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OF D INNOVATION
proceq
Introduction to
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
'
September 2014
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Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Principle
tt. T
mu)
nm
Pulse velocity is
determined by measuring
the transmission time and
the distance between the
probes.
V=~
TxTime
Display
Pulse
Generator
Timing
Circuit
Waveform
Display
Rx
Amplifier
~t
For concrete it is
typically between
3000 m/s and 5000 m/s.
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Fundamentals of Wave
Propagation - Wavelength
J\ =elf
where:
A = wavelength
c = sound velocity
f =frequency
E.g. (Concrete)
Velocity = 4000 m/s
Frequency = 54 kHz
Wavelength= 7.4 cm
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Fundamentals of Wave
Propagation - Wavelength
7.4cm
E.g. (Concrete)
Velocity = 4000 m/s
Frequency = 54 kHz
Wavelength = 7.4 cm
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Fundamentals of Wave
Propagation - Scattering
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Fundamentals of Wave
Propagation - Scattering
Ideally
Frequency > 2x Aggregate Size
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Fundamentals of Wave
Propagation - Summary
High Frequency
Low Frequency
Several dm
Several m
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Pundit Transducers
250 kHz
500 kHz
250 kHz
Shear wave
"'34mm
Min. lateral
dimensions154
Min. lateral
Min. lateral
Min. lateral
Min. lateral
dimensions
dimensions
dimensions
mm
69mm
69 mm
25 mm
dimensions
15mm
Min. lateral
dimensions
7mm
Standard
ExPonmtlal
transduce r
transducer
Concrete: ooarae
aggregate. large
objects.
Concrete. wood,
rock
Concrete (rough
surfaces, rounded
surfaces), wood,
rock (heritage
sites)
Nooouplanl
S-wave
transducer
Fine grained
material only,
refractory bricks,
rock(NXoorns)
Fine g rained
material only,
refractory bricks,
rock
Small samples.
Fine grained
material only,
refractory bri<:ks,
rock
Use on small
samples limtted by
size of transducer
Concrete, wood,
rock
Used for
detennlnatlon of E
modulus.
Requires special
oouplanl
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Reflections at Boundaries
As we saw in the explanation about scattering, sound travelling
through the concrete is reflected when it meets a boundary.
Concrete
2"d material
The amount of energy that passes through the boundary and the
amount of energy that is reflected is determined by a simple equation .
R = Z2 - Z1
Z2 + Z1
R is the percentage of energy that is reflected .
Z1 is the acoustic impedance of the concrete
Z2 is the acoustic impedance of the second material
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Reflections at Boundaries
Acoustic impedance (Z) =density of material (p) x speed of sound in
the material (v)
Material
Air
Concrete
Steel
Density
(ka/m 31
1.3
2400
7850
Speed of sound
m/s
330
4000
5920
Acoustic Impedance
ka/m2x1os
.000429
9.6
46.5
Interface
Z1
Z2
R = Z2-Z1
Z2+Z1
Concrete/
Air
9.6
.000429
99%
Concrete I
Steel
9.6
46.5
66%
I WM
Concrete I
Granite
9.6
26.8
47%
I WM
WM
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Wave Types
There are several modes of propagation of sound waves in solids
The two types we are concerned with are:
Longitudinal or compression waves (also called P-waves)
Transverse or shear waves (also called S-waves)
time
= 200.07 us
longitudinal wave
0.8
Rayleigh wave
0.6
I
N
0.4
0.2
0
0
shear wave
1.5
0.5
2.5
x(m]
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Wave propogation
in a homogenous material
Situation 1:
Homogeneous block
Size: 1m x 3m
vL = 5000 m/s
=2600 m/s
p =2200 kg/m 3
v5
0.1
bnWJOU7w
0.00
0.00
!05
.. O.
