Time Period A, 3000 BCE-750 BCE (PART I) and Time Period A, Ancient World (PART III)

1) Paleolithic Age
- 40,000-8,000 BC
- also known as Old Stone Age, Ice Age falls in here
- hunter-gatherer societies
- oldest chopping tools, use of fire
- language
- burial of dead, belief in afterlife
2) Neolithic Age
- 8,000 to 3,000 BC
- also known as New Stone Age
- switch to agricultural societies
- tools, pottery, crop, livestock, farmers, domestication
- personal possessions, calendar
- decline in women’s status, increase in warfare
3) hominids
1. homo erectus- 1.5 million y.o.
- “upright man”
- technology, possibly language
2. Cro-Magnon- 40,000 y.o.
- language, tools
3. Neanderthals- 30,000-20,000 y.o.
- religion
- well-built
- survived 170,000 years before vanishing
4. homo sapiens
- “wise man”
- larger brains
4) culture
5) Neolithic Revolution
- also agricultural revolution
- switch from food gathering to food producing
-sparked by warmer temps
- slash and burn farming and domestication
6) civilization
- def: society characterized by practice of agriculture and settlement in towns
1. advanced cities
2. specialized workers
3. complex institutions
4. record keeping
5. improved technology
7) Bronze Age
- when civilizations begin metal work w/ bronze, aprox 3300-1200 BC in the
Middle East
8) Mesopotamia
- home to Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonains, Assyrians
- location: between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
9) Fertile Crescent
- A region of the Middle East arching across the northern part
of the Syrian Desert and extending from the Nile Valley to the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. The civilizations of Egypt, Phoenicia, Assyria, and Babylonia
 developed in this area, which was also the site of numerous migrations and
invasions.
10) Sumer
- An ancient country of southern Mesopotamia in present-day southern Iraq.
Archaeological evidence dates the beginnings of Sumer to the fifth millennium
B.C. By 3000 a flourishing civilization existed, which gradually exerted power
over the surrounding area and culminated in the Akkadian dynasty, founded c.
2340 by Sargon I. Sumer declined after 2000 and was later absorbed by Babylonia and Assyria.
The Sumerians are believed to have invented the cuneiform system of writing.
11) zigguraut
- pyramid-temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of an ancient
Sumerian city-state
12) cuneiform
13) polytheism
14) cultural diffusion
15) Babylon
- capital of the Amorites after they defeat Sumerians in 2000 BCE
- on Euphrates River
16) Hammurabi’s Code
17) Egypt
18) pharoah
19) Old/Middle/New Kingdom Egypt
- Old Kingdom: 3200-2180 BCE
- Narmer unites Upper (South) and Lower (North, contains delta where Nile enters
Mediterranean)
- theocracy
- pyramids built
- better nature made Egyptians more optimistic than Fertile Crescent cultures; for instance, a
belief in the afterlife (heaven/hell like concepts)
- division of classes, but all planned burials
- end of Old Kingdom: decline in pharoahs’ power
- Middle Kingdom: 2040-1630 BCE
- canal means better trade and transportation
- new farmland
- time of prosperity
-Invaders Rule: 1650-1570 BCE
- called “Hyskos”, from Palestine
- New Kingdom: 1575-1086 BCE
- brought on by Hebrew Migration to Egypt (Abraham)
- focus on building an empire
- 1472 BCE: Hatsheput declares self ruler and brings on prosperous rule; encourages trade over
war
- 1425 BCE: Thutmose the Empire Builder (Hatsheput’s stepson) invades Palestine and Syria,
commands more land than ever before
- leads to conflict w/ Hittites
- 1285 BCE: Ramses II and Hittite king make treaty at Kaldesh
- decline due to attacks from sea and land
- Libyans rule Egypt from 950 730 BCE, adopt Egyptian life
- Nubians (Kushites) overthrow Libyans
- Assyrians overthrow Nubians
20) hieroglyphics
21) Phoenicia
 - 1100 BCE: most powerful traders on Mediterranean after Crete’s decline
- wealthy city states, not country
- Byblos, Tyre, Sidon- lived in Palestine
- 1st to venture beyond Strait of Gibraltar
22) Minoans
-2000-1400 BCE: lived on Crete, dominated E. Mediterranean
- Knossos= capital city
- legend of King Minos as being a minotaur
23) Israel/Judah
- Israel: Hebrew kingdom united under Saul, David, and Solomon
- later splits into two- N. Israel and S. Judah
- fought for next 200 years
24) monotheism
25) torah
- Hebrew Bible

