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EXPERT SOLUTIONS
Tunnel Lighting
Lighting levels
When drivers enter a tunnel during the day, they are confronted with a double problem
of visual adaptation.
The first problem with which they are faced is spatial adaptation. The drivers field of
vision outside the tunnel is very wide; it corresponds to the field of visibility offered by the
vehicles windscreen. When approaching the tunnel, the entrance to the tunnel represents
a low percentage of the field of vision. As the driver approaches the tunnel, his or her field
of vision narrows and is limited to an angle corresponding more or less to the opening of
the tunnel entrance, i.e. approximately 2 degrees.
> There is a second problem that is then added to this first one: temporal visual adaptation.
When entering a tunnel, drivers suddenly go from a high level of luminance i.e. daylight
to a very low level of luminance inside the tunnel. Consequently, the eye needs time to
adapt. During this time, the vehicle travels a distance that is greater the higher the speed.
If this temporal adaptation does not occur, drivers lose visibility of possible obstacles on
the road and traffic safety can no longer be guaranteed.
>
At the same time, when approaching the entrance to the tunnel, the average luminance in
the drivers field of vision decreases and within this field of vision, the percentage of space
occupied by the tunnel entrance increases as the driver approaches it.
20
Lseq
Lth
Ltr
Lint
Lex
Luminance in the
transition zone
Lth
Tunnel entrance
Tunnel exit
0,4 x Lth
5 x Lint
Lint
SSD
Access zone
SSD
Threshold zone
SSD
Transition zone
Luminance meter
Interior zone
Exit zone
20m
m
SSD =
Safe
Stopping
Distance
In order to neutralise the effect of these two stressful situations, the first part of the tunnel
called the threshold zone is strongly lit over a distance equal to the safe stopping distance.
The higher the speed limit, the longer the safe stopping distance. Thanks to this powerful
lighting in the threshold zone of the tunnel, a driver can see a possible obstacle situated inside
the tunnel from outside the tunnel.
The threshold zone is followed by a transition zone in which the level of luminance is gradually
reduced over a distance that is always determined by the authorised speed limit. This serves to
support the curve of acceptability for the reduction in luminance perceived by the eye and thus
control the temporal adaptation. Furthermore, the problem of spatial adaptation disappears
once the threshold zone has been crossed.
At the end of the transition zone, luminance is reduced to the value chosen for the lighting of
the interior zone of the tunnel.
The exit zone less critical in terms of visual perception is lit in such a way as to prepare
drivers for the return to external luminance and the perception of obstacles in the exit zone.
The need to reinforce luminance at the exit of a long tunnel depends, amongst other things,
on its orientation and the degree of complexity of the driving task or assessed levels of danger
in the exit zone.
I 3
Tunnel Lighting
Flicker
When a driver travels through a tunnel, he or she must not be distracted by flicker.
Depending on the speed limit and the space between the luminaires, flicker occurs when
the frequency of perception of the flashes due to the light sources is situated in a range
from 4 to 11 Hz. These frequencies correspond to hypnotic frequencies and therefore must
be avoided at all costs to ensure the drivers maximum safety in the tunnel. This effect is to
be found particularly in long tunnels.
Consequently, there is a minimum and maximum space between the luminaires to be avoided
according to the speed at which people are driving. For instance, for a speed of 60km/h
(=16.6m/s), spaces from 1.5m (=16.6m/s/11Hz) to 4.1m (=16.6m/s/4Hz) between luminaires
must be avoided.
However, this restriction is only valid if the phenomenon last more than 20 seconds. Therefore,
it does not have to be taken into account for basic lighting in tunnels of a certain length.
Contrasts
Drivers must be able to detect any obstacles whatever their position or location in the
various areas of the tunnel. For this purpose, a contrast must be created between the
obstacle and the background from which it stands out (road or wall). Either the obstacle
stands out by being lighter than the background through positive contrast
or darker through negative contrast.
Several lighting systems may use an increase in contrast, whether positive or negative :
Symmetrical lighting: the light is directed symmetrically in the parallel plane to the
direction in which the traffic is travelling.