0.04
.,
0.02
"
""4
0
-0.02
Transmitter:
Diamter. 50 mm
Position: x
=1.5 m, z =0 m
-0.04
.,
-0.CE
'\
-0.!ll
.......,
600
1000
-0.1
Receiver:
Diamter. 50 mm
Position: x
=1.5 m, z =1 m
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Real situation
time= 200.07 us
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Wave propagation
in an inhomogenous material
Situation 2:
Inhomogeneous concrete
block
h:Ml.t!u
Size: 1m x 3m
=5000 m/s
v5 =2600 m/s
p =2200 kg/m3
vL
'
0.04
..
0.02
"
"
*I
~
Aggregate:
Size: S 32 mm
Disllibution: random
Number: 4000
"
L("'""'
...
20C
...
- -
0
-0.02
-0.04
...
YMlioI
'
'"
,.,.
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NOT of Concrete using
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Methods
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Ultrasonic Testing of Concrete
The ultrasonic pulse velocity of sound in a material depends on its
density and its elastic properties, which in turn are related to the quality
and the compressive strength of the material.
It is therefore possible to obtain information about the properties of
concrete structures by ultrasonic investigations:
Uniformity of the concrete
Cavities, cracks, defects due to fire and frost
Thickness of structure
Modulus of elasticity
Compressive strength
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Standards
EN 12504-4 Determination of ultrasonic pulse velocity
ASTM C597-02 Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete
BS 1881 Part 203 Recommendations for measurement of velocity of ultrasonic
pulses in concrete
1501920-7:2004 Non-destructive tests on hardened concrete- determination of
ultrasonic pulse velocity
1513311 Part 1 Non-destructive testing of concrete - ultrasonic pulse velocity
(India)
CECS21 Technical specification for inspection of concrete defects by ultrasonic
method (China)
ASTM 02845 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse
Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock
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Pulse Velocity Determination
Direct Transmission: Optimum configuration .
Maximum signal level. Most accurate method of
pulse velocity determination. Path length is
measured from centre to centre of the transducers.
Indirect Transmission: Signal level is only about
2 - 3 % of signal level when using direct
transmission. Path length is uncertain. Use the
surface velocity mode or line scan to eliminate
this uncertainty. Pulse velocity determined by this
method may be lower than that from direct
method by 5 -20%. Where possible carry out a
comparison measurement to determine this.
Semi-direct Transmission: Sensitivity is
somewhere between the other two methods. Lower
accuracy than the direct method. Path length is
measured from centre to centre of the transducers.
~hcl~ 18 ~ 2014 Pr~sq '~-
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Pulse Velocity
Measurement - Preparations
It is essential to have good acoustic coupling between the transducer and the
concrete in order to ensure that the ultrasonic pulse is transmitted into the
concrete.
When we looked at "Reflections at Boundaries", we learnt that between concrete
and air there is almost a 100% reflection of the signal.
A coupling medium ensures that there is no air between the surface of the
transducer and the concrete.
If the concrete surface is very rough, then it must either be smoothed by grinding
before measuring, or if that is not possible,
exponential transducers may be used.
Exponential transducers are designed
to be used without couplant.
However the energy imparted into the
concrete is much less than a standard
transducer with couplant.
An amplifier is necessary to boost the
signal to noise ratio .
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Measurement
Alphanumeric
Measurement mode
Transducer Type
Rx Gain
Excitation
Voltage
Start/
Snapshot
Zoom
Cursor selection
Stop/ Save
10
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Tools to locate the trigger point
Zoom button
Touchsceen ope.,>tion
~ ~
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Cursor I Triggering modes
Automatic Triggering
Manual Triggering
Dual cursor
Amplitude marker
11
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Amplitude trigger
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Measurement modes - Menu
f
1 ,
Basic Modes
Special Modes
Multi-Measurements
t o Transmission Time
Crack Depd1
I:= UneScan
+Distance
t:
E
E-Modulus
;I
Pulse Velocity
-- - - -
(9
Data Logging
--
12
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Pundit PL-200
Basic measurement modes
Pulse Velocity
Distance
Input Required
Input Required
Pulse velocity
Output
Output
Transmission time
Pulse velocity
Transmission time
Distance between the two
transducers
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Surface Velocity BS 1881 :203
The exact length of the
transmission path is uncertain due
to the significant size of the area of
contact between the transducer and
the concrete
The uncertainty is eliminated by
making a series of measurements.
