Turnitin Originality Report

12/4/13
Turnitin Originality Report

FYP report by Khairul Asyraf Khairuddin
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From FYP2 Report (ECW 521 -2013)
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ID: 379142392
Word Count: 12532
Internet Sources:
Publications:
Student Papers:
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4%
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sources:
2% match (publications)
Elsawy, Mohamed(Boley, C. and Richwien, Werner). "Highway Embankment Constructed on
Soft Soil Improved by Stone Columns with Geosynthetic Materials", DuEPublico: University of
Duisburg-Essen Publications Online, 2010.
1% match (student papers from 22-May-2013)

Submitted to Institute of Graduate Studies, UiTM on 2013-05-22
< 1% match (publications)
Chand Godara, . "Narrowband Processing", Electrical Engineering & Applied Signal
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Chu, J.. "Improvement of ultra-soft soil using prefabricated vertical drains", Geotextiles and
Geomembranes, 200612
A. Zahmatkesh. "Settlement evaluation of soft clay reinforced with stone columns using the
equivalent secant modulus", Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 04/30/2010
Mohammed Y. Fattah. "Finite Element Analysis of Geogrid Encased Stone Columns",
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 01/06/2012
< 1% match (Internet from 04-Jan-2011)
http://www.arcelect.com/FT100S%20chap%202.pdf
Murugesan, S.. "Geosynthetic-encased stone columns: Numerical evaluation", Geotextiles
and Geomembranes, 200612
https://turnitin.com/newreport_printview.asp?eq=0&eb=0&esm=0&oid=379142392&sid=0&n=0&m=0&svr=8&r=33.47675476688892&lang=en_us
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Deb, Kousik, and Anirban Dhar. "Parameter Estimation for a System of Beam Resting on
Stone ColumnReinforced Soft Soil", International Journal of Geomechanics, 2011.
< 1% match (Internet from 12-May-2009)
http://www.effectivestates.org/Papers/Securing%20Afghanistan's%20Future.pdf
< 1% match (Internet from 09-Aug-2012)
http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/M68HC11E.pdf
Semenov, Sergei. "Modulation", Modulation and Coding Techniques in Wireless
Communications Semenov/Modulation and Coding Techniques in Wireless Communications,
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Keykhosropur, L., A. Soroush, and R. Imam. "3D numerical analyses of geosynthetic
encased stone columns", Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 2012.
< 1% match (student papers from 21-Oct-2010)
Submitted to University of Wollongong on 2010-10-21
< 1% match (Internet from 05-Nov-2013)
http://archive.org/stream/nasa_techdoc_20020080707/20020080707_djvu.txt

Horpibulsuk, S, C Suksiripattanapong, A Chinkulkijniwat, T Tangsutthinon, and W Bunyakiat.
"Performance of a Bearing Reinforcement Earth (BRE) wall and its numerical simulation",
Advances in Transportation Geotechnics 2, 2012.
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Deb, K.. "Optimum design of stone column-improved soft soil using multiobjective
optimization technique", Computers and Geotechnics, 201101
Sivakumaran, K.S.. "Seismic response of multi-storey steel buildings with flexible
connections", Engineering Structures, 198810
< 1% match (Internet from 20-Dec-2007)
http://reutersbusinessinsight.com/content/rbtc0025t.pdf
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< 1% match (Internet from 18-Mar-2010)

http://www.quintumvoip.com/support/products/2G/crsp/sysdoc/call_relaySP.pdf
Deb, K.. "Laboratory model studies on unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced sand bed over
stone column-improved soft clay", Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 201104
El Mansouri, Nour-Eddine; Espinach, Francesc X.; Julian, Fernando; Verdaguer, Narcs;

Torres, Llus; Llop, Miquel F. and Mutje, Pere. "RESEARCH ON THE SUITABILITY OF
ORGANOSOLV SEMI-CHEMICAL TRITICALE FIBERS AS REINFORCEMENT FOR RECYCLED
HDPE COMPOSITES", BioResources, 2012.
Ghosh, Sudipta, Somnath Mukherjee, Kunal Sarkar, Ashraf Z. AlHamdan, and Krishna R.
Reddy. "Experimental Study on Chromium Containment by Admixed Soil Liner", Journal of
Environmental Engineering, 2012.
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< 1% match (Internet from 29-Nov-2006)

http://dei.estg.iplei.pt/IU/recursos/HIGOS8Guidelines.pdf
< 1% match (Internet from 18-Sep-2013)
http://mod-book.ru/forum/attachment.php?s=&attachmentid=1432&d=1340369100
< 1% match (Internet from 24-Aug-2012)
http://www.coursehero.com/file/1602158/DennisAndersonThesis/
< 1% match (Internet from 22-Oct-2013)
http://www.ditchwitch.com/parts/hdd-tooling/tuff-bit
Zhang, X.L.. "Dynamic response of a porous seabed around pipeline under threedimensional wave loading", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 201105/06
Zhou, C.. "An experimental study of seabed responses around a marine pipeline under wave
and current conditions", Ocean Engineering, 201101
Ahmad, Syed Waqas(Karayiannis, TG, Kenning, DBR and Lewis, JS). "Combined effect of
electric field and surface modification on pool boiling of R-123", Brunel University School of
Engineering and Design PhD Theses, 2012.
