broadcast, ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data, and
compression/decompression of DL/UL user plane packet headers.
Mobility Management Entity
manages and stores UE context (for idle state: UE/user identities, UE mobility state, user security
parameters). It generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs. It checks the authorization
whether the UE may camp on the TA or on the PLMN. It also authenticates the user.
Serving Gateway
The SGW routes and forwards user data packets, while also acting as the mobility anchor for the
user plane during inter-eNB handovers and as the anchor for mobility between LTE and other
3GPP technologies (terminating S4 interface and relaying the traffic between 2G/3G systems and
PDN GW).
Packet Data Network Gateway
The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data networks by being the point of
exit and entry of traffic for the UE. A UE may have simultaneous connectivity with more than one
PDN GW for accessing multiple PDNs. The PDN GW performs policy enforcement, packet filtering
for each user, charging support, lawful Interception
and packet screening.
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What are LTE protocols & specifications?
In LTE architecture, core network includes Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway
(SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) where as E-UTRAN has E-UTRAN NodeB (eNB).
See LTE protocols & specifications for specification mappings.
Protocol links are as below
Air Interface Physical Layer
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol User Plane (GTP-U)
GTP-U Transport
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) Protocol
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)
S1 layer 1
S1 Signalling Transport
X2 Application Protocol (X2AP)
X2 layer 1
X2 Signalling Transport
for IP layer interception of Content of Communication (CC) data. In addition to CC data, the Lawful
Interception (LI) solution for EPS offers generation of Intercept Related Information (IRI) records
from respective control plane (signalling) messages as well.
See Lawful Interception Architecture for LTE Evolved Packet System for more details.
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What is carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced?
To meet LTE-Advanced requirements, support of wider transmission bandwidths is required than
the 20 MHz bandwidth specified in 3GPP Release 8/9. The preferred solution to this is carrier
aggregation.
It is of the most distinct features of 4G LTE-Advanced. Carrier aggregation allows expansion of
effective bandwidth delivered to a user terminal through concurrent utilization of radio resources
across multiple carriers. Multiple component carriers are aggregated to form a larger overall
transmission bandwidth.
See Carrier Aggregation for LTE-Advanced for more details.
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What is Relay Node and how does Relaying works in LTE-Advanced?
For efficient heterogeneous network planning, 3GPP LTE-Advanced has introduced concept of
Relay Nodes (RNs). The Relay Nodes are low power eNodeBs that provide enhanced coverage and
capacity at cell edges. One of the main benefits of relaying is to provide extended LTE coverage in
targeted areas at low cost.
The Relay Node is connected to the Donor eNB (DeNB) via radio interface, Un, a modified version
of E-UTRAN air interface Uu. Donor eNB also srves its own UE as usual, in addition to sharing its
radio resources for Relay Nodes.
See Introduction of Relay Nodes in LTE-Advanced for more details.
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