The transmitter remains at the
same position for the entire
measurement.
The receiver is moved a fixed
increment "b" along a line.
The transmission times are plotted
on a graph against the distance.
A best fit straight line is drawn
through the points.
50
100
200
300
Distance, mm
400
500
600
13
Pundit PL-200
Measurement mode - surface velocity
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The transmitter remains in a
fixed position. The receiver
is moved at a fixed interval.
A best fit line is drawn
through the points
generated.
The slope of this line is the
mean pulse velocity.
e.g. 305mm/100s = 3.05
In-Situ Compressive
Strength Estimation
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Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity tests are used in parallel with compression tests
to obtain a correlation to compressive strength.
This procedure is recognized in most major standards, e.g. EN 13791 and
ACI 228.1R.
14
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Measurement mode
Compressive strength
Input Required
Output
Transmission time
Compressive strength.
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Modulus of Elasticity
15
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ASTM 02845 Modulus of Elasticity
Ultrasonics is used in geology to determine the elastic properties or rocks and minerals. The application is described in
the ASHA standard D 2845
ASTM D 2845 - Standard Test Method for laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic
Constants of Rock
Determines the pulse velocities of compression (P) waves and shear (S) waves in rock from which the dynamic
elastic constants are calculated.
,
"The ultrasonic evaluation of rock properties is useful for preliminary prediction of static properties. The test
method is useful for evaluating the effects of uniaxial stress and water saturation on pulse velocity. These
properties are in turn useful in engineering design.
calculations
, Having measured the compression and shear velocities, the standard provides the formulas for:E = Youngs' modulus of elasticity
G = modulus of rigidity or shear modulus
, = Poisson's ratio
A = Lame's constant
K = bulk modulus
(Note! For some of these calculations, e.g modulus of elasticity, it is also necessary to know the density of the
material.
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ASTM 02845 Calculations
E = fpV /( 3V/ - ./V/ )J
(V/ -
V/)
where:
Young modulu of ela ticity. p i (or Pa). and
p = den iry. lb in.3 (or kg 1113) :
G = pV/
where:
G = modulu of rigidity or shear modulu , p
11 = (1~
J I '/) fJCV/
(or Pa):
- v,1)]
where:
= Poi son' ra tio:
16
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P-wave
TX
":
~
r:t .,;.1: ~~- .. .... '\"" &Jr'
...
: : ......
,.. ~.~:.:'194'.:.
.. -~_..:. - ....... ;c..:.,; ;.::~.
.'
. ,~,.:.~1;-~.~-"''; ::.r.:. . ~.~.
.
~:~-:~:'/i:};/J..":[~::" ' l
!.i ~ ~. I ... :, ~ " ,.. ~...... eP.... ~~~ .-.- . ',
.:.t''-1
~"i"'"-Jt
: .~---.. ~...t"
,... '-...~~<t:
.::e._,.
.. :.;,.: :: ~- .......'".)a1'-'.\.7~1
~:JI.~.,
. .....
r-;
... :.. . -uo
..-e. 1 .. . ~ '11 ' ...... .ll I
RX
- .. :
c:201 t. OlrlR:.eM!I
In a longitudinal wave the particle displacement is parallel to the direction of wave propagation. The
animation shows a one-dimensional longitudinal plane wave propagating down a tube. The particles do not
move down the tube with the wave; they simply oscillate back and forth about their individual equilibrium
positions. Pick a single particle and watch its motion. The wave is seen as the motion of the compressed
region (ie, it is a pressure wave), which moves from left to right.
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S-wave
In a shear wave the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. The
animation below shows a one-dimensional transverse plane wave propagating from left to right. The
particles do not move along with the wave; they simply oscillate up and down about their individual
equilibrium positions as the wave passes by. Pick a single particle and watch its motion.
17
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P- and S- Wave Properties
P-waves travel significantly faster than S-waves.