Time Period B, 750 BCE-500 CE (PART I) but STILL Time Period A, Ancient World (PART III)

26) Babylonian Captivity

- 738 BCE:Israel and Judah forced to pay tribute to Assyria

27) Nubia
- located S. of first Nile cataract
- ruled by Egyptians (2000-1000 BCE) and then Libyans (950-750 BCE) once the Egyptians fell
- felt they were better suited to lead Egypt than Libyans
- 750 BCE: Piankhi leads overthrow
- unites Nile Valley
- fall to Assyrians in 671 BCE, flee to Meroe
28) Meroe
- had iron ore, rainfall that contributed to wealth
- trade along Red Sea
- prosperous for 4 centuries (250 BCE to 150 CE) then declines
- defeated by Aksum
- leaves Assyrians in control of Egypt
29) Assyria
- from 850-650 BCE, defeated Syria, Palestine, Babylonia
- warrior ppl from N. Mesopotamia
- war mentality came from constant invasions
- empire: E and N of Tigris to Egypt
- capital at Nineveh est. by Sennacherib
- large library
- peak in 650 BCE
- decline: 612 BCE, Medes, Chaldeans burn Nineveh
- many, including Hebrews, rejoice
30) Nineveh
- Assyrian capital est. by Sennacherib near Tigris River
31) Chaldeans
-reestablish capital at Babylon
- Neo-Babylonians
- restored by Nebcuhadnezzar, famous hanging gardens
- falls to Persians
33) Satrap
34) Zoroaster
35) Trojan War
- 1200s BCE: 10 year war b/w Mycneans and Troy (Anatolia)
- Paris (Trojan) kidnaps Helen
36) Myceneans
38) Greek Dark Age
- Dorians

Time Period B, 750 BCE to 500 CE (PART I) and Time Period B, Classical World (PART III)

