Skenario

Pengolahan Sampah dan

Es3masi Gas Rumah Kaca
Dr. Lawin B Tobing
Seminar Indonesia Carbon Update 2014
Medan, 28-29 Oktober 2014

Pendahuluan

GRK, dll

Municipal solid waste is a mixture of materials

Non biogenic waste

Biogenic waste
food

paper

wood

tex6le

other

plas6c metals

glass

other

 Timbulan sampah cenderung

meningkat sejalan dengan
pertumbuhan penduduk.
Laju pertumbuhan penduduk 1.49%
per tahun (2001-2010).
Laju kenaikan sampah 4% per tahun,
dengan komposisi bervariasi.
Sampah 6dak mengakibatkan
dampak posi6f bagi iklim.
3

Pengelolaan sampah mengakibatkan

dampak yang bervariasi terhadap
lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia.
Contoh:
Open dumping mengakibatkan
dampak kesehatan dan lingkungan
serta menghasilkan GRK.
Pembakaran sampah selain mencemari
udara dan GRK, juga sumber dioksin.
4

Pengelolaan sampah
bagaimana yang sesuai?

Tujuan utama :
Inves6gasi pilihan pengolahan sampah
dikaitkan dengan emisi GRK.

Tujuan khusus:
Mengukur laju 6mbulan dan komposisi
sampah di Kota Surabaya
Melakukan es6masi emisi GRK dari opsi
pengelolaan sampah
6

Survey Sampah
Keterbatasan informasi dan data sampah
di Indonesia.
Data sampah digunakan untuk es6masi
GRK

Menentukan komposisi sampah dan
karakteris6knya
7

Temperature dan curah hujan di

Kota Surabaya
40

500

35

450
400

25

300

20

250

Max temperature

15
10

200

Min temperature

150

Rainfall

100

December

November

October

September

August

July

June

May

April

March

50
February

Rainfall (mm)

350

January

Temperature ( C)

30

Berbagai cara pengelolaan

sampah dengan open dumping

Open dumping di Surabaya

4
10

Open dumping di Palembang

11

 Households waste survey

100 houses were selected represen6ng
Permanent (P=35), Semi-permanent
(SP=25) and Non-permanent (NP=40)
buildings.

P, SP, NP reected the income status

of the residents (high, medium and
low).
Waste was collected directly from the
households using plas6c bags over a 3
day period.

12

 Street waste on a single day

Waste from 11 street areas were collected,
and weighted, however only from 7 areas
were measured their composi6on.

Considera6on for the survey:

Seasonal regional characteris6cs
The average rainfall was 143 mm/month.
December was rainy season, with rainfall over
200 mm/month.

Behavior of people in urban and rural areas

inuence waste genera6on rate and
composi6on.

13

Waste samples

Garden waste

Plas6c

Other

Food waste

14

Hasil:
Laju Timbulan Sampah
Household waste genera3on rate

Average popula6on
(person)

3.9

SP

4.8

NP

4.2

kg/household/d
kg/capita/d

1.56
1.19

1.03

0.30

0.33

0.25

0
Permanent

Semi-permanent

Non-permanent

Types of housing
15

Waste genera6on rate based on

composi6on
Household waste genera3on rate (gr/
cap/day)

300
Diapers

250

Other

29.6
200
24.0
150

27.8
19.9

100

Metal

25.2
41.8

Plas6c
19.0

Tex6le
Garden

167.7
119.0

50

Glass

115.6

Wood
Paper
Food

0
P

SP

NP
16

Waste composi6on
MSW

54.3

ST 6.2 7.5
NP

8.7 6.1
34.7

54.3

13.0
8.9

13.9

7.8 3.9

30.4

3.6

19.6

0.0

5.3 0.9

Food
Paper
Wood
Garden
Textile
Plastic

SP

56.2

9.4 2.5 13.1 2.6 11.9

9.6 2.9 11.8 2.4 1.6

67.0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Glass
Metal
Other
Diapers

MSW: Municipal solid waste; ST: Street waste; NP: Non-permanent house;
SP: Semi-permanent house; P: Permanent house
Ratio of household waste and street waste = 87:13 8
17

Pendekatan dan metodologi

Func6onal unit: 1 Gg se6ap komponen
sampah organik.
Kharakteris6k sampah organik

LHV = (44.75 Ccomb 5.85 Cmoi +21.2) 4.19

Ccomb: the combus?le content (%-w); Cmoi: the moisture (%-w).

18

 System boundary: treatment methods to nal

disposal (collec6on and transport are excluded)
The principal processes quan6ed in this study:
GWP 100-yr (kg-CO2eq) was determined.
posi6ve greenhouse gases: emissions derived waste and
emissions of fossil-derived carbon
nega6ve of greenhouse gases: avoided emissions from
subs6tu6on
GHGNet = GHGWaste + GHGFuel GHGavoid

posi6ve of energy consump6on: energy derived from

waste (LHV), and fossil fuel
Nega6ve of energy consump6on: avoided energy derived
from produc6on the subs6tu6on
ENet = EWaste + EFuel Eavoid
19

Waste management op6ons

20

Variasi Pengelolaan Sampah dan pilihan

yang dapat diterapkan

21

Quan6fying GHG emissions in the

treatment methods
IPCC methods were used for es6ma6on
GHG emissions (CH4, N2O and CO2).
Electricity and diesel consump6on of
facili6es in the treatment methods were
considered.
Energy recovery from waste and treatment
method were also considered.