54 kHz P-Wave (Concrete)
Typical velocity = 4000 m/s
Wavelength J\
=7.4 cm
=2500 m/s
Wavelength J\ =4.6 cm
Typical velocity
Pwave
S-wave
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Pundit Lab
When measurements with the 250 kHz shear wave transducers are
performed , it is crucial to use the special shear wave coupling paste,
otherwise shear waves cannot be properly transmitted into the object
under test. The 250 kHz shear wave transducers supplied by Proceq
(Part No. 325 40 049) come supplied with the correct coupling paste.
18
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Pundit Lab
Measuring with S-wave Transducers
--==
~~
~--
-...
,
A waveform display MUST be used to manually locate the onset of the shear wave
echo, as it is always preceded by a relatively weak longitudinal echo which is picked
up by the automatic triggering.
For Pundit Lab, this means that this can only be done when connected to a PC
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S-wave detection
Correct measurement procedure
()~
()
(Ju
l(J
__)
Misaligned by 90
WeakS-wave
component
Correctly aligned
Strong S-wave
component
,-.
. o. . . . . :
_...-....
19
PunditLink Calculator
E-Modulus and Poisson's Ratio
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-Pundit PL-200
Measurement Mode: E-Modulus
MP
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20
E-Modulus
Separate P- & S-wave measurements
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Can begin with either the P or the S-wave transducer but the first
measurement should be made with whichever is indicated in the top right
hand comer.
In this case it is a 54 kHz P-wave transducer.
E-Modulus
Separate P- & S-wave measurements
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Measure the P-wave transmission time. Note the manual triggering must be
used in this mode. Automatic triggering is deactivated.
Press on the P<>S icon.
21
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E-Modulus
Separate P- & S-wave measurements
f-
Connected Transducer
0
0
()
E-Modulus
Separate P- & S-wave measurements
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22
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E-Modulus
Using only an S-wave transducer
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PL-Link Software E-modulus
20
40
60
80
JOO
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
TimeWSJ
Po1s.son'sRatio:
E ModuJus:
!l.2549
S9.20 GP
Devitt lnfOfmation
OeV'lceNamt:
....,,,
~! Numbtt
UPOl-9993
1.1.1
83
Sottwe Versi0
Hardware RtvtSK>f'l
w...
TirM{JJs}
Ve1ty (m/S)
-Type
Probe Freq. QcHz)
Pr~Gam(x}
81.8
4889
Shear Wave
250
100
150
-0.6
142.6
2804
SheW~
250
100
150
-0.6
Comment
:Add]
23
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6o
Dynamic*
Static
,o
3.6
24'000
13'000
,0
3.8
26'000
15'000
4 .0
29'000
18'000
4 .2
32'000
22'000
ao
4.4
36'000
27'000
10
4.6
42'000
34'000
4.8
49'000
43'000
5.0
58'000
52'000
)0
'o
, ,o
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Uniformity of Concrete
24
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Uniformity Testing
Concrete Classification
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Material Properties on UPV
Parameter
w/cm ratio
age
Moisture content
On UPV
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
l
Effects
On concrete strength
""
Useful for
relative
n/a measurements
within
- - a single
structure
n/a
S1K1e ~O
o 2014 Proceq
25
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Effect of coarse aggregate content
ACI MATERIALS JOURNAL
TECHNICAL PAPER
(2)
fc(l!OOl
(3)
x u)
(-1
=0.00106 x exp(O.Cl0237 x u)
Jc\ 1100) =0.00055 x exp(0.00250 x u)
(5)
fc{IOOO)
(6)
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UPV Principle - Influences
Anyth ing that affects the dynamic modulus of elasticity or the density
affects the pulse velocity reading .
Rebars are a major factor. Ultrasonic waves travel much faster
through steel than through concrete, so rebars should be avoided .
Moisture content and water/ cement ratio has a large effect,
especially during curing. This relationship can be used to
determine strength development during curing.
Temperature has an effect but not in the range 10c to 30C.
TlMl references are recommended for further reading on Influencing factora.
BS 1881 : Part 203 and
26
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The horizontal grid setting'a'
remains constant. but the
distance between the probes 'x'
can be changed for each
measurement according to the
object shape.