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paper text:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Many failures of buildings are causes by instability of the
soil. Usually engineers focused on the quality of material and less focused on the condition of soil. There
are three types of
27soil, soft soil, medium soil and hard soil. Soft
soil is the most dangerous in term of safety compared with the other type of soil as it has low bearing
capacity and tends to settle frequently. Soft soil can be found near a river, ocean, soil above the
underground water and many more. There are many techniques which can strengthen and reduce the
settlement of the soil; one of it is stone column technique. Commonly many construction companies choose
stone column as soil improvement method which can increase the geotechnical properties of soil stabilize
road embankment or structures on soft soil (Isaac and Girish, 2009). The diameter of stone column usually
is between 0.3 to 1.2 m and their intervals between 1.5 to 3 m. The stone column can reduce the
settlement of the surrounding soil as it absorb the load from the soil so that the bearing capacity of soil is
increase which in turn reduce deformation of soil. The interaction between the soil and stone column can
be investigated by predicting the soil settlement that will occurred in a specified time. Usually prediction of
soil settlement is done by using 2d finite element analysis. By using this method the behavior of deformed
stone column can be fully investigated and understand. Paresh and Sandip(2012) stated that some of the
advantages of incorporating stone column into the soil that is improve slope stability, increase bearing
capacity of shallow foundation, reduce settlement of soil, and decreasing the potential of sandy soils to
liquefaction. Paresh and Sandip(2012) also added that the performance of stone columns for reinforced
and improved soil is easier and cheaper than other methods such as geotextile, grouting, and compaction.
Many construction companies choose stone column as improvement method as it is cheaper and easy to
install as today cost of construction is one of major factor in construction industry. Many contractors want
to reduce cost as low as possible in order to gain profit but at the same time ensure that the end product is
safe for people to live and use. Stone column can be installed without casing or with casing. Column that is
encasing by geotexile can improve the performance of stone column in improving the soil. Tandel Y. K. et
al. (2012) founded that when the column is encapsulated; it can prevent stone at the column from
clattering into surrounding soil and can stiffen the stone column. Material uses for encasing the stone
column are polypropylene, polyester, etc. In order to simulate the behavior of soil without doing and
experiment, we can choose to use engineering based software. There are lots of geotechnical software
created by the software engineer to help engineers smoothen their works and speed up the design
process of buildings and foundation. One of the geotechnical software that are commonly use worldwide is
PLAXIS. PLAXIS is a simulation software use in geotechnical department that simulate the behavior of clay
using finite element method. There are two type of PLAXIS software, one was PLAXIS 2d and another one
is PLAXIS 3d, with each type of PLAXIS had its own advantages and different offers to the end users.
PLAXIS are frequently updated and latest version are the most up to dated and bug free to ensure that
there are no errors to the result produce by the software and to make the result as accurate as possible.
PLAXIS 8 or PLAXIS 2d is widely use by most geotechnical engineer due to its ability to simulate the
behavior of soil accurately. PLAXIS had being use in determining slope of soil, analyse pile settlement in
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soil, simulate structural layer of soil for earthquake analysis and its impact to the building structure, and
many more. PLAXIS can be
5used for the analysis of deformation and stability in geotechnical
engineering. The improved Soil is modeled with 15 nodes triangular finite

elements
(Aminaton et al., 2013). Most of the stone column reinforced foundation analyses were carried out either in
axisymmetric unit cell or two-dimensional full-scale embankment system. PLAXIS can be used to determine
behavior of stone column in soft clay for example the settlement of the soil improved by the stone column.
Usually analysis using PLAXIS is use to verified or compare the result obtained from the software and
result obtain from the experiment conducted in lab. 1.2 Problem Statement The focus of this study is to
investigate performance of stone column encapsulated by geotextile in improving the soil. Studies of the
performance of encapsulated stone clone involve with examining the various behavior of geotexile that
encapsulated the stone column under different set of modulus. Difference in modulus of the geotexile is
said to have impact at the performance of stone column in improving the soil properties such as bearing
capacity and soil settlement. Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2010) stated that casing the stone column with
geotextile can give positive impact to stone column such as for example increase the
1stiffness of the stone column, improve strength of the stone column
and prohibited the horizontal
6movement of the stone column which
in return reduce time allocated to install the stone column while maintaining the quality of stone column
such as drainage and frictional properties. Finding the suitable engineering software related to
geotechnical engineering is a very hard task. Although up until today there are about 4 to 5 software being
offer out there. The most outstanding among those of the software is SAGE CRISP and PLAXIS. Both of
this software utilizes 2-D finite element method. Although up until now the developer of this software kept
improvise their products by updating the version of the software at least once per year so that it is free
from bugs and improve its accuracy and stability. Due to accuracy of this software that can simulate the
real behavior of soil, different option offered to the user to change the model parameters such as modulus
elasticity, soil type, permeability, etc., this software had being use and practiced by major engineering
company and many engineers worldwide. But always in reality what software can offer to us cant match to
what real life experiment and practical work can give. While laboratory or in situ experiment has no
limitation issue, software on the other hand had limitation over certain extent Ong et al. (2006) found that
regarding to the depth or scale of the model, in order to prevent or avoid interfering of lower boundaries of
the mesh with the solution of area of interest. Thus although software offer abundance of advantage such
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as speed up the analysis of the soil, free of human error or parallax error experiment and analysis, can
simulate soil interaction without having a real model, etc. is still has a limitation to what it can perform so
overusing the software outside its capacity can lead to dead end. In order to observe the settlement
