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Subject:

Chemistry

Type of Lesson:

Lecture.

Grade:

11

CSEC OBJ:

Students should recognize patterns of


reactions of the various homologous
series of carbon compounds.

Term:

UNIT:

Organic Chemistry

Duration:

60 minutes

Lesson: 15

Polymers contd

Week: 5

Objectives
As a result of this lesson, you will be able to:
1) draw diagrams to represent the formulae of monomers
2) state at least one use of each of the following types of polymers
a.
Polyalkene
b.
Polyamide
c.
Polyester
d.
Polysaccharide
3) show how the monomers are linked in the structure of a polymer.
4) demonstrate the differences in properties between a monomer and the polymer it forms.
Prerequisite Student Knowledge
You should be familiar with:
1) monomers as small molecules that can combine to form long chains of molecules called
polymers.
2) different types of polymers and the monomers that form them.
3) examples of the different types of polymers.
4) functional groups as the sites in a compound at which the reaction actually takes place.
Important Points
Important points in this lesson:
1) The long chains in monomers can be represented by blocks and the functional groups clearly
illustrated.
2) If you have identified the linkage present in a polymer, then it will indicate the monomers
from which it was formed.
3) The properties of monomers are different from the polymers they form.

Key Terms
Functional group
Unsaturated
compound

Monomer

Polymer

Linkage

Polymerization

Challenge Areas
Protein is a natural compound that contains an amide linkage. Research how proteins are formed.

Equipment/Material Needed
Diagrams of a variety of monomers and polymers.
Note to Student
Monomers are different in properties from the polymers they form.

Introduction
1) Introductory Activity
a. In the previous lesson, we looked at several monomers and the polymers they
form. In this lesson the emphasis will be on representing these reactions with
diagrams. You should recall that there are two types of polymerization: addition and
condensation.
i. In addition polymerization the monomer must be an unsaturated
compound, that is, it must contain double bonds:
ii. For example: H2C=CH2 ethene
In condensation polymerization, small molecules are removed in the process. The monomers are
usually amines, carboxylic acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids and dialcohols (diols).
Let us now look at the structure of these monomers
Warning

Body of Lesson
1) Different types of monomers and the polymers formed

Remember that
monomers and polymers
are different in structure
and therefore different in
properties.

a. Poly(alkenes)
These polymers are formed by addition
polymerisation.
i. Formation of the polymer polyethene from the
monomer, ethene
H

nC

ethene

i.

H H H

H H H

C
n

polyethene

Formation of poly(propene) (also called


polypropylene) from propene.

H CH3
nC

H CH3 H CH3

propene

H H H

poly(propene)

ii. Draw the polymer formed from the addition polymerization of 1-butene.
b. Polyesters
These polymers are formed by condensation polymerisation. The monomers involved
are: dicarboxylic acid and dialcohol (diol). Polyesters are formed when water is
removed during the condensation reaction of the acid functional group (COOH) and
the hydroxyl functional group (OH) of the alcohol, as shown below:
O

HO-C-X-C-OH + HO-Y-OH

-C-X-C-O-Y-O-C-X-C-O-Y-Oester linkage
polyester
c. Polyamides
These polymers are formed by condensation polymerisation. The monomers involved
are: dicarboxylic acid and diamine. Similar to polyesters, water is removed during
the condensation reaction of the acid functional group (COOH) and the amine
functional group (NH2) of the amine, as shown below:

