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de transicin
Espectros electrnicos
Fe(III)
Ca(II)
Co(II)
Zn(II)
Ni(II)
Cu(II)
eg
10Dq
t2g
eg
eg
10Dq
t2g
10Dq
t2g
eg
eg
10Dq
t2g
10Dq
t2g
eg
10Dq
t2g
eg
10Dq
t2g
Campo ligando
Campo
ligando
Escisin
trminos
Sistema real
Interaccin
e-e
Repulsiones
d 2:
1S
1D
1G
3P
3F
Iones libres
Escisin
trminos
d (Oh) ! t2g + eg
p (Oh) ! t1u
S (Oh) ! A1
D (Oh) ! T2 + E
P (Oh) ! T1
Iones libres
t1u
Escisin
trminos
t2u
a2u
Iones libres
Escisin
trminos
+ 12Dq
+ 2Dq
- 6Dq
Dq
E1 = 8 Dq + x Dq
18 Dq + x Dq
6 Dq + 15B + 2x Dq
eg
h
10Dq
t2g
Trnsitos S=0
Iguales
Trnsitos Inversos
10Dq
t2g
10Dq
t2g
Trnsitos Inversos
eg
h
eg
Trnsitos S=0
Iguales
eg
h
10Dq
t2g
El complejo tetradrico
Oh
Td
eg
h
10Dq
t2g
t2
Trnsitos
Iguales
10Dq
Trnsitos Inversos
Trnsitos Inversos
Oh
Td
eg
h
10Dq
t2g
Trnsitos
Iguales
t2
h
10Dq
d1
2T ! 2E
2g
g
Desdoblamiento por
distorsin Jahn-Teller
3A
3A
3A
E1=10Dq
2g!
2g!
2g!
3T
1g
(P)
3T (F)
1g
3T
2g
E2=18Dq-xDq
E3=12Dq+15B+xDq
B < B0
% El grado de disminucin es una medida del carcter covalente del enlace metalligando
Selection rules
intensidad
Anchura
"S 0
Posicin
allowed transitions:
g$u
forbidden transitions:
g$g
"
$ La
$ La
$ La
u$u
"
"
"
"
"
transition
involving
an
orbital
mixed is
('10
intensidad
Electronic transitions obey the following selection rules.
be given later in the section) are that the electronic spectra
forbidden.
pd character can occur although the absorption is still
of:
must be which
a changeisin nonparity:
relatively weak Laporte
(Tableselection
20.4). rule:
In aThere
molecule
Spin
selection
rule:
"S
0
centrosymmetricallowed
(e.g. tetrahedral),
pd
can occur to
transitions:
g $mixing
u
. d 1 , d 4 , d 6 and d 9 complexes
consist of one absorption;
2
3
7
8 Fig. 20.15 Absorptions in the electronic spectrum of a
Transitions
occurgfrom
a greater extentforbidden
and
so transitions:
the may
probability
dd
to
transitions
. d , d , d and d complexes consist of three absorp$of
g singlet
u$
u singlet, or triplet to
molecule or molecular ion are often broad, and cover a range
triplet
states
and
so
on,
but
a
change
spin multiplicity
is
greater
to
tions;
of wavelengths. The absorption is characterized byisvalues
of than in a centrosymmetric complex. Thisinleads
This
leads
to
the
selection
rule:
5
forbidden.
and
"max (see
equation
20.8).
max a
tetrahedral complexes being more intensely coloured than
. d complexes consist!of
series
of very
weak,
relatively
"lLaporte
&1 selection rule: There must be a change in parity:
octahedral complexes.
sharp absorptions.
allowed
transitions:
g$
and,
thus, allowed
transitions are
s !!u p, p !! d, d !! f ;
a molecule in a particular vibrational and rotational state,
Fig.and
20.15
Absorptions
in the
electronic
spectrum
a
forbidden transitions are s !! s, p !! p, d !! d, f !! f ,
it follows
that the
electronic
spectrum
willofrecord
a
forbidden
transitions:
g$g
u$u
molecule
molecular
ionabsorptions;
are often broad,
and"cover
a range
! intense
d, p !! fabsorption
etc.
range
of
energies
corresponding
toa different
Table 20.4 Typical "max
valuesor
for
electronic
large
corresponds
tos !an
and, if the absorption is
maxvibrational
wavelengths.