1behavior of the soft soil with stone
column as a ground improvement method encased with geotextile, we use 2-D finite element to analyses
the axisymmetric unit model cell. 3-D model finite element analysis is very time consuming so in 4 order to
save time 2-D method were preferred. Scale of the model represented the actual soil scale. The diameter
of the column and model are kept in constant throughout the analysis with specific properties of the model
are specified. To ensure there will be no horizontal movement of the soil, each horizontal side of the 2-D
finite element model is restricted. Each of these models such as soil, plate is set to with specified
parameters that are kept constant. Only geotextile properties are being change for at least 4 times with
different value of modulus. Changing the modulus of the geotextile is done in purpose of producing a
graph showing relation of different parameters such as
4settlement versus time, Excess pore pressure versus time,
effective stress versus time, and effective stress versus settlement. 1.3 Objective of study Stone column
are the most efficient ground improvement method among the other methods available. Many major
geotechnical engineering local and international practice the uses of stone column to improve the soft soil
on the construction site. From years to years the popularity of stone column is rising. Due to innovative
idea of the engineer, new type of stone column known as encased stone column which is a stone column
encased by the geotextile. Encased stone column are still not widely use and unknown by most
engineering company. So the
9objective of the study is to analyze the effect of geotextile column to the soil
as the new type of stone column. The aim of the study is to explore more deeply about this new type of
stone column and analyze the behavior of it with the soil. Settlement, pore pressure, etc. are the criteria
which are the essential factors of determining efficiency of the encased stone column. Second objective is
that this studies aim to build the relationship between the parameters of soil so that when the relationship
are produce, we can observe what degree of impact can encased stone column can offer. The objectives
of this research are specifically stated below: I. To determine effective vertical stress of composite encased
stone column with various modulus of geotextile along primary consolidation using PLAXIS. II. To determine
the settlement of composite encased stone column along primary consolidation using PLAXIS. III. To
determine excess pore pressure of surrounding soil along primary consolidation using PLAXIS. IV. To
relate effective vertical stress with vertical displacement along primary consolidation using PLAXIS. V. To
determine hoop force surrounding stone column along primary consolidation using PLAXIS. 1.4 Scope of
study The study is performed by analyzing the behavior of encased stone column using PLAXIS. The study
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is focused only for encased stone column that is use as ground improvement method. Stone column are
made from only one material that is aggregates, but other material such as quarry sand, gravel, etc. can
be used as alternative to aggregates. Stone column has a cylindrical shaped with certain diameter and
depth. In this research mohr-coulomb model had being used. The size of the model is 0.035 meter in depth
and 0.15 meter in diameter. A uniform load are applied throughout the whole diameter of the model and
evenly distributed with no difference in intensity of loading. A rigid plate is applied at the top of the model.
The soil material used in this research is considered to have an undrained condition while stone column
material is consider drained condition. Behavior of various modulus of geotextile of encased stone column
is simulated by using a finite element software call PLAXIS 2d. PLAXIS version 8.2 is used and this version
can only do analyzing in 2-D finite element only, so 3-D finite element is not involved at all. As 2-D FEM are
more time saving and friendly user than 3-D FEM, is give more advantage using 2-D than 3- D. The model
that will be analyze by PLAXIS will consist of one encased tone column with geotextile layer having various
stiffness value, one type of soil, one plate and uniform load displacement on the top of the soil and plate.
Plate is applied to the whole diameter of the model. To make this studies more specified, the studies is
focused on analysis of stone column with different modulus of geotexile. So geotexile is be included in the
2-D finite element model. PLAXIS had an option to include geotexile to the model which make the task to
analyze the FEM model easier and user friendly. As to analyze the geotexile of different modulus, different
values of modulus is be used starting from the lower value and increment in a fixed value until 5 results
with different modulus of geotexile is achieved. 1.5 Limitation of study This study focused
1on the effectiveness of the encased stone column
1as a method of soil improvement
based on factors such as settlement, pore pressure, etc. This studies only limited to an axisymmetry finite
element model of 15 triangular node element of encased stone column and one type of soil as the primary
target for this studies is to measure the impact of geotexile encasing the stone column so only geotextile
properties will be varied throughout the simulation. The only property of geotextile which is being change is
the modulus of geotextile. The modulus value of geotextile that is used in this research is 200, 400, 600,
800 and 1000 kN/m. Throughout the studies, only PLAXIS had being used as simulation software to
simulate the interaction of soil using finite element method. Although there are many geotechnical
engineering based software around the world for example SAGE-CRISP, only PLAXIS had being chose
ahead of those. The reason of choosing PLAXIS due to its simplicity, user friendly and had plenty of tutorial
around the website and even had an official website and bulletin which is updated every month so user will
kept updated by new features and even can submit to the developers the bugs and suggestion for them to
improve their software. PLAXIS can simulate many geotechnical based issue for example underground
tunnel simulation, earthquake simulation, drainage simulation, and many more. For this studies there are
no earthquake simulation or drainage simulation or anything, just interaction of stone column and soil are
being analyzed and focused. This study only focused on
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1behavior of single encased stone column
and does not include studies on
1behavior of a group of encased stone column. A
simple thing is sometimes works better than complex things as percentage for error are reduced and
procedure is much easy and less consuming. 1.6 Significant of study This study is significant to the
geotechnical engineering department and contractor. This studies can verified the impact that geotextile
can have to the stone column. The impact can be good or can be bad. If the impact is good and positive,
geotechnical engineers will more likely to incorporate
1the encased stone column rather than the ordinary stone column into the soil.