HO-C-X-C-OH + N-Y-N
H

OH

H O

O H

-C-X-C-N-Y-N-C-X-C-N-Y-Oamide linkage
polyamide
d. Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides. For
example, glucose, C6H12O6 is a monosaccharide. Condensation of two
monosaccharides produces a disaccharide, such as sucrose and maltose.
Look at the equations below:
C6H12O6 +
C6H12O6
C12H22O11 + H2O
Monosaccharide + monosaccharide
disaccharide + water
Using HO-X-OH to represent the glucose unit, the equation above can then be
written:
HO-X-OH + HO-X-OH HO-X-O-X-OH
Similarly, using HO-X-OH to represent glucose, starch which is produced by the
condensation of many glucose units can be represented as shown below:
[-X-O-X-O-X-O-X-O-X-O-X-O-]n
2) Uses of polymers
a. Different polymers have their own unique uses and these will now be discussed.
Let us look first at the polyalkenes.
i. Polyethene: Used in packaging, manufacture of toys, kitchenware, food
containers, buckets, plastic film and bags.
ii. Polyvinyl chloride: Used as insulation for electrical wiring, as a building
material, in the manufacture of pipes
iii. Polypropene: Used in the manufacture of ropes, food containers, and
bowls.
iv. Polystyrene: Used in packaging and for insulation.
b. Uses of polyamides

i. Nylon: used in the manufacture of fibres for clothing, ropes, fishing lines,
socks and hosiery
ii. Protein: used in building body cells, hair and nails and in making enzymes.
c. Uses of polyesters
i. Terylene: used in the manufacture of fibres for clothing, boat sails, fishing
lines.
d. Uses of Polysaccharides
i. Complex sugars are a source of energy for living organisms.
3) Differences between monomers and polymers.
i. Alkenes are different from polyalkenes as the alkenes are unsaturated
compounds and will therefore undergo addition reactions. The polyalkenes are
saturated compounds and therefore undergo different reactions.
Ethene (monomer) is a gas and polyethene (polymer) is a solid.
ii. Amino acids and polyamides have different properties because of the
functional groups they possess. The amino acids have both the carboxylic acid
group and the amine group in its structure. When the polyamide is formed
these functional groups combine to form the amide linkage. They will
therefore undergo different types of reactions.
iii. Esters and polyesters are quite different in properties. Esters are sweetsmelling substances while polyesters do not usually have an odour and are
used to make clothing.
iv. Monosaccharides and polysaccharides also have different properties. Using
glucose and starch as examples of a monomer and a polymer, ask students to
list some differences between the two.
Closure
In-Class Assignments
1) Construct a table showing the type of polymer, the type of linkage, the structure of the
monomer, the structure of the polymer, and the uses. This will present a summary of the
information discussed.
Out-of-Class Assignment
1) Create a booklet on polymers, using diagrams to represent the monomers and polymers. Be
sure to include their uses.

Supplemental
Glossary of Terms
Functional group

The group or groups of atom that are involved in


the reaction

Unsaturated
compound

A compound whose carbon atoms do not have


the maximum number of bonds.

Monomer

The building blocks of small molecules on which


polymers are formed

Polymer

Long chains of molecules formed from the repeat


of smaller units

Polymerization

The process in which monomers join together to


form polymers

Linkage

The type of joining of the atoms during


polymerization

CSEC Questions
1) Write an equation to show the partial structure of the polymer that is formed when three
molecules of C3H6 are linked together. State the type of polymerization which occurs.
(2006)
2) Carbohydrates are polymers of simple sugars. Using the symbol OH--OH to represent a
simple sugar, show how THREE of these units can be linked to from a part of the polymer
chain found in carbohydrates present in flour.
(2005)
Recommended Materials
http://www.docbrown.info/page04/OilProducts11.htm
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Carbohydrates.html

Bibliography
1. Bisnott, Karlene, CXC Lecture Series Chemistry, 2nd Edition,Jamaica Observer
Limited, (2002).
2. Ferguson & Hart, (1994).CXC Chemistry, Oxford University Press
3. Gallagher & Ingram, (1997). Complete Chemistry, Oxford University Press

4. Holderness & Lambert, (1998). A New Certificate Chemistry, Sixth Edition, Heinemann
Educational Books.
5. Tindale Anne, (1998). Chemistry A concise Revision Course for CXC, Stanley Thornes
Publishers Ltd.

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