The
absorption
is characterized
values ofin
and coloured
rotational
states.
Absorption
bands are by
described
in the visible region, a of
highly
complex.
This leads to the selection rule:
!max and "max (see equation 20.8).
terms of !max corresponding to the absorption maximum
Since these selection rules must be strictly obeyed, why do
"ld-block
&1 metal complexes exhibit dd bands in their
Amax (Figure 20.15); the wavelength, !3max , is!1
many
Type of transition
Typical "max / dm mol usually
cm!1 given
Example
in nm, but the position of the absorption may also be
electronic spectra?
!1
p, p !! d,
!! f ;
thus, allowedtransition
transitions
are s !! allowed
a molecule
particular
vibrational "!and
state,
). The molar
describedininaterms
of wavenumbers,
(cmrotational
2
5
Aand,
spin-forbidden
becomes
if,d for
Spin-forbidden dd and it follows that <1
MnH
O
)
(high-spin
d
)
2
6
s, p !
! 3
p, dwith
!
! ad,triplet
f !! f ,
forbidden
transitions
are s to
!! some
the(or
electronic
spectrum will
of an a example,
extinction coefficient
molar absorptivity)
"maxrecord
a singlet
state mixes
extent
1
Laporte-forbidden, spin-allowed
dd
110
Centrosymmetric
complexes,
e.g.
TiH
O
)
(d
)
2
6
s
!
!
d,
p
!
!
f
etc.
range
of energies
corresponding
to indicates
differenthow
vibrational
intense
absorption
must also
be quoted; "max
state. This is possible by spinorbit coupling2!(see Box 20.6)
101000
Non-centrosymmetric
complexes, e.g. NiCl4 )
20.8
absorptionstates.
is and Absorption
is related to bands
Amax by
andanrotational
areequation
described
in but
! for first row metals, the degree of mixing is small and
Charge transfer (fully allowed)
100050
000
MnO
)
where
thecorresponding
concentration ofto
thethe
solution
and is maximum
the path- 4so bands
with rules
spin-forbidden
transitions
arewhy do
absorption
terms
of c!ismax
Since associated
these selection
must be strictly
obeyed,
length
(in cm)
of thethe
spectrometer
cell.! , is usually given very
weak
(Table
20.4).
Spin-allowed
dd
transitions
(Figure
20.15);
wavelength,
Amax
many d-block metal complexes exhibit dd bands in their
max
Laporte-forbidden
and their observation is explained
in nm, but the position of the absorption may also be remain
electronic
spectra?
Amax
3
!1
!1
!1
by
a
mechanism
called
vibronic
coupling. An octahedral
in dm mol cm"! (cm
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
571
Selection rules
Electronic transitions obey the following selection rules.
Spin selection rule:
"S 0
Anchura
allowed transitions:
g$u
Fig. 20.15 Absorptions in the electronic spectrum of a
En general
las ion
bandas
son
anchas:
forbidden transitions:
g $ gEminu $ u
molecule
or molecular
are often
broad,
and cover a range
El complejo
est vibrando
of$
wavelengths.
The absorption
is characterized by values of
This leads to the selection rule:
!max
and
"
(see
equation
20.8).
max
$ La distancia Co-L vara alrededor del valor de
Emax
"l &1
equilibrio
10 Dq
en un
rango and
debido
a las
vibraciones
y allowed transitions are s !! p, p !! d, d !! f ;
and, thus,
a $
molecule
in avara
particular
vibrational
rotational
state,
tanto
forbidden transitions are s !! s, p !! p, d !! d, f !! f ,
and itpor
follows
thatEthe electronic spectrum will record a
!! d, p !! f etc.
$ Puede
haber
ensanchamientos
adicionales spor
range
of energies
corresponding
to different vibrational
Dq
and rotational
states.
Absorption bands are described in
distorsin
Jahn-Teller
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
d5
e + t1 + t 2
CLAS
16 e-
e + t1 + t 2
a 1 + t2
CLAS
8 e-
Mn(VII) ! d0
Mn
a 1 + t2
[MnO4]Td
4O
Bloque d
(0 a 10 electrones)
Orbitales
Moleculares y
enlazantes
DOM del complejo MLn