If the impact is not very good or bad or doesnt have an effect at all, then the used encased stone column
can be neglected and use the
6ordinary stone column. The capability of stone column to improve the soil
surrounding it can be observed more deeply as there is still lack of studies about it. With this research,
geotechnical engineers can predict how big the settlement can be reduced when incorporating the stone
column into the soil. Furthermore contractor can be ensure that stone column are the cost cut method of
improving the soil compare to other possible method available. The capability of PLAXIS to simulate the soil
and column can be test and explore more deeply as the use of PLAXIS are still new and not widely expose
to many engineering department especially in Malaysia. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General
concept of stone column The term Stone Column clearly defined the material and shape of the stone
column. The only material need to form a stone column is aggregates. The aggregates are being
compacted into a collective group of stone in a shape of cylinder. Most of us commonly mistaken by
assuming that stone column is same as concrete column. Although they share similarities for example their
shape and material, there are a difference which makes them distinctive from each other. The difference
between stone column and concrete column is that stone column does not mix with cement as binding
agent, but using compaction to reduce gaps between the individual aggregates while the surrounding soil
kept the aggregates in shape. For concrete column the aggregates had to being mix with cement and
water to bind the aggregates together and had to be dried for the column to achieve the optimum strength
and ready to be use on site. Difference between stone column and concrete column are
26shown in Table 2.1 Table 2.1:

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Difference between stone column and concrete column. Stone Column Concrete Column 1. The only
material use to form the 1. Use aggregates, cement and water mix column is aggregates. in a certain ratio.
2. Cast in-situ/on-site 2. Can be cast on-site or precast before 3. Does not need to wait 27 days to achieve
optimum strength, can be used straight away. transfer on site for use. 3. Need to wait for 27 days for the
concrete mix to achieve optimum concrete strength. 2.1.1 Stone column as ground improvement method.
Stone column is one of the method that can is used widely to improve the soil condition around the site.
Example of ground improvement methods that can be used other than stone column is dynamic
compaction, jet grouting, soil mixing, cement stabilization, etc. These lists of ground improvement provide
the geotechnical engineer many options to choose depending on the type of soil and needs. Criteria for
selection of ground improvement based on factors for example cost, time, difficulty, facilities, labors,
knowledge and many more. Usually time and cost are the primary factors that decide which method is used
as this two criteria effect the cost of construction and time of completion of the construction. Commonly
geotechnical engineer choose stone column as ground improvement methods. The advantage of stone
column compare to all the other methods is that it is easy to install, cheaper cost as it use cheap material
such as aggregates, shorter time to install and prepare for use on site, not complex installation compare to
other methods, etc. All the ground improvement method are used to work with existing ground except for
rigid inclusion like piles which are intend to byp ass the ground to a certain degree. Stone column load
transfer mechanism is shown at Figure 2.1. McCabe et al. (2007) in his research explained that the load is
transmitted by interaction of col umn-soil interface or in other name shear stress and end bearing. Figure
2.1 Load transfer reaction of (a) pile and (b) stone column (McCabe et al., 2007). Soil has many properties
which define its behavior and the way it react when load is applied to it. The most common properties that
are used to determined the quality and type of soil is settlement and
1bearing capacity. The stone column is functioning by
improving ground characteristics such as reduce
1settlement and increasing bearing capacity of surrounded soil, and ease the
drainage system by transferring the drainage path from vertical to horizontal. The soil displacement is
occurring laterally or horizontally while the installation process occurred: - Generation of excess water
pressure is occurred and is assumed to scatter around the permeable columns; - Increased in horizontal
stresses, which in result caused the coefficient of earth pressure K to exceed the original rest coefficient,
Ko. - Remolding in part of surrounding soil is done by vibrator penetration. 2.1.1.1 Bearing Capacity
Bearing capacity is an ability of the s oil itself to withstand ap plied load on it. The load can be in form of
line load, point load, circular load, continuous load, rectangular load, etc. Ultimate vertical stress (q) in a
stone column could be predicted by using the equation below; q= ( where is the stone friction angle ,
14'ro is the free-field lateral effective stress and c is the undrained strength.
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This equation had being used around the world and is widely practiced by professional engineer, students,
lecturers, etc. Recent research conducted by Aminaton Marto et al. (2013) proved that diameter of stone
column can affect the bearing capacity of the soil directly. The result is
7shown in the Table 2.2: Table 2.2:
Bearing capacity with various diameter of stone column (Aminaton et al., 2013). Stone Column D=30 D=40
D=60 Bearing Capacity in 20 mm settlement 97.34 166.47 353.88 From the figure, we can clearly see that
with increase of the diameter of stone column the bearing capacity will also increase. We can conclude that
stone column diameter value is directly proportional to the value of bearing capacity. Take note that the
experiment is conducted for bearing capacity in 20mm settlement, for settlement bigger than 20mm it still
clearly unseen if the stone column diameter can have great impact to the bearing capacity value of the
soil, so deeper research still needed to validate it. 2.1.1.2 Settlement Definition settlement of soil is reduce
of soil volume by applied external load which result in reducing water content of the soil without substitution
by air. Isaac and Girish (2009) had conducted and experiment about the effect of number of column
installed in the soil to the settlement of the soil. It is found using group of three columns can improve the
load deformation parameter and if using group of seven columns it will improve better than 3 columns.
