Modeling and Simulation:

Exploring Dynamic System

Behaviour
Session 1
Foundations, Modelling and Simulation
Process, Problem Description

Organization
The syllabus states:
Class attendance is mandatory. As per academic
regulations, students who do not attend 80% of the
class will not be allowed to write the final
examinations (one lecture represents 8% of the total).

Note organization of chairs and tables

Work in teams
In future, upon arrival organize your tables/chairs
At the end of the class, restore tables chairs

Adjust teams.
Time sheets.
2

Chapter 1
Opening Perspectives

Modelling and simulation project as a problem solving tool

System under investigation (SUI)
Model
Simulation Experiments

Conceptual Model versus the Simulation Model

Role of Modelling and Simulation
Why do we model and simulate?
The Nature of a Model
Specification for behaviour generation: Everything should be
made as simple as possible but not simpler, Albert Einstein
When is a model good enough?
Methods for modelling

Challenges to M&S
3

Chapter 2
Some reflections on models
Exploring the foundations
The observation interval
Entities and interaction
Constants and parameters
Variables, input and output

The modelling and simulation process

The dynamic modelling landscape
4

Model M
Behaviour
Inputs

Behaviour
Generation
Rules

Input
Variables

Modelling
with
parameters
and
variables

Parameters

State Variables

F()

Output
Variables
and Values

Observation

Bouncing Ball Conceptual Model

State variables
x1(t) = balls
position
x2(t) = balls
velocity
y1(t) = balls
y2(t) = balls

Behaviour rules:

horizontal

dx1 (t )
dy1 (t )
x2 (t )
y2 (t )
dt
dt
dx2 (t )
dy2 (t )
w(t ) / m
g
dt
dt

horizontal

vertical position
vertical velocity

V0 = Initial velocity
Newtons law: F = ma

V0
0
w(t)

y0

mg

x
x=0

x=H
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When the Ball Bounces

Assumptions
Symmetric: angle of incidence is equal to angle of
reflection, i.e. velocity vector orientation changes from
C to C
Kinetic energy is lost, that is the magnitude of the
velocity vector changes from |VC| to |VC|, where
0<<1
The bounce dynamics are expressed as:

C C
VC VC

x1 (TC ) x1 (TC )
x 2 (TC ) x 2 (TC )
y1 (TC ) 0
y 2 (TC ) y 2 (TC )
7

Bouncing Ball
Simulation Model (1)
%-------------------------------% DYNAMIC
%------------------------------function dsvdt = ballDyn(t, sv)
global G W M
dsvdt = [
sv(2)
% dx1/dt = x2
-W/M
% dx2/dt = -W/M
sv(4)
% dy1/dt = y2
-G
% dy2/dt = -G
];

Bouncing Ball
Simulation Model (2)
%---Events for discontinuities
function [value, isterminal, direction] =
events(t, sv)
value = sv(3);
% the height
isterminal = 1; % stop the integration
direction = -1; % negative direction only

Bouncing Ball
Simulation Model (3)
for i=1:3 % three bounces
[t, sv, te, sve, ie] = ode23(@ballDyn,
[tstart tfinal], sv0, options);
% Accumulate data

% reset initial values

sv0(1) = sv(nt,1);
% x1
sv0(2) = ALPHA * sv(nt,2); % x2
sv0(3) = 0.0;
% y1
sv0(4) = -ALPHA * sv(nt,4); % y2
% set start time
tstart = t(nt);
end
10

Bouncing Ball
Simulation Results

11

Problem
Description
Refinement/Verification
Project
Goals
Clarification
Conceptual
Model

Modification

Transformation/Verification

Modelling
and
Simulation
Process

Simulation
Model
Elaboration/Verification

Simulation
Program
Y
N

Flawed Model
Detected

12

Modelling and Simulation

Process (continued)
N

Credibility
Established

Experimentation
for Goal
Resolution

Flawed Model
Detected

Experimentation for
Validation

Validation
database

Analysis

Goal
Resolution
Database
Analysis

Database
Sufficiently
Comprehensive

Y
Conclusions
Final
Analysis

13

Project Methodology
Proposed methodology based on discussed M&S
process.
Reporting to the CEO:

Deliverables
Meetings
E-mail
Time Sheets weekly
Give progress

14

Classroom Case Studies

15

Warm-up Exercise
For each of the cases on the next 2 slides
Draw schematic, concept graph, notes for the
system described.

16

Coffee Shop
The coffee shop contains some 15 tables.
It is Saturday morning and the tables are
almost full. At the back of the shop is a
counter with one cash register and two
coffee machines. Behind the counter are
two women serving customers. In the
background, music from a local radio
station can be heard. At the counter, there
is a long line of customers waiting for
service.
17

Barber Shop
The barber shop has 5 chairs around a small
table with magazines. There are two barber
chairs with customers being serviced by 2
barbers. A counter and cash register is by the
door. There is a small coffee machine in a
corner where customers can help themselves.
The chairs are full. The owner (one of the
barbers) noticed that on Saturday mornings,
many drop in customers do not enter when they
see that the chairs are full. He is wondering how
much business he is losing.
18

Port Case Study

Urgent Care Center Case Study

19

Port Case Study

Compare the A Port In Africa preliminary
case study documentation with the
Problem Description sections of the Case
Studies Document.
Note in particular
Organisation of the SUI Details
Content of Annex A Data models

20

10

Urgent Care Center

Review the Urgent Care Clinic
preliminary case study documentation.
Develop the Statement of the Problem
Identify an approach to organising the SUI
detail (you do not need to create it).
Identify the data models that should be
placed in Annex A.
21

Next Week
Read Chapter 3 up to Section 3.6
Section 3.6 will interest CM teams that need to
develop data models from raw data.

Review the Manufacturing M&S Project

Problem Description and Project Goals

Review the UCC Problem Description (to be

posted soon).
Draft the Project Goals for your project
CM team is responsible for this deliverable.
Review by your team mates is essential.

Dont forget your time sheets.

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