>
Asymmetric counter beam lighting: the light is distributed asymmetrically in the parallel
plane to the direction in which the traffic is travelling and the maximum luminous intensity
is directed towards oncoming traffic. This system amplifies negative contrasts and
reinforces the roads level of luminance as observed by drivers.
>
Asymmetric pro-beam lighting: the light is distributed asymmetrically in the parallel plane
to the direction in which the traffic is travelling and the maximum luminous intensity is
directed in the direction in which the traffic is travelling. This system amplifies positive
contrasts and reinforces the obstacles level of luminance as observed by drivers.
>
Symmetrical
Counter beam
Pro-beam
Emergency lighting
The safety of a tunnel depends on the main source of lighting, but also, in case of a major
incident, on the emergency lighting. The aim of emergency lighting is to guide and assist
users in case of fire, which is often accompanied by very dense smoke. It is therefore
important to provide reinforced lighting for emergency areas, fire doors and evacuation
tunnels.
Appropriate marker lights are also examined in order to guide emergency services and users
in difficulty during an intervention whatever their location in the tunnel towards emergency
areas.
I 5
Tunnel Lighting
Corrosion tests
Exhaust fumes, imcomplete combustion due to high altitude (particularly for diesel engines),
humidity, salt, detergents used for cleaning, seepage, heat emitted by lamps, etc., create a
particularly aggressive and corrosive environment.
Tunnel luminaires are confronted with all types of corrosion: chemical, bacteriological and
even corrosion associated with electrolytic couple problems.
The corrosion tests performed in laboratories and on site provide technical answers to these
different problems.
Vibration tests
Each time vehicles pass, especially trucks, the luminaires are subjected to intense vibrations.
In its laboratory and in collaboration with universities, Schrder has developed rigorous tests
for vibrations. The tunnel luminaires, as well as their mountings, are systematically subjected
to these tests. Moreover, the PF5 even performed positively in earthquake-resistance tests
such as those applied in nuclear power stations.
Fire-resistance tests
The performance of luminaires in case of fire is of the utmost importance. In the event of a
fire in a tunnel, luminaires must continue to function for enough time to allow the emergency
services to intervene and users to reach the emergency shelters. Therefore, two potential
consequences of a fire must be avoided: a break in the continuity of the electrical power
supply and the luminaires falling down.
Attention must also be paid to using non-flammable materials that do not give off toxic
fumes.
The synthetic material used for the body of the PF5, for instance, is self-extinguishable and
does not give off toxic fumes (M1 FO UL94).
I 7
Tunnel Lighting
Light distribution
The geometry of tunnels is different in every case. To obtain the optimum light distribution,
the Schrder Group GIE laboratory examines the most suitable photometry for each individual
project and the engineering department takes into account the specific elements of each type
of application in order to maximise performance. For this reason, Schrder has a very wide
range of reflectors that can be integrated into each type of luminaire.
Luminaire layout
It is possible to provide solutions for the whole range of layouts thanks to the variety of
photometry available :
Symmetrical lighting
Bilateral layout
Axial layout
Biaxial layout
Axial layout
Biaxial layout
I 9
Tunnel Lighting
Variety of materials
The Schrder range offers luminaires made from a variety of materials: anodised aluminium,
stainless steel and synthetic materials (polyester reinforced with fibreglass). Each has its own
specific characteristics in terms of mechanical behaviour, resistance to corrosion, etc.
Schrder will advise you on the most suitable material according to the type of tunnel (urban
or mountainous environment) and according to whether the atmosphere is more or less
corrosive or humid.