Furthermore Isaac and Girish (2009) also found that spacing between stone columns can also have an
impact. Load capacity, can be improved by reducing the spacing between the stone column and if the
spacing is increased, the load capacity is decreased.
11Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3, Figure 2.4, Figure 2.5, Figure 2.6 shows the result of
the experiment conducted by Isaac and Girish (2009). The number of column and spacing between
columns is varied to get different result and compared the different of the result. Figure 2.2 Load vs
settlement graph for single stone column (Isaac and Girish M.S., 2009). Figure 2.3 Load vs settlement
graph for 7 column (Spacing=3d) (Isaac and Girish M.S., 2009). Figure 2.4 Load vs settlement graph for 7
column (Spacing=2.5d) (Isaac and Girish M.S., 2009). Figure 2.5 Load vs settlement graph for 3 column
(Spacing=3d) (Isaac and Girish M.S., 2009). Figure 2.6 Load vs settlement graph for 3 column
(Spacing=2.5d) (Isaac and Girish M.S., 2009). 2.1.2 Vibro Floatation as a method of ordinary stone column
installation. McCabe et al. (2007) stated that vibro floatation method is a gener al definition of method for
installing ordinary stone col umn into the ground as the mean of improving soil condition by penetrating the
ground usin g vibrating poker and the process involve vibro-replacement and vibro-compaction.
Furthermore McCabe et al. (2007) also added that there are two common ways which the stone can be
inserted into the ground which is top feed and bottom feed. The vibrating poker is inserted into the ground
by the mean of penetration and vibration to create the hole inside the soil which will be the place where the
stone will be filled in to form a stone column. Then after the hole is created, the poker is pulled out from the
ground completely so that stone can be put into the ground filling the hole created completely by using
control volume. That is for top feed system, but for bottom feed system there is a different approach in the
ways the stone is inserted. For bottom feed, it use rigged mounted hopper to insert the stone column into
the ground by using a tube. The inserting process of stone is done without pulling the poker out unlike the
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stone system feed.
25Figure 2.7 and Figure 2.8 will show the
process of installing stone column using top system feed and bottom system feed. The hole is prepared by
penetrating the soil u sing vibroflot. The hole is wash while penetration of soil occurred. When the
insertation process of stone occurred, water and air will be push out of the hole. During insertation of
stone, vibroflot will compact the stone by moving up and down so that lateral compression occurred at the
nearby soil. Stone column is able withstand higher axial load. Figure 2.7 Process of vibro flotation using
top feed system With the aid of vibration, vibroflot is penetrating into the soil for the preparation of
inserting stone. Insertation of stone by vibroflot is done by using tremie pipe with external help (air
pressure). Compaction of column is done by moving the vibroflot in vertical direction which in turn causes
lateral compression of nearby soil. Figure 2.8 Process of vibro flotation using bottom feed system. Top
feed system is suitable for the ground which when the hole is created, the hole will not disclosed by the soil
itself, means that silt and gravel soil is not suitable. For bottom feed system it is more suitable to sandy and
silt clay or soil with high ground w ater table. 2.1.3 Past research about ordinary stone column. There are
numbers of extensive research conducts by many researchers in investigating the effect of ordinary stone
column in improving the ground condition. Recent research by Ambily and Gandhi (2004) which
investigating the load carrying capacity of soil with different condition, one condition is load applied only at
the column and the other condition is load is applied at the whole area of the test model. The experiment
will be carried out with different value of shear strength. Figure 2.9 shown the load condition for the
experiment. Figure 2.9 Two different conditions for the experiment (Ambily and Gandhi, 2004). From the
Figure 2.9(a) bulging of stone column can be clearly seen which occurred at upper part of the stone
column. Bulging does not occurred at Figure 2.9(b). The load versus settlement graph
15for this research is shown in Figure 2. 10 and Figure 2. 11. Figure 2.