32) Persia
37) Homer
39) polis
40) Persian Wars
41) phalanx
42) Delian League
43) Peloponessian War
44) Socrates/Plato/Aristole
45) Herodotus
-first Greek historian
- pioneers accurate event reporting
46) Thycidides
- Greek, greatest historian of Classical Age
47) Greek playwrights
- Aeschylus wrote Oresteia
- Sophocles wrote Oedipus, Antigone
- wrote over 100 total
- Euripides wrote Medea
-featured strong women
- Aristrophanes wrote The Birsd, Lysistrata
48) Alexander the Great
- Macedonian
- 336 BC: destroys Thebes, makes survivors slaves
- learned from Aristotle, admired Achilles from Homer’s Odyssey
- 334 BC: invades Persia
- meet at Granicus River, Macedonians victorious
- meet later at Issus River, Alexander surprises Darius, wins
- Macedonians now hold Anatolia
- Darius offers Alexander Persia’s land W of the Euphrates
- Alexander refuses, wanting all of Persia
- 336 BC: goes to Egypt (Persian territory)
- Egyptians crown him pharaoh
-name Alexandria for him
- Alexander assembles 250,000 men to return to Mesopotamia and defeat Darius
- uses phalanx, Darius flees
- burns Persepolis
- other conquests: India (Hydaspes River), Babylon
- dies a couple days after taking Babylon, age 32
49) Hellenistic
- Alexander’s conquests spread Greek culture to new places
- Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian cultures blended
- Koine: popular language in Hellenistic cities
 - Greek dialect
- from Greek word for “common”
50) Alexandria
- city named by Egyptians for Alexander the Great
- main attraction= museum and library
51) republic
52) patricians
53) plebians
54) Twelve Tables
55) Punic Wars
- 3 wars b/w Rome and Carthage (former Phonecian colony on N. African coast)
1. 264 BC- fight for control of Sicily and W. Mediterranean, Rome wins
- lasts 23 years
2. 2-- BC- Carthagians led by Hannibal thru Spain, across France, over Alps
- lasts over 10 years
- 50,000 infantry, 9,000 calvary, 60 elephants
- lost over ½
- 216 BC- greatest Carthage victory: Cannae
- still, Romans keep Rome
3. 2--BC- Scipio leads Romans to match Carthage’s Hannibal
- 202 BC: Romans defeat Hannibal at Zama (n. Carthage)
- set city on fire, take 50,00 as slaves
- significance of Punic Wars: victories give Rome control of Mediterranean
56) Hannibal
- see above
- Carthigian general in 2nd and 3rd Punic Wars
57) Gracchi
- brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Grachus
- redistribute land by dividing estates, public works
- gain influence using mob violence
- both patricians but worked for plebians
- assassinated, considered traitors to class
58) Julius Caesar
59) Cleopatra
60) Augustus Caesar
61) Pax Romana
62) Marcus Aurelius
- ruled from 161 CE to 180 CE
- last of “Five Good Emperors of Republic”
- fought with Asia, Parthian, and Germanic Tribes
63) Paul (6.3)
- apostle with great influence
- former enemy of Christianity, never had met Jesus
- had vision of Jesus traveling to Syria and spent rest of life spreading Jesus’ teachings
- Pax Romana and common languages (Gr.+ Lat.) made travel/spread easy
64) diaspora
- 132 CE: disposal of Jews from Jerusalem by Roman invasion
67) Diocletian (6.4)
- 284 CE: becomes Roman emperor
- limited personal freedom
- restores order in empire and increases strength
- 2x Roman army
 - controls inflation by fixing price of goods
- claims descent from Roman gods
*- most significant reform: divides empire in 2 because it was too hard to control
- keeps Greek-speaking East: Greece, Anatolia, Syria, Egypt
- co-ruler appointed for Latin-speaking West: Italy, Gaul, Britain, Spain
- East wealthier, had the bigger trading cities
- 305 CE: Diocletian retires due to health
- 311 CE: Civil War- 4 rulers competing for power
68) Constantine
- 312 CE: gains control of Western portion of Roman empire
- 324 CE: gets Eastern portion too
- 330 CE: moves capital from Rome to Byzantium
- crossroads b/w East and West
- renamed Constantinople
69) Theodosius
- 378-395: rules both Eastern and Western Empires
- last person to rule both together
70) Atilla the Hun
- 444: unites Huns (various Germanic people)
- plundered 70 cities in East w/ force of 100,000
- fail to scale Constantinople
- 452: attempt to attack West, including Rome, but Atilla dies in 453
- Huns not a threat, Germanic tribes still are
71) Greco- Roman Culture (6.5)
72) Virgil
73) Tacitus
- Roman historian that presented facts accurately
- wrote Annals and Histories
- about Nero

Time Period C (PART I) and Post Classical World (PART III)

74) Byzantium (11.1)