22

Uncertainty parameters
Moisture content and biomass carbon of biogenic
waste
Moisture of food waste: 50-90%

CH4 concentra6on of landll gas and biogas

Range of landll gas: 50-55% (10% against default values)

Landll gas collec6on rate:

10-80%.

Energy consump6on in incinera6on

100-250 kWh/t

The eciency of electricity produc6on

5-15% for turbine gas and 30-40% for gas engine

Biodegrada6on rate

10% against default value

23

Net GHG emissions (a), and energy

consump6on (b)

8
7
)g
G
/ 6
q
e 5
2
O4
-C
g
G
( 3
n
io
ss 2
i
1
m
E
G0
H
G
t -1
e
N-2

(a)

Fossil Fuel Derived GHG

Waste Derived GHG

Avoided GHG

Net GHG Emission

NA

NA

NA

Open CompostingIncineration Anaerobic

Open Composting Incineration Anaerobic Open CompostingIncineration Anaerobic Open Composting Incineration Anaerobic
Dumping
Digestion Dumping
Digestion Dumping
Digestion Dumping
Digestion
Food

Paper

Wood

Textile

24

)g
G
/J 20
G
316
0
112
(
n 8
o
ti
p 4
m
u
s 0
n
o
C
y -4
gr
e -8
n
Et-12
e
N

Consumed Energy

Avoided Energy

Net Energy Consumption

NA

NA

NA

Open CompostingIncineration Anaerobic

Open CompostingIncineration Anaerobic
Open CompostingIncineration Anaerobic
Open CompostingIncineration Anaerobic
Dumping
Digestion Dumping
Digestion Dumping
Digestion Dumping
Digestion
Food

(b)

Treated Waste

Paper

Wood

Textile

24

GHG emissions and applicable op6ons

) 8
g
G
/ 7
q
e 6
2
O 5
C
-
g 4
G
(
n 3
o
is
si 2
m 1
E
G 0
H
G
t -1
e
N

Anaerobic

10

Semi-aerobic
Open Dumping

Anaerobic
Incineration

Food

Remarks
1: Open dumping with no op6on
2: 1+ Soil cover
3: 2+ Landll gas collec6on
4: 3+ Energy recovery by gas engine
5: Shijing to semi-aerobic landll

10

Semi-aerobic
Open Dumping

Incineration

Paper

6: 5+ Soil cover
7: 6+ Landll gas collec6on
8: 7+ Energy recovery by gas engine
9: Incinera6on with no op6on
10: 9+ Energy recovery by steam turbine
25

Recommenda6on road map of waste

management op6ons

26

Terimakasih

27

Appendix
(Informasi tambahan)

28

A. Quan6fying GHG emissions

A1. Open dumping
Methane emissions:
EMCH4 = (1 OX) DOCf MCF (Wi DOCi) F 16/12 GWPCH4
EMCH4: amount of CH4 emission; OX: Oxidation factor; DOCf: Fraction of degradable organic
carbon decomposed; MCF: CH4 correction factor for aerobic decomposition; Wi: amount of
biogenic waste type i; DOCi: fraction of degradable organic carbon in waste type i; F:
Fraction of CH4 in generated landfill gas; GWPCH4: Global warming potential of CH4

A2. Compos6ng
Electricity and diesel consump6on of facility, CH4 and N2O are
considered.

29

Methane emissions
EMCH4 = GWPCH4 (Wi EFi CH4) 10-3
EM : amount of CH emission (Gg); W amount of biogenic waste type i (Gg); EF : emission
factor for treatment i (g CH /kg).

N2O emissions:
EMN2O = GWPN2O (Wi EFi N2O) 10-3
EM : amount of N O emission (Gg); W amount of biogenic waste type i (Gg); EF :
emission factor for treatment i (g N O/kg).

A3. Incinera6on
It is assumed biogenic waste is treated with other
wastes.
Electricity consump6on, CH4 and N2O from
combus6on were considered.
CH4

i:

N 2O

i:

30

Plas6c waste

31

Plas3c Waste
What are plas3c shopping bags all about?

Strong, resistant, compact.
Easy to manufacture, easy to
print, easy to transport.
Come from petrol.

They are dicult to degrade in the environment.
They are widely used in supermarkets/shopping centers,
tradi3onal markets, street food sellers.

Two categories of
plas3c shopping bags:
Plas3c shopping bags
produced from non
recycled plas3cs
Plas3c shopping bags
produced from
recycled plas3c
Previous history of
recycled plas3cs is
unknown

Why do we need to reduce plas3c shopping bags?

Water pollu3on, air
emissions, greenhouse gas,
dioxins, threat to animals

Environmenta
l Pollu3on

Health
Problem

Direct use
of recycled
plas3c bags
for food
packaging

Public Warning regarding

Plas3c shopping bags.

Most black plas3c
shopping bags are
produced from
recycling plas3cs.

Do not use recycling
plas3c bags for food
packaging.

The Na3onal Agency of

Drug and Food Control.

In the recycling
process, a history of
previously plas3cs
used is unknown.
Chemicals are used in
the process leading to
addi3onal risk to
human health.