10 Load vs settlement graph for column area loaded (Ambily and Gandhi, 2004). Figure 2.11 Load vs
settlement graph for whole area loaded (Ambily and Gandhi, 2004). Due to bulging of the stone column,
failure can be seeing at Figure 2.11. From the experiment, it can be conclude that higher shear strength
can carry higher load and resulting lower vertical displacement of soil. Das and Pal (2013) recently were
investigating the impact of ordinary stone column to the soft clay. He use two type of soil for this
experiment, one is sandy silt clay and the other one is silt clay. The properties of the material use by Das
and Pal (2013) the experiment is shown
7in Table 2.3 and Table 2.4. Table 2.3:
Properties of aggregate (Das and Pal, 2013). Properties of Aggregate Specific gravity 2.613 Water
absorption 2.417 Angularity number 4.23 Shear strength C = 9.86 kN/m = 46.94 Soil properties Physical
properties: Sand (%) Silt content (%) Clay content (%) Specific gravity Liquid limit (%) Plastic limit (%)
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Table 2.4: Properties of soils (Das and Pal, 2013). Sandy silt with clay Silty clay soil 37.29 17.21 33.0
50.25 29.71 32.54 2.60 2.56 30.10 39.50 16.46 20.57 Plasticity index (%) 13.64 18.93 Engineering
properties:
23Optimum moisture content 17. 10 18.50 (%) Maximum dry density (kN/m)
17.26 16.77 Angle of friction, (in degree) 24.00 19.37 Cohesion, c (kN/m) 13.79 15.04 The result of the
experiment is produce in load versus settlement graph. Das and Pal (2013) from his research found that
by increasing diameter of ordinary stone column, the soil bearing capacity for the sandy silt with clay
increase and thus improve the soil performance. Figure 2.12 shown the load settlement behavior for sandy
silt with clay soil. Figure 2.12 Load settlement graph for ordinary stone column reinforced sandy silt clay
soil (Das and Pal, 2013). layer soil which consists of silt Das and Pal (2013) in his research had also
investigated the effect of ordinary stone column to clay at the top layer and sandy silt clay at the bottom
layer. He had found that increased in diameter of stone column cause decre asing of performance of the
soil in term of bearing capacity. T he cause for this undesired impact is due to bulging of stone column
resulting from poor confines pressure offered by top layer of soil which is silt clay. 2.1.3.1 Stone used as
materials for stone column compared with other materials. Stones had being used as a main material for
stone column by many geotechnical engineering worldwide due to its performance when compared with
other materials. List of materials that can be used for stone column besides stone is quarry dust, sea sand,
river sand, gravel, etc. Isaac and Girish (2009) had conducted an experiment to find which material is the
best among the best. Five mat erial, quarry dust, sea sand, river sand, gravel, and stone had being label
m1, m2, m3, m4, and m5 respectively with each of them being use as material for stone column. Figure
2.13 shows th e result of the experiment. Figure 2.13 Load deformation graph for different material of
stone column (Isaac and Girish, 2009). The load deformation curve for stone is higher than the rest of
material which shows that stone is the best material for stone column. When using stone as stone column
material, it will needs high loading applied to it for the soil to settle and deform. Quarry dust are the lowest
quality of material compare to the rest as the curve of the graph for it is lower which means that with small
applied load the soil will settle and deform easily. 2.2 Encased Stone Column. Encased stone column is
same with ordinary stone column except with one different, encased stone column are coat or being
enclosed by a casing. The casing that are commonly use in today practice is geotextile. Recent years,
encased stone column had gained a rave review by many geotechnical engin eering company as it is said
to be a much better performan ce of stone column compare with the ordinary one. It is said to reduce
settlement of soil greatly and increase the shear
1between the stone column and the soil. The
casing also helps to maintain and keep the stone column struc ture at their acceptable structure. 2.2.1
Installation method of encased stone column. Figure 2.14 Installation of encased stone column (Lee et al.,
2008). Installation of
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1ordinary stone column and encased stone column
are different. Ordinary stone column use vibro replacement method as an installation method. Encased
stone column is a bit different because it involves installation of geogrid encasement. Figure 2.14 above
show the visualization of installation process for the encased stone column. Lee et al. (2008) explained
that the first step of encased stone column installation is by drilling the location where the column will be
located. After drilling, casing will be put into the soil. Excess soil inside the casing is removed before the
introduction of stone. After removing the remaining soil, the casing is filled with stone and compacted layer
by layer by using a rammer. Then the next step is to introduce geotextile encasement into the casing and
introduce stone column into the encasement by using a hopper so that the stone is evenly filled and
compacted until the column height reach the surface of the ground 2.2.2 Research about encased stone
column. Aminaton et al. (2013) had conducted an experiment to observe the impact reinforced geotextile to
the stone column. In the experiment, diameter of the column is varied and both stone columns without
geotextile and with geotextile are teste d.
3Figure 2. 15 and figure 2. 16 show the result of the
experiment. Figure 2.15 Graph of settlement versus load for non reinforced stone column (Aminaton et al.,
2013). Figure 2.16 Graph of settlement vs load for reinforced stone column (Aminaton et al., 2013). From
the result we can see that encased stone column improve its strength by three times margin better than
non encased stone column. The clear result is tabulated in the Table 2.5 below which shows the clear
difference of bearing capacity achieve by encased and non-encased stone column. Table 2.5: Bearing
capacity of stone column (Aminaton et al., 2013). Stone Column D=30 D=40 D=60 Bearing Cap aci ty (in
20 mm settlement) 97.34 166.47 353.88 Reinforced Stone Column D=30 D=40 D=60 Bearing Cap aci ty (in
20 mm settlement) 73.24 478.15 762.78 This show that enc ased stone column can be a better choice
than ordinary stone column but a better research is needed in order to explore more deeply about the
impact of geotextile reinforcement for stone column. So that is why this paper is intent to produce more
graph which shows various relationship between different parameters such as excess pore pressure,
stress- settlement, etc. Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2010) had conducted an experiment which the objective
is to find the factor that caused improvement to the behavior of the stone column when encase it with
geotextile casing so it means that the experiment will show the interaction between stone column, geotexile
casing and the soil itself. The finite element mo del used by Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2010) is
axisymmetry model of 15 node triangular element. The model consists of clay, stone column and geotextile
casing. Load is applied at the column area and extending to certain area of clay. The analysis is carried by
varying the diameter of the model and settlement and determines the effect of variety of those two
parameters to the
1bulging of the stone column. The analysis is carried with
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one stone column without geotextile reinforcement and another one with geotextile reinforcement. Result of
the experiment
30can be seen at the Figure 2.
17 below for stone column without geotextile reinforcement and
3Figure 2.18 and Figure 2.19 for
stone column with geotextile reinforcement.