- refers to entire Eastern empire after city named Constantinople
75) Justinian
- 527: Justinian becomes Emperor of Eastern Empire
- 533: recovers N. Africa under Belisarius
- 535: seizes Rome from Ostrogroths, didn’t hold
- until 541, Rome changed hands 16 times
- armies won Italy, Spain
- empire equivalent to Casear’s
- Byzantine empire ruled with absolute power
76) Code of Justinian
- four works composed by panel of legal experts appointed by Justinian
1. Code- 5,000 Roman laws that applied to Byzantine Empire
2. Digest- quoted/summarized Rome’s greatest legal thinkers
3. Institutes- textbook about laws
4. Novellae (New Law)- legislation passed after 534
77) Hagia Sophia
- Christian church Justinian built
- means “holy wisdom” in Greek
- public building program
78) patriarch
- leading bishop of East
- 398-404: Chrysostom from Constantinople
79) Cyrillic alphabet
- many Slavic languages written in this, including Russia
80) Muslim Empire (10.1)
81) Sunni/Shia/Sufi
- Sunni: majority, believe that caliph should be a follower of Muhammad’s example, but does not need
to be directly related
- did not resist Umayyads
- Shia- minority, believe that caliph must be a direct descendant of Muhammad
- opposed Umayyad caliph
- believe Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law should’ve been successor
- Sufi- reject luxurious way of life displayed by Umayyads and instead choose to lead a life of poverty
and spiritual devotion
82) caliph
- means “successor” or “deputy”
- head of state
- 632: 1st caliph= Abu Bakr, close friend of Muhamad
83) Umayyads
- came into power as caliphate after Uthman murdered
- Ali, Muhammad’s cousin, was natural choice but was assassinated
- caliphs no longer elected
- move capital to Damascus
- away from Mecca, made controlling territories easier
- abandoned simple life of previous caliphs and lived in luxury, surround selves w/ non-Muslim rulers
- leads to fundamental division in Muslim community
84) Abbasids
- 750: rebel group that overthrows the Umayyads, murder whole family
- one prince escapes and est. Muslim state in S. Spain (al-Andalus)
- 762: move capital to Baghdad
- develop strong bureaucracy to control affairs
- lasts until 1258
85) al-Andalus
- Muslim state in S. Spain established by escaped Umayyad prince Abd al-Rahman
86) House of Wisdom (10.2)
- 800s: Caliph al-Ma’mum opens HoW in Baghdad
- combination library, academy, and translation center
87) Averroes
- also known as Ibn Rushd
- born in Cordoba, Spain
- master of Islamic philosophy, theology, Malki law, music theory, logic, etc.
88) Seljuks
- migrating Turks group that converted to Islam and migrated into weakened Abbasid Empire
- 1055: capture Baghdad from Persians
- 1071: Battle of Manzikert- Turks defeat Byzantine defenders
- by 1081: occupy most of Anatolia
89) Franks/Goths/Anglo-Saxons (13.1)
- Franks: Germanic people originating from Roman province of Gaul
- lead by Clovis, who brings Christianity
- 496: battle where Clovis appeals to God, Franks win, soldiers ask to be baptized
- 511: united into a single kingdom by Clovis
 - Goths:
- Anglo-Saxons:
90) romance languages
- languages based in Latin
91) secular
- worldly (non-denominational)
92) Clovis
- see Franks
- extends rule to modern France
- Merovingian king
- stereotypical “barbarian”
93) Charles Martel
- first of Carolingian kings, where the mayors were more powerful than the kings
- 715-741: rules, extends Franks’ reign
- known as Charles the Hammer
- 732: defeats Spain at Battle of Tours
94) Charlemagne
- grandson of Charles Martel (son of Pepin the Short)
- 758-814: rules
- constantly fought wars-> war was honorable and kept the $ coming in
- determined to convert people to Christianity, especially Saxons
- limits power of nobility
- great defender of Church; receives papal favors
- saves Pope Leo II from Lombards and, in return, is crowned Augustus, emperor of the Roman
Empire
95) Carolingians
- Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
- rule from 751 to 987
96) Vikings (13.2)
- invaders from Scandanavia
- Germanic people, also called Northmen or Norsemen
- had large warships
- went to W. Europe, Russia, Constantinople, across N. Atlantic
97) Feudalism
- system of governing and landholding based on rights and obligations
- lord gives land in exchange for protection
- depended on control of land
98) Manorialism
- economic arrangement resting on rights and obligations between lord and serfs
- lord gives serfs housing, serfs work lord’s land
99) fief
- land granted by lord in exchange for protection/other services (feudalism)
100) vassal
- person receiving fief (not lord) (feudalism)
101) lord/knight/serf
- lord owns land first
- vassal has land
- knights serve vassals in exchange for fiefs
- serfs work on land, what they produce is given to lord
102) tithe
- church tax owed by medieval peasant families
- 1/10 of families’ income
103) chivalry (13.3)
- set of ideals that demands a knight serves 3 masters
1. feudal lord
2. heavenly Lord
3. chosen lord
- protect weak and poor
- most failed to meet this, not treating poor well
- loyal, brave, courageous
104) troubadour
- traveling poet-musicians at castles and courts in Europe
105) clergy (13.4)
- church members, all under authority of Pope in Rome
106) canon law
- Church law
- all medieval Christians, kings, and peasants subject to law
107) Holy Roman Empire
- originally the German-Italian created by Otto
- remained strongest European state until 1100
108) Investiture
- ceremony in which kings/nobles appointed church officials
- church sought to reform
-1075: Pope Gregory VII banned
109) Concordat of Worms
- 1122: compromise between Church representative and HRE emperor
- terms: Church alone can appoint bishop, emperor can veto appointement
110) Frederick I
- 1152: German princes see need for strong ruler, elect Frederick I
- first to use term HRE
- dominated German princes, but left disorder when ever he was gone
- like Otto, invaded Italy multiple times
- angered pope, who formed Lombard League
- 1176: LL and Frederick face off at Battle of Legnano
- LL wins, Frederick and Pope make peace
- 1190: Frederick drowns, empire left in disorder
111) simony (14.1)
- the selling of positions in the Church by bishops
112) Urban II
- issues call for “holy war” aka Crusade
- 1093: sparked after Byzantine emperor Alexius Commenus sends appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders
- Turks threatened capital, Constantinople
113) Crusades
- goals: Pope wants to help defend Constantinople from Muslims; Pope wants to reclaim Palestine; also
wants to reunite Christendom which split into East/West branches in 1054; opportunity to get rid of
quarreling kings; merchants profit by making cash loans to finance journey
1. First Crusade: 1097- attempt to capture Jerusalem
- Crusaders (mostly French) had no strategy/knowledge of Holy Land, couldn’t agree on leader
- July 1099: besiege Jerusalem for 1 month+ with force of 12,000 (1/4 of original)
- capture land from Edessa in North to Jerusalem in South; vulnerable
- 1144: Edessa reconquered by Turks
2. Second Crusade: 1187- attempt to recapture Edessa, fail
3. Third Crusade: 1192- attempt to recapture Jerusalem
- lead by Phillip II (Augustus) of France, Frederick I (Barbossa) of German empire, Richard the
 Lion Hearted of England
- only Richard makes it
- reaches agreement w/ Muslim leader Saladin
- Jerusalem remain Muslim but unarmed Christian pilgrims can visit holy places
114) Saladin
- Muslim leader during Crusaders
- Kurdish warrior, brilliant
115) Richard II
- aka Richard the Lion Hearted
- English king who led Third Crusade
116) Ferdinand and Isabella
- king and queen of Spain
- started Inquisition, Christian
117) Reconquista
- 1400s: effort to drive Muslims out of Spain (from al-Andalus state)
- 1492: Granada, last Muslim area, falls
118) Inquisition
- court held by Church to suppress heresy