LUMINAIRES
APPLICATIONS
Urban tunnels
Aluminium body
Glass protector
Aluminium mounting
Tunnels in high
mountainous areas
Fork system
Z-shaped brackets
Drop-down brackets
Z-shaped brackets
Swivelling
FV3/IIB
Drop-down brackets
Horizontal (+/-5)
ROAD TUNNELS
VARIABLE LENGTHS
FRONT ACCESS
FV1
IP 65 tightness level
shallow profile
continuous closing system
LAMPS :
fluorescent T5 : 80 W / T8 : 58 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 55 W
MATERIALS :
body : anodised extruded aluminium
end covers : cast aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
FV3
IP 65 tightness level
continuous closing system
LAMPS :
high-pressure sodium : max. 2 x 400 W
low-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 131 W
fluorescent T5/T8 : max. 2 x 58 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 55 W
MATERIALS :
body : anodised extruded aluminium
end covers : cast aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
FV4*
IP 65 tightness level
significant width to accommodate
counter beam optic units
continuous closing system
adaptation and transition zones,
counter beam lighting
LAMPS :
high-pressure sodium : max. 2 x 400 W
low-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 131 W
fluorescent T5/T8 : max. 3 x 58 W
MATERIALS :
body : anodised extruded aluminium
end covers : cast aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
LV3*
IP 65 tightness level
can be recessed
shallow profile
continuous closing system
low mounting height lighting
LAMPS :
high-pressure sodium : max. 2 x 400 W
low-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 131 W
fluorescent T5/T8 : max. 2 x 58 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 55 W
MATERIALS :
body : anodised extruded aluminium
end covers : cast aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
NTL1
IP 65 tightness level
shallow profile
continuous closing system
mounting by independent adjustable
spacers
LAMPS :
high-pressure sodium : max. 150 W
low-pressure sodium : max. 131 W
fluorescent T5/T8 : max. 2 x 58 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 55 W
MATERIALS :
body : anodised extruded aluminium
end covers : cast aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
ST*
IP 54 tightness level
can be recessed
vandal resistant
opening by suction pads
LAMPS :
high-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 150 W
low-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 131 W
fluorescent T5/T8 : max. 2 x 58 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 55 W
MATERIALS :
body : anodised extruded aluminium
end covers : sheet aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass or
polycarbonate
reflector : aluminium
VARIABLE LENGTHS
END ACCESS
TS3
IP 65 tightness level
stainless steel
front opening
Lamps :
fluorescent T5/T8 : max. 2 x 58 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 55 W
Materials :
body : stainless steel
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
AT-T5
IP 66 tightness level
tool free tiltable optical unit
luminaire integrated into a
continuous profile
Lamps :
fluorescent T5 : max. 80 W
Materials :
body : anodised extruded aluminium
end covers : glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate
protector : tempered glass
reflector : multi-layer aluminium
TGR
IP 66 tightness level
tiltable luminaire along a hinged
profile and turn lock
end opening
can be installed in a continuous line
Lamps :
fluorescent T5 : max. 80 W
Materials :
body : extruded aluminium
end covers : cast aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass
or polycarbonate
reflector : aluminium
FR3*
IP 65 tightness level
special anti-corrosion treatment
quick closing levers
Lamps :
high-pressure sodium : max. 2 x 400 W
low-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 131 W
fluorescent T5/T8 : max. 2 x 58 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 55 W
Materials :
body : extruded aluminium
end covers : cast aluminium or reinforced polyester
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
FR4*
IP 65 tightness level
special anti-corrosion treatment
significant width to accommodate
counter beam optic units
quick closing levers
adaptation and transition zones,
counter beam lighting
Lamps :
high-pressure sodium : max. 2 x 400 W
low-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 131 W
Materials :
body : extruded aluminium
end covers : cast aluminium or reinforced polyester
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
MISCELLANEOUS
APPLICATIONS
FIXED DIMENSIONS
BOXES
PF5
IP 66 tightness level
synthetic material: non-corrodable, 0%
halogen, fire resistant
front opening
protector reversible : inclined or
parallel to the box
Lamps :
high-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 400 W
2 x 150 W
compact fluorescent : max. 3 x 55 W
Materials :
body : glass fibre reinforced
polycarbonate
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
TS5
IP 65 tightness level
stainless steel
front opening
symmetrical and counter beam
reinforcement
Lamps :
high-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 400 W
Materials :
body : stainless steel
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
AF4
IP 66 tightness level
die-cast aluminium body
front opening
interior zone, symmetrical and counter
beam reinforcement
Lamps :
high-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 600 W
2 x 150 W
low-pressure sodium : max. 2 x 36 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 36 W
induction : max. 165 W
Materials :
body : die cast aluminium, painted
protector : thermally hardened glass
reflector : aluminium
JVT 18
IP 66 tightness level
impact resistance : IK 10
resistance to low pressure/high
pressure up to 30 kPa
lighting for railway tunnels, service
tunnels, emergency tunnels, etc.