12Figure 2.18 and Figure 2.19 showing the
relationship of various modulus of geotextile with the radial settlement and hoop force respectively. Figure
2.17 Bulging of ordinary stone column with different settlement (Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi, 2013). Figure
2.18 Radial settlement for geotextile reinforced stone column (Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi, 2010). Figure
2.19 Various hoop force value for geotextile reinforced stone column (Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi, 2010).
Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2010) had concluded from the result of his research that susceptibility of
encased stone column to bulging is lower than
6ordinary stone column although the condition for both encased
and ordinary stone column is similar. Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2010) also found that magnitude of
bulging for encased stone column is lower than ordinary stone column is due to the stiffness of the
geotextile casing, t he higher the value of stiffness, the lower the strain produce w hich in turn lower the
possibility to bulge. Aminaton et al. (2013) had also investigated the effect of various stiffness of geotextile
to compare the settlement of soil between reinforced stone columns with different value of modulus. The
diameter of the stone column is kept constant which the value is 60mm while the value of stiffness of the g
eotextile encasing the stone column is varied starting from 50
18kN/m, 250 kN/m, 500 kN/m, and 1000 kN/m.
The result of the experiment is shown below by Table 2.6 and Figure 2.20. Table 2.6: Bearing capacity of
ESC for various geogrid stiffness (Aminaton et al., 2013). Stone Column OSC J=50 J=250 J=500 J=1000
Bearing 353.9 762.78 855.47 894.71 923.74 capacity Figure 2.20 Graph of load deformation of encased
stone column with various value of stiffness (Aminaton et al., 2013). Only load deformation graph are
produced for Aminaton et al. (2013) experiment, so geogrid encased stone column needs more research
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and this shows the significant of this research paper as it will unlock key to understand mechanism of
geogrid encased stone column. Other than research by Aminaton et al. (2013), Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi
(2008) in his research paper had conducted an experiment which use triaxial test on encapsulated stone
column to understand the behavior of encapsulated stone column. The experiment is analyzed by using
finite element software called PLAXIS and also at the same time the experiment is conducted in laboratory.
The result is plot in the graph a nd can be seen in the Figure 2.2 1 below. It shows both result from the
experi ment and from geogrid encased stone column
12can be seen at the Figure 2. 22. The model is
an software are compile in the same graph. The mesh model of axisymmetric model with the model
generate with 15 node triangular elements. The model also is set to not having horizontal movement from
the left. Figure 2.21 Shear stress versus strain relationship produced by both experimental and PLAXIS
(Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi, 2008). Figure 2.22 Simulation model to be analyse using PLAXIS (Malarvizhi
and Ilamparuthi, 2008). The result from the experiment conduct by Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2008) found
that value of cohesion is increased as diameter of geogrid stone column is decrease and vice versa and
this means that the smaller column is much stiffer and produce more strength than higher diameter of
column. Castro et al. (2013) recently were conducting a research for encasement stone column to
investigate effect of different stiffness of geotextile to the performance of settlement reduction to the soil.
The research is done by using PLAXIS as an analytical approach to investigate the behavior of geotextile
encasement and the model he is is shown in the Figure 2.23 below. From his research he found that
increase in stiffness of geotextile can reduce the settlement of soil around the encased stone column.
Castro et al. state higher stiffness of geotextile can provide more confinement to stone column thus
21increase the load capacity of the stone column. The
settlement-time graph from the research by Castro et al.
3is shown in Figure 2. 24. Figure 2.
23 The Test model. (Castro et al., 2013). Figure 2.24 Settlement-time graph (Castro et al., 2013). Castro
et al. also found that by applying the geotextile as an encasement for stone column
8at the top part of the column, it will reduce the strain of the stone column
greatly as strain occurred more greatly at the upper part of the column. This is shown at Figure 2.25 as the
deeper the
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1depth of the column, the lower the strain of the stone column. The lower the
strain at the stone column the lower the tendency for the column to bulge so that the performance
1of the stone column in improving the soil
can be maintains. Figure 2.25 Depth-strain curve. (Castro et. al., 2013). Figure 2.26 Settlement-load
curve. (Castro et al., 2013). Figure 2.26 show the load bea ring capacity relationship which Castro et al.
(2013) conclude that
1bearing capacity of the encased stone column increase with highe r stiffness
modulus of geotextile. Tandel et al. (2012) has recently conducted a numerical study of encased stone
column. He used PLAXIS
1to study the behavior of encased stone column in s oil embankment. The 2d
model of
his research is shown in Figure 2.27. From his research, he found that by increasing the stiffness of
geotextile the load carrying ca pacity of reinforced stone column increase thus result in lower settlement of
the soil which can be seen at Figure 2.28 below. Tandel et al. (2012) also varying the modulus of soil
which he conclude that increase in modulus of soil also resulting in reducing of soil settlement. Figure 2.27
The 2d model use by Tandel et. al (2012). Figure 2.28 Settlement-time graph (Tandel et al., 2012). Hataf
and Nabipour (2013) recently had conducted a research
1to investigate effect of geotextile reinforced stone column to the
1bearing capacity of the improved soil. In
his research, he used different length of reinforcement to see whether it will improve the performance of
encased stone column. In his research the cylinder size for the test model is about 1m in height and 1m in
diameter. The cylinder is filled with
1soil with encased stone column at the centre of the cylinder. The test model for
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the
experiment and material properties
20are shown in Figure 2. 29 and Table 2. 7 below. Figure 2.