- inquisitors suspected Jewish/Muslim converts of heresy
- 1492: all practicing Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain
119) guilds (14.2)
- an organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the
economic/social conditions of its members
- kept prices up, provided security in trading and reduced losses
120) Commercial Revolution
- expansion of trade and business due to increased availability of goods and new ways of doing business
in Europe
121) vernacular
122) Dante
123) Chaucer
124) Aquinas
- mid 1200s: argues most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
- wrote Summa Theologicae
- influenced by Aristotle, combined Greek and Christian ideas
- known as a scholastic
125) William the Conqueror (14.3)
- duke of Normandy (region of France conquered by Vikings)
- claimed English crown and invaded England w/ Norman army
- rival= Harold Godwinson, Anglo-Saxon who also claimed throne
- 1066: Anglo-Saxons and Normans fight at Battle of Hastings
- Normans win, William claims all of England as his personal property
- unified control of lands by granting land to 200 Norman lords who swore him oaths of loyalty
- centralized England’s government
126) common law
- rulings of England’s royal judges that formed a unified body of law
127) Henry II
- English king, descendant of William the Conqueror
- adds to holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine
- gets Aquitaine
- 1154-1189: rules
- strengthens royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to all parts of land every year
128) Magna Carta
 - most celebrated document in English history, “Great Charter”
- English nobles force King John to sign
- guarantees basic political rights (to nobles at first, later everyone)
129) Parliament
- two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) and two knights from each borough to serve on
legislative body
- 1295: model parliament- knights, burgesses, bishops, lords
130) Hugh Capet
- first of Capetian dynasty (rule from 987-1328)
- succeeded last member of Carolingian family as King of France
- weak ruler, but geographically favored
- center: Paris
131) Philip Augustus (Philip II)
- one of most powerful Capetians
- 1180-1223: rules
- earned name Augustus because he greatly increased France’s territory
-1204: seizes Normandy from King John (Eng.)
- by end of reign, 3x land
- stronger central government, est. bailiffs to collect taxes
132) Philip IV
- 1285-1314: rules
- pope refused priests to pay Philip IV taxes, Philip disputes pope’s right to hold church affairs in
kingdom
133) Estates-General
- Church leaders= 1st Estate
- Great lords= 2nd Estate
- Commoners, Landowners, Merchants invited by Philip IV= 3rd Estate
- all participate in council called Estates-General
- increased royal power of nobility
- key role in overthrowing French monarchy in French Revolution
134) Avignon/Babylonian Captivity (14.4)
- Clement V moved from Rome to Avignon
- Pope would live there for the next 69 years
- weakened church, two popes
135) Great Schism
- split b/w Church b/w Rome (Italian pope) and Avignon (French pope)
136) John Wycliffe
- English, preached that Jesus was true head of Church
- offended by wealth and worldliness of clergy
- taught that Bible, not Church, was true authority
- English translation of New Testament
137) Jan Hus
- Bohemian professor
- taught that Bible was higher than Pope
138) Slavs
- absorbed Greek Byzantine ways in 9th century
- Slavic and Greek traditions formed Russia
139) Ivan III
- challenged Mongol rule as Prince of Moscow
- takes name czar
- intends to make Russia “Third Rome”
140) Mongols
 - ruled in Russia after attacking Kiev in 1240
- empire name is “Khanate of the Golden Horde”
- khanate means kingdom
- horde means camp
141) czar
- means Caesar, Russian version
142) Black Death
- bubonic plague
- killed 1/3 of Europe’s population
- began in Asia
- trade declined, prices rose
- Jews blamed
- Church lost prestige