Lamps :
compact fluorescent : max. 1 x 18 W
Materials :
body : cast aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass
bracket : steel or aluminium
reflector : aluminium
LINEA T5
IP 65/IP 44 tightness levels
compact luminaire integrated into a
profile
vandal resistant
lighting for underpasses for pedestrians, cyclists, etc.
Lamps :
fluorescent T5 : max. 80 W
Materials :
body : anodised extruded aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass or polycarbonate
reflector : aluminium
EMERGENCY LIGHTING
MY1
IP 67 tightness level
emergency lighting (integrated battery),
tunnels, etc.
coloured road markers
Lamps :
low-pressure sodium : max. 1 x 36 W
fluorescent T5/T8 : max. 2 x 58 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 55 W
Materials :
body : extruded aluminium
end covers : polycarbonate
protector : extruded polycarbonate
BJ
IP 67 tightness level
luminous marker lights
very long lifetime of the sources (LED)
high resistance to corrosion, shocks and
vibrations
Lamps :
2x12 LED
Materials :
body : cast aluminium
protector : glass or polycarbonate
TMB
IP 66 tightness level
luminous road marking for emergency
areas
continuous operation or flashing in case
of an emergency
Lamps :
halogen : 300 W
metal halide : 150 W
Materials :
body : aluminium
protector : glass or polycarbonate
reflector : aluminium
Symmetrical lighting
Pro-beam lighting
(flux with the traffic flow)
MY2
IP 67 tightness level
emergency lighting (integrated battery),
tunnels, etc.
Lamps :
fluorescent T5/T8 : max. 2 x 58 W
compact fluorescent : max. 2 x 55 W
Materials :
body : extruded aluminium
end covers : cast aluminium
protector : glass
BT LED
IP 67 tightness level
luminous marker lights for emergency
areas
very long lifetime of the sources (LED)
fire resistant
Lamps :
LED
Materials :
body : aluminium
protector : thermally hardened glass
Wallpack lighting
Service tunnels
Emergency lighting
* These products are subject to specific local adaptations : please ask us for more information.
I 14
Telemanagement
Telemanagement offers the possibility of individually controlling each luminaire in the
tunnel.
Thanks to an electronic control module installed in each luminaire, it is possible in combination
with a bi-power or electronic ballast to reduce the flux of each lamp individually. In this way the
theoretical curve of the necessary level of luminance can be respected with greater precision
according to the external luminance, reducing the total amount of energy consumed.
We also know the status of each lamp (off/on/type of operating system/faulty/number of hours
in operation) at any given moment. This allows us to limit the amount of cabling installed. In
fact, the control signal for the luminaires can pass through a single cable dedicated to this
purpose, and even through the power cable.
Schrder constantly keeps up to date with to the continuous evolution of the different
technologies so that it can provide the best possible advice in telemanagement.
LEDs
LED (light-emitting diode) technology offers very long lifetimes, thus allowing a reduction in
maintenance operations, which are very costly in tunnels.
LEDs are already effectively used in beaconing applications. The BJ and BT LED marker lights
already use this technology.
Schrder attentively follows the rapid evolution of LEDs in order to be able to offer more global
solutions using this technology as soon as the luminous efficacy of the sources allows it.
Luminance diagram
1000.00 %
Stage 1
100.00 %
LTH (cd/m2)
CIE Curve
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
10.00 %
Stage 5
1.00 %
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
The CIE curve indicates the minimum level of luminance to be guaranteed when entering the tunnel. The blue curve (Stage
1) shows the actual level of luminance obtained when all the luminaires are functioning at 100%.
The other lower level curves indicate the luminance obtained for the different lighting systems, which will be used according
to the level of external luminance.
I 15
Tunnel Lighting
I 17
Tunnel Lighting
Graz, Austria :
asymmetrical lighting with FR3 luminaires fitted with
fluorescent tubes and reinforcement with high-pressure sodium
lamps.
Mountain tunnels
Saint-Germain tunnel (A40), France : symmetrical lighting with FR4 luminaires fitted with low-pressure sodium lamps (2 x 131 W).