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27
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Crack Depth Determination
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Measurement mode - Crack depth
28
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Crack Depth Determination
BS Method
The British standards method is a method
recommended by 884408, and the method of
calculating the crack depth by arranging
oscillator and receiver from the crack at equal
intervals at transmission time t2 of
X2=300mm and transmission time t1 of
X1=150mm .
2
t 2 2 -t12
Slu:le 57 e 2014Proceq
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Crack Depth Determination
Tc - To Method
In the Tc-To method, the transmission time is
measured by arranging longitudinal wave oscillator
and receiver at intervals 2a on the surface of the
healthy part of the examination body. Next, the
transmission time is measured by arranging
oscillator and receiver at intervals 2a so that the
crack may become a center. The crack depth is
obtained from the next equation.
r:i
r5
..
....,.,....
.YI.
a
o"
29
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Crack Depth Determination
T - To Method
T method is a method of requesting
discontinuous time T at the crack position
from the curve (relation between the
transmission distance and the transmissior
time) at the run of the fixation of oscillator
and the movement of receiver at constant
intervals, and calculating the crack depth
from the following equation.
T cot a + 2L
2(T cot a+ L 1 )
1
= T COt a- - - - - -
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Crack Depth Determination
Delta Method
The delta method is fundamentally the same
as the Tc-To method, and method of
measuring the transmission time by placing
the crack and arranging oscillator and
receiver, and obtaining the crack depth from
the next equation.
d:
T 2 _ 9 2 +W
2V T
30
Crack Depth
Determination - Sloped Crack
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51~61
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Crack Depth
Determination - Sloped Crack
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31
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Crack Depth
Determination - Sloped Crack
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2.5b
Crack Depth=
32
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Crack Depth
Determination - Sloped Crack
Slrdl' 65
e 2014 Proceq
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Understanding Cracks
Cracks depths are not typically
uniform throughout the length of
the crack.
Surface
Increasing
Depth
Points of Measurement
33
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Understanding Cracks
Crack measurements can be
affected by foreign particles
Surface
Increasing
Depth
Points of Measurement
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Understanding Cracks
Crack measurements can be
affected by foreign particles
r-'"'!"!"'!"'".!"'"'~'!!1!11111"--'~"""-.......
Surface
Increasing
Depth
Points of Measurement
34
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SONREB Method - 1
SONREB comes from the words SONic REBound .
Both ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer measurements can
be correlated to compressive strength . (e.g. EN 13791 ).
The SONREB method is a method of combining an ultrasonic pulse
velocity measurement with a rebound hammer measurement to improve
the accuracy of compressive strength estimation .
The format of the curve is :
Compressive Strength fck
=a.Vb.Sc
Shde 70 C 2014
Proc~
35
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SONREB Method - 2
This example taken from a real set of data illustrates the kind of
improvement in strength estimate that can be expected .
Compressive Strength
... .
.. .
.. .
70 .--
! 60
1DJIO,....,_.
FOJ'OQ
80
.-
~ so
I"' ~
e 30
.. t /
!
~
...
20
10
0
.,
ro
30
.,,
so
oo
ro
C20 14 Pu>eaq
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SONREB Method - 3
The user has three options for working with SONREB curves.
Option 1 - Create your own SONREB curve for the concrete under
test by using your own test data. This method provides the best results
but is not alwfls possible practically.
Decreasing reliability
Option 2 - Find a best fit for your concrete by using existing SONREB
curves and comparing with cores taken from the site. This is the next best
method and is the most practical method for obtaining reasonable results.
-D-
Decreasing reliability
36
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SONREB Method - Option 1
For each cylinder make a rebound hammer
measurement and an ultrasonic pulse
velocity measurement.
Then crush the cube in the press to obtain
the compressive strength .
This provides one data point.
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SONREB Method - Option 1
Pundit Lob+ SlverSchmidt
Ult,..onk
Corn,,,.W.