Time Period D, 1350-1650 CE (PART I) and Time Period C, Post Classical World (PART III)

143) Hundred Years War

- 1337-1453: war b/w English and France
- marks end of medieval Europe
- cause: last Capetian king dies w/o successor, England’s Edward III (grandson of Phlip IV) claims right
to French throne
- French win, drive English out of France
- new warfare due to longbow
144) Joan of Arc
- 1429: felt moved by God to rescue France from English conquerors
-believed Charles VII should be king of France
- lead battle near Orleans
145) Venice/Genoa
- Italian merchant trading states
146) Indian Ocean Trade

* AFRICA INTERLUDE *

147) Sahara
- desert in NW Africa
148) animism
- religion in which spirits play an important role in regulating daily life
- animists believe spirits present in animals, plants, and other natural forces, and also take the form of
their ancestors
149) griot
- West African storytellers
- kept history and literature alive orally
150) Nok
- W. Africa’s earliest known culture
- lived in m. Nigeria b/w 500 BCE and 200 CE
- 1st W. Africans to smelt iron
- used for tools and weapons
151) Djenne-Djeno
- discovered in 1977
- located on tributary of Niger River
- oldest artifact= 250 BCE
- post 1400 CE: city abandoned
 - height: had 50,000 residents
152) Bantu
-people who originally lived in the savanna S. of the Sahara (m. SE Nigeria)
- migrated out, going through the Kalahari and Namib deserts
- a Bantu language is the 1st of nearly 1/3 of all Africans
153) Aksum
- located S. of Kush on a rugged plateau on the Red Sea (m. Eritrea and Ethiopia)
- Aksum conquered the Kush in Egypt (who had conquered the Assyrians)
- area referred to as “Horn of Africa”
- Arab traders est. trading settlements
- origin myth: founding dates back to King Solomon (Israel) and the Queen of Sheba (S. Arabia)
- 710 CE: cut off by Islamic invaders, decline
154) stateless societies
- no centralized power
- balanced among lineages of equal power so that no one family had too much control
- ex: Ibo people of S. Nigeria
155) patrilineal/matrilineal
- patrilineal society- trace ancestors thru father
- matrilineal- trace ancestors thru mother
- wealth inherited from mom’s side
156) Almoravid
- 1000s: founded by Muslim reformers, strict brotherhood
- members came from Berber group living in W. Sahara (m. Mauritania)
- followers of Ibn Yasin
-1076: overrun Ghana
- capture part of S. Spain, called Moors
157) Almohads
- mid 1100s: other Berber Muslim reformers who seized power from Almoravids
- began as movement in Atlas Mountains of Morocco
- led by Abd al-Mumin
- Marrakech is capital
- control from Marrakech to Tripol and Tunis on Mediterranean
- lasts just over 100 years
158) Ghana
- 700 CE: Ghana a wealthy kingdom due to taxes
- rulers taxed gold and salt
- taxed Arab and Berber traders going thru land
- rulers eventually converted to Islam
159) Mali
- 1235: kingdom of Mali emerges
- Mali’s wealth due to gold
- new gold, weak Ghana, and trade routes shifting eastward lead to rise
160) Sundiata
- Mali’s first great leader
- came to power by crushing unpopular leader
- became mansa (emperor)
- period of peace/prosperity
161) Mansa Musa
-1312-1332: rules Mali
- Muslim
- skilled military leader, controls gold-salt trade
- empire expands
 - roughly 2x size of Ghana
- governs by using provinces and appointing governors
- Timbuktu: intellectual center
162) Ibn Battuta
- 1352: traveler who comes to Timbuktu/Mali
- traveled for 27 years throughout Islamic world
163) Songhai
- 1400s: Mali in decline, Songhai break away to the east
- extend territory to bend in Niger River near Gao
- Gao is capital
- controlled trade routes
164) Hausa
- a group of people named after language they spoke
- 1000-1200: emerge in savanna East of Mali and Songhai
- Zazzau- S. most state; slave trade
- all Hausa city-states had similar government
165) Yoruba
- all spoke common language
- originally small city-states on S. edge of Savanna of m. Benin
- Yoruba kings considered divine
- regarded King of Ife as highest spirtual authority
- Ife and Oyo= largest city-states
166) Benin
- S and W of Ife, near Niger River Delta
-1200s: first kings
- based on divine descent claims
- 1400s: Euware makes Benin a powerful city state with army
- grand palace
167) Swahili
- language= Arabic blended with Bantu
- cities founded by Muslim Arab and Persian traders
- major cities are Mombasa (cloth) and Malindi (iron tools)
168) Great Zimbabwe
- city in SE Africa est. by the Shona people
- important trade city b/w Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers
- 1450: abandoned for unknown reasons
169) Mutapa
- 1480s: had conquered Zimbabwe except eastern portion
- claimed control of Zambezi and the Indian Ocean coast
- 1500s: Portugese try to conquer

