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STANDARD NETWORK
Don O. Koval, Liang Jiao
Robert G. Arno
I.
INTRODUCTION
1659
UTILITY
OUTPUT
A
OUTPUT
B2
OUTPUT
B1
OUTPUT
E1
OUTPUT
E2
OUTPUT
C
OUTPUT
D
Frequency
of
load
( interruptions per year) .
point
(2)
(3)
(4)
interruptions
1660
TABLE I
EQUIPMENT RELIABILITY DATA FOR GOLD BOOK STANDARD NETWORK CONFIGURATION
REF
#
ITEM DESCRIPTION
PREP
ITEM
#
INHERENT
RELIABILITY
MTTR
(hours)
FAILURE
RATE
failure/
year
Calculated
Reliability
NA
0.999705
1.32
1.956
2
2A
3
4
5
6
6A
7
8
8A
9
9A
10
11
11A
12
32
32
98
187
117
47
0.99999022
1.82
1.82
18.28
1
4
11.22
11.22
5
2
2
0.5
0.5
7.29
6
6
9.6
0.047170
0.002680
0.123500
0.001740
0.101540
0.002010
0.000603
0.001110
0.005530
0.002765
0.001850
0.000925
0.009490
0.000210
0.000105
0.009600
12A
63
9.6
0.004800
0.999994740
13
61
5.8
5.8
0.005200
0.002600
0.999998279
62
62
20
20
37.5
37.5
2.5
2.5
10.5
0.003430
0.001715
0.000120
0.000096
0.001410
10.5
0.002820
0.999996620
2.4
12.9
0.001700
0.000125
0.999999534
0.999815959
13A
14
14A
15
15A
16
208
68
68
69
69
191
67
67
63
0.99974231
0.9999998
0.99995363
0.99999743
0.99999937
0.99999874
0.99999989
0.9999921
0.99999986
0.99998948
0.99999656
61
0.99998532
0.99999997
0.99999831
0.99999953
0.99999982
1661
0.999999443
0.999999228
0.999999369
0.999999947
0.999999928
0.999992658
0.999999973
The failure rate (i,j) of any zone i, branch j is the sum of all
the equipment failure rates whose failure will result in only
the operation of the isolating device of zone i, branch j. It
can be shown that the total failure rate (i.e., T(i,j)) and the
annual downtime (i.e., r(i, j)) for any zone i, branch j is
RIA( z, k ) FZB(k )
r (i, j ) = s + RIA( z, k ) FZB(k ) R( z, k )
T (i, j ) = s +
S(1,1)
S(1,2)
S(2,1)
S(2,2)
S(3,1)
S(3,2)
OUTPUT B1
(1)
(2)
where
s - failure rate of utility supply or plant supply;
OUTPUT B2
S(4,1)
S(4,2)
S(4,3)
S(4,4)
S(4,5)
S(4,6)
S(5,1)
S(5,2)
S(5,3)
S(5,4)
S(5,5)
S(5,6)
OUTPUT E1
OUTPUT E2
rs -
OUTPUT C
OUTPUT D
FAILURE RATE
(failures per year)
1.930450
1.930450
0.129715
0.129715
0.012370
0.012370
0.002801
0.004670
0.005845
0.005845
0.004670
0.002825
0.002600
0.011550
0.022090
0.022090
0.011550
0.002600
IV CASE STUDY 1
1662
(1) The two main transformers, all the tie breakers, and buses are
assumed to be fully redundant. Whenever there is a fault on
one utility supply, the other one can supply all the loads in
the system without overloading the main components in the
system.
(2) The loss of both normal utility sources, no other switching
methods are taken (i.e., the emergency generators are not
S(1,1)
TABLE III
RELIABILITY INDICES AT OUTPUT LOAD POINTS
SWITCHING TIME- 15 MINUTES CASE 1
r
OUTPUT
Annual
Average
LOAD
Down
Restoration
Reliability
(occurPOINT
Time
Duration
rences
(hours)
(hours)
per year)
B1
2.249103 0.631784
0.280905 0.999927884
B2
2.249104 0.632278
0.281125 0.999927827
C
2.254369 0.662490
0.293869 0.999924379
D
2.254393 0.662832
0.294018 0.999924340
E1
2.276792 0.727318
0.319448 0.999916980
E2
2.276793 0.727330
0.319454 0.999916978
S(1,1)
OUTPUT A
S(2,1)
S(2,2)
S(3,1)
S(3,2)
OUTPUT B2
OUTPUT B1
S(4,1)
S(4,2)
S(4,3)
S(4,4)
S(4,5)
S(4,6)
S(5,1)
S(5,2)
S(5,3)
S(5,4)
S(5,5)
S(5,6)
OUTPUT E1
OUTPUT E2
OUTPUT C
OUTPUT D
TABLE IV
RELIABILITY INDICES AT OUTPUT LOAD POINTS
SWITCHING TIME 2 CYCLES
r
OUTPU
l
Annual
Average
T
(occurDown
Restoration
Reliability
LOAD
rences
Time
Duration
POINT
per year)
(hours)
(hours)
B1
2.249103
0.069182
0.030760 0.999992103
B2
2.249104
0.069182
0.030760 0.999992103
C
2.254369
0.100794
0.044711 0.999988494
D
2.254393
0.100842
0.044731 0.999988488
E1
2.276792
0.160502
0.070495 0.999981678
E2
2.276793
0.160502
0.070495 0.999981678
TABLE V
ZONE BRANCH FAILURE RATES CASE 2
ZONE
BRANCH
FAILURE RATE
(failures per year)
(1,1)
(1,2)
(2,1)
(2,2)
(3,1)
(3,2)
(4,1)
(4,2)
(4,3),
(4,4)
(4,5)
(4,6)
(5,1)
(5,2)
(5,3)
(5,4)
(5,5)
(5,6)
2.10645
0.00447
0.12972
0.00613
0.12370
0.01421
0.00280
0.00467
0.00585
0.00585
0.00467
0.00283
0.00260
0.01155
0.02209
0.02209
0.01155
0.00260
V CASE STUDY 2
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TABLE VI
RELIABILITY INDICES AT OUTPUT LOAD POINTS
SWITCHING TIME - 15 MINUTES CASE 2
r
OUTPUT
Annual
Average
(occurLOAD
Down
Restoration
Reliability
rences
POINT
Time
Duration
per year)
(hours)
(hours)
A
0.00466
0.004818
1.033906
0.99999945
B1
2.24917
0.629101
0.279704
0.99992819
B2
C
D
E1
E2
0.02545
2.25444
0.03074
2.27682
0.05309
0.073173
0.660703
0.104832
0.724188
0.168257
2.875163
0.293067
3.410285
0.318070
3.169270
0.99999165
0.99992458
0.99998803
0.99991734
0.99998079
VII.
REFERENCES
VI. CONCLUSIONS
1664