PulN
Stronrd>fu Velocttv(V) Q-value (S)
42l7
29.5
36
32.6
4608
38
4484
40.3
45
41.2
4630
42
44.2
4587
49
45.3
4673
56
49
4644
48.5
50.6
47
4695
51.5
111
50
4760
52
56
4744
55.8
57
57
n2
53
58.1
57
n8
4673
60.9
66
4732
62.3
54
68.6
4854
61
0ptr.tirJg
(JICI 170t.b)
~~PIJldllllt<Ptm
CPdl:11Mb
S..Arf'\JJlelll.IO(Plul;-.631)
..,
lpdf lAOICb)
COftCNtltFi. 9 l4111b
f'Uldld;Stll!O'w'lll~
g,_
37
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Sonreb Method- Macro- v- 1- 04 E
TABLE 1: Rew Data for the Sonreb Method
Compressive
Strength fck
(MPaorPSI)
Sample 1
Samele 2
Sample 3
Sample4
Samele 5
Sample6
Samele 7
Samele 8
Sample 9
Samele 10
Sample 11
Sample 12
Samele 13
Sample 14
Sample 15
Samole 16
Sample 17
Samele 18
'
29.5
32.6
40.3
41.2
44.2
45.3
48.5
50.6
51.5
52
55.8
57
58.1
60.9
62.3
68.6
Pund it Lob+
S1lvcr../Or1g1nal
Ultrasonic
Pulse Velocity
(V) (m/s or fUs)
Schmidt
Values (SI
4237
4608
4484
4630
4587
4673
4644
4695
4717
4760
4744
4722
4728
4673
4732
4854
36
38
45
42
49
56
49
47
50
56
57
53
57
66
54
61
Rebound-
..
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Sonreb- Method- Macro- v- 1- 04 E
9.59431E11
2.786113142
0.873583548
0.880154857
38
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SONREB Method - Option 1
IOdlwKttBrMllnun
('"1. a...i. o~. _ttrr .)
""'"
--
100
,. o...oooooooooona
UNlll1420000
ea
0.11l514IOOOO
1 :...
------ 10
,,..
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SONREB Method - Option 2
There are many studies on the SONREB method to be found in the
internet. The table below shows examples of the curves defined in some
of those studies . All are based on Original Schmidt R value.
Correlation
Author
Lenzi, Versari , Zambrini (2010)
RILEM-NDT4 (1993)
Masi (2005)
fck
Gasparik (1992)
CECS21 standard (rounded
aggregate particles) (Note! V in km/s)
CECS21 standard (crushed
aggregate particles) (Note! V in km/s)
39
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SONREB Method - Option 2
In many cases it is simply not practical to create a curve for
the concrete under test due to cost, or in the case when
testing is being carried out on an existing structure.
This method assumes that it is possible to take a small
number of cores from the structure for compressive strength
testing.
-- -. --......
------- .
Noofcort
....
151
,,
11
,."
--
--
.,
"
IYI
'""
Sla'.le
UPY
"
"
".
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SONREB Method - Option 2
This method uses the RILEM (1993) recommended method and makes use of previously
derived SONREB reference curves.
SONREB values are calculated from the data points available using selected reference
curves.
Least squares analysis is used to determine which curve provides the best fit.
A correction factor is applied to the reference curve based on the results of the least
squares ana Iys1s
togive th e b es t fit poss1"bi e tothe d ata ava11 abi1e.
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40
proceq
SONREB Method - Pundit Lab+
proceq
SONREB Method - Pundit Lab+
In the System Settings on the
Pundit Lab+ select the
SONREB curve.
B !i
--=::1
[J
' EJ[:]
B
g~
OsonReb_Gas
89.8
[:.:J B
[J
r::J
CJ
If a SONREB curve is
selected the rebound hammer
symbol appears in the lower
right hand corner of the
screen.
Click on this symbol to enter
the rebound value determined
in the previous step.
r-
41
praceq
SONREB Method - Pundit Lab+
Perform the pulse velocity
measurement.
Once the measurement has
been made, clicking on the up
arrow of the navigation key
switches the display between
pulse velocity and
compressive strength.
praceq
Questions
42