Aiguebelle tunnel, France : counter beam lighting with FR4 luminaires fitted with high-pressure sodium lamps (1 x 400 W).
Cuatro Caminos tunnel, Madrid, Spain : symmetrical lighting with AF4 luminaires fitted with high-pressure sodium lamps.
I 19
Tunnel Lighting
Railway tunnels
Channel Tunnel :
the working site lit with MY1 luminaires fitted with 36 W
compact fluorescent lamps.
Channel Tunnel :
definitive lighting with JVT 18 luminaires fitted with 18 W
compact fluorescent lamps.
I 21
Tunnel Lighting
Finland
Germany
Dsseldorf
Ilverich Dsseldorf
2006 AF4
Helsinki
456 AF4
Berlin
Manteuffelstrasse
314 PF5
Helsinki
450 AF4
Berlin
Lewishamstrasse
164 PF5
Zella-Mehlis
Berg Bock
499 PF5
France
Stuttgart
Gubahntunnel
157 PF5
Austria
Graz
HLAG-Unterfhrung
193 FV3
Australia
Sydney (M7 West link)
250 AF4
Belgium
Rueil Malmaison
Versailles
Calais - Folkestone
le de France
Tunnels A86
Chamois
Tunnel LEpine
Roissy - Orly
Tunnel Aroports
Marseille
Tunnel de Prado
2200 MY1
Rhne-Alpes
Tunnel Maurienne
2400 FR3
17000 TGR
19000 MY + 500 JVT 18
11800 FV3
800 PF5
1500 FV3 + 2000 ST
Zelzate
Zelzate West
Pyrenes
Tunnel Puymorens
Antwerp
Tunnel Amam
Savoie
Tunnel de la Chamoise
Brussels
Tunnel de Woluw
Paris
2100 FV3
Lige
1577 MY2
Paris
Tunnel A14
2800 FV3
Lige
Tunnel de Cointe
Tunnel de Mainvault
Brazil
Niteri - RJ
158 Radial 3
Georgia
Batumi
Chakvi-Makhinjauri Tunnel
Autostrada RAV
Malpensa
Autostrada Malpensa
Bolzano
Cuneo
Tunnel Carle
China
Turin
Sichuan
Tunnel Huangcaoshan
1648 FV3
Milan
Chongqing
Tunnel Huanghuayuan
1406 FV3
New Zealand
Santiago
Costanera norte
Santiago
Autopista Central
Johnstone
Colombia
Bogota-Villavicencio
Tnel de Buenavista
660 AF4
Bogota-Villavicencio
Tnel de Boqueron
578 RT3
228 FV3
Italy
Val dAosta
Chile
2403 FR3
3802 FR3 + 322 FR4
Hill Tunnel
Portugal
Lisbon
Tneis do Grilo
Denmark
Lisbon
CREL-Carenque
564 FV3
Faroe Isles
Porto
Antas
454 AF4
Castro dAire
Gondomar
Tunnel Portela
Tunnel Nordoya
410 TS5
Dubai
Ecuador
Quito
424 FR3
Quito
Guayasamin
468 FR3
Spain
Madrid
Tnel de Servicios
Aeroportuarios de Barajas
Madrid
Malmasin-Bilbao
Tnel Malmasin
Mieres (Asturias)
533 AF4
Langreo (Asturias)
445 AF4
3500 MY1
22000 FV1+ 3500 AF4
1824 MY1
Tenerife
(Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
400 RD2/RD3
United States
Boston
Colorado
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Turnpike
3496 FV4
Pittsburgh
1442 FV4
916 FV3
590 FV3
1570 AF4
Czech Republic
Prague
Tunnel Mrzovka
Prague
676 AF4 + 14 FV
358 AF4
United Kingdom
Monmouth
Cardiff
Butetown Tunnel
1490 FV3
990 FV3
Novi Sad
Miseluk
642 Neos
Lokve
161 FR4
341 PF5
Serbia
Switzerland
Baregg
Vietnam
HaTinh-QuangBinh
Tunnel Ngang
505 AF4
DaNang-Hue
3140 AF4
I 23