* OUT OF AFRICA*

170) Renaissance
171) patron
172) perspective
173) Machiavelli
174) Vittoria Colonna
-1492-1547
- born of noble family
- exchanged sonnets with Michaelangelo, helped Castilogne publish The Courtier
- poems express personal emotions
175) humanism
176) Medicis
177) Leo/Michaelangelo/Raphael
178) Durer/Brugel
- Durer= German
- Brugel= Flemish
179) Petrarch
180) Erasmus
181) Christine de Pizan
-highly educated woman
- wrote in French, often about the objections men had to educating women
- book, The Book of the City of Ladies
182) Shakespeare
183) Gutenberg
184) indulgence
185) Reformation
186) Matin Luther
187) Henry VII
188) Act of Supremacy
- 1534: Parliament approves vote to legalize Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine
189) Anglican Church
190) Elizabeth I
191) John Calvin
192) Presbyterian
193) Anabaptist
194) Counter-Reformation
195) Council of Trent
- Catholic response to reformation
196) Prince Henry the Navigator
- son of Portugal’s king
- 1415: conquers Ceuta (Muslim city) in N. Africa
- saw wealth beyond Europe
197) Bartholomeu Dias
198) Vasco da Gama
- Portugese
- 1498: reaches India
199) Treaty of Tordesillas
- 1494: Spain and Portugal sign to honor Line of Demarcation
- LoD: W of line= Spain’s (Americas), E of line= Portugal’s
200) Dutch East India Co.
201) Columbus
202) Magellan
203) Cortes
204) Pizzaro
205) Atahualpa
206) Mestizo
207) Encomienda
208) New France
209) Jamestown
210) Pilgrims
211) Puritans
212) New Netherlands
213) French and Indian War
214) smallpox
215) Atlantic Slave Trade
216) triangle trade
217) Columbian exchange
218) inflation
219) capitalism
220) mercantilism
221) balance of trade
- sell more goods than buy
222) joint stock co.
223) Ottomans
-1300-1326: Muslim state in Anatolia led by Osman
- among first to use cannons
- leader=sultan
- acted wisely towards conquered people
- Muslims had to serve, Non-Muslims had to pay a tax
224) sultan
- Ottoman leader
- 1st to declare self sultan= Orkhan I, Osman’s son
- means “overlord” or “one with power”
225) Tamerlane
- Timur the Lane
- halts Ottoman expansion
- burned Baghdad
- 1402: defeats Ottomans at Battle of Ankara
226) Conquest of Constantinople
- lead by Mehmed II, most dramtic feat in Ottoman history
- 1453: launches attack on Constantinople
- opened Constantinople to new citizens of all backgrounds
227) Suleyman the Magnificent
- Ottoman Empire reaches peak under this lawyer
- 1521: conquers European city of Belgrade
- dominates Mediterranean
- 1526: advances into Hungary and Austria
- creates workable social structure
228) Janissaries
- elite force of 30,000 soldiers trained to be loyal to the sultan only
- conquered people who had been educated, converted to Islam, and trained as soldiers
229) shah
- ancient title of Persian king
- 1499: adopted by Safavid boy Isma’il after conquering m. Iran
230) Shah Abbas
- aka. Abbas the Great
- 1587: takes throne and helps to create Golden Age
- drew best of Ottoman, Persian, and Arab worlds
- reformed military and civilian life
- reformed government
- showed his nation was accepting of other cultures, brought in best Europeans
231) Esfahan
- capital Shah Abbas establishes
- full of art
232) absolutism
233) divine right
234) Philip II
- inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and American colonies
- defends Catholicism
- 1580: seizes Portugese empire
235) Spanish Armada
- ship fleet launched to punish Queen Elizabeth and Protestant England
236) Baroque
237) El Greco
238) Velazquez
239) Cervantes
- 1605: writes Don Quixote
240) inflation
241) Dutch revolt
242) Rembrandt
243) Vermeer
- Dutch Artist, light and dark
244) Henry IV
- 1st King of Bourbon dynasty in France
- 1589: converts from Protestantism to Catholicism
- 1610: stabbed by religious fanatic
245) Edict of Nantes
- 1598: Henry IV’s declaration of religious toleration
246) Richelieu
- true ruler during Louis XIII’s reign
247) skepticism
248) Descartes
249) Montaigne
249) Louis XIV
250) Versailles
251) intendants
- government agents under Louis XIV who collected taxes and administered justice
252) Colbert
253) War of the Spanish Succession
-1701-1714: countries align to prevent the union of the French and Spanish thrones
- ended by Treaty of Utrecht
254) Thirty Years’ War
- 1618-1635: Protestant Bohemians revolt against Catholic Hapsburg rulers
255) Peace of Westphalia
- ends 30 Years’ War
- weakens Spain and Austria
- strengthens France
- makes German princes independent of HRE
- ends religious wars in Europe
256) Hapsburgs
- Ferdinand
- Catholic
257) Hohenzollerns
- Prussia’s ruling family
- Frederick William, 1640
258) Maria Theresa
 - Austria’s ruler
259) Junkers
- Prussia’s landowning nobility
- resisted Frederick’s growing power
260) Frederick the Great
- Frederick II, William’s son
- followed dad’s military policies; softened laws
261) War of the Austrian Succession
- 1748: fight for Silesia between Austria and Prussia
- Prussia wins
262) Seven Years War
-1756-1763: Austria and France ally, Prussia and Britain ally (switch)
- British come out ahead
- did not change European territory
263) Ivan IV
- Ivan the Terrible
- 1553: Russia
264) boyars
- Russia’s land-owning nobility
265) Peter the Great
- 1696: westernizes Russia
266) Westernization
267) Charles I
- 1625: James I dies, Charles is king
- fights Parliament, forced to sign Petition of the Right
- unpopular
268) English Civil War
- 1642-1649: loyal to Charles (Cavaliers/Royalists) vs. those loyal to Parliament/Cromwell
(Roundheads)
269) Oliver Cromwell
- leads against Charles
- strict Puritan beliefs
270) Commonwealth
- republican form of government established by Cromwell
271) Restoration
- 1660: rule of Charles II
- restores England after Charles I, Cromwell
272) Charles II
- passes habeas corpus- monarch cannot simply put people in jail for opposing ruler
- shows that king is not above law
273) Glorious Revolution
-1688: non-violent overthrow of overtly Catholic King James II
- James violated English law
- led by William and Mary (Netherlands, Protestant) and Parliament
274) habeas corpus
275) cabinet
276) constitutional monarchy