29 Test model from experiment (Hataf and Nabipour, 2013). 38 Table 2.7: Properties of material use by
Hataf and Nabipour (2013). Parameter Clay Sand Friction Angle 26 35 Cohesion (kN/m) 5.0 0.0 Unit
weight (kN/m) 15.0 16.0 Liquid Limit (%) 44.5 - Plasticity Index (%) 20.0 - From this experiment, bearing
capacity graph for all different length of encasement casing the stone column are produced and analyzed.
Hataf and Nabipour (2013) found that by encasing the stone column by half of the column length, it gives a
similar performance with full length encased stone column especially at clay type of soil thus give more
benefits such as cost reduction and material saving. Ellouze and Bouassidan (2009) conducted a research
which is to investigate behaviour of soft soil by installing a group of stone column rather than single stone
column. Ellouze and Bouassidan (2009) conducted a research which is more macroscopic and covered the
interaction between the stone columns in a formed of group. This research is more microscopic and
investiga tes deeply the interaction of single stone colu mn which had being encased by geotextile. 2.2.3
Other research about Geotextile as reinforcement or enhancements. Geotextile, other than use as an
encasement or reinforcement for the stone column with the means to improve strength and properties of
stone column, it also can be used without stone column to improve the properties of the soil layer and use
as a reinforcement. Sivaoshnia et al. (2010) had conduct and experiment to investigate the effect of ge
otextile reinforced embankment on the soil which the type of so use in wide range of engineerin il is soft
clay. He stated that geotetextile or geosynthetics can be filtration, sealing, drainage and g application such
as separation, reinforcement. He uses PLAXIS to assess the impact of having geotextile reinforced in the
soil and compare if the soil with no reinforced geotextile performed worst or better than reinforced soil. The
experiment simulate 3 embankment model, one of the model contain no geotextile reinforcement, another
one contain geotextile reinforcement at the lower layer of embankment and the last one contain 3
geotextile layer at each layer having one geotextile reinforcement.
19Figure 2.30, Figure 2.31 and Figure 2.32
show the model embankment use by Sivaoshnia et al. (2010). Figure 2.30 Embankment without geotextile
reinforcement (Sivaoshnia et al., 2010). Figure 2.31 Embankment with one geotextile under the soil layer
(Sivaoshnia et al., 2010). Figure 2.32 Embankment with three geotextile under the soil layer (Sivaoshnia
22et al., 2010). Table 2. 8 below shows the table contain the result of the
experiment which consists of value of highest vertical settlement and highest horizontal settlement. From
the result as we observe more carefully, we can clearly see that having more geotextile reinforcement
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place at the soil, the higher the settlement or displacement will be reduce, the lower displacement of soil
means that the soil is strong and safe to use for construction Table 2.8: Horiz ontal and vertical
displacement with different number of geotextile (Sivaoshnia et al., 2010). No. of geotextile layer Horizontal
displacement(cm) Vertical displacement(cm) No geotextile layer 37 85.57 One layer of geotextile layer
25.59 77.81 Three layer of geotextile layer 24.11 76.45 From the result of the experiment Sivaoshnia et al.
(2010) conclude three things, first geotextile layer can reduce about 30 percent amount of horizontal
settlement occurred near embankment toe, secondly the higher the stiffness value of geotextile, the lower
the displacement, and thirdly by increasing number of geotextile layer, it will cause 1.4 percent of reduction
for vertical displacement and 4 percent for horizontal displacement. 2.2.4 Experimental versus Theoretical
verification by other researcher. In todays world of technology software tends to overtake job which human
needs to do. Example of things which software can solve or do in behalf of human is calculation of
mathematical problem, save and compile a data, produce data and tabulate table, produce graph based
on the parameters given, indentify critical problem of data, etc. Software can improve human quality of
work and increase productivity of the company and their workers. Without software many complex works
cant be done in time. Software can also reduce cost of research project as it sometimes remove the needs
of doing laboratory experiment as the software itself can simulate the experiment and produce result
accurately and close as the result obtain through laboratory experiment. In geotechnical engineering there
is about many software available which the geotechnical engineer can do to simplified task or remove
burden of work from them. List of standout software are Geo FEM, PLAXIS, Z-Soil, and SAGE- CRISP. This
four software use finite element method as their core calculation in simulating the actual experiment. Those
software is said to be among the best as the software produce result as accurate as real life experiment
and the software itself is free of bug as it was kept updated every month in order to satisfy their user and
give the value of money the user has pay for their software. Recent research had being conducted to test
if the software can produce accurate result and same as result from laboratory experiment. Ambily and
Gandhi (2004) conducted an experiment which is to assess the settlement and stiffness of the soil
reinforced with stone column using different spacing of stone column. The result is obtain through an
experiment which ten test is done with different spacing value and moisture content and the result is
analysed by using software called PLAXIS. The laboratory experiment conducted by Ambily and Gandhi
(2004) is done with two objective, to determine bearing capacity of soil and to determine the stiffness of the
soil improve by the stone column. The
4properties of the experiment are list in the Table 2. 9 and the
test model is shown in Figure 2.33. Table 2.9: Experiment properties by Ambily and Gandhi (2004). s/d w
(%) Su (kPa) Loading condition Entire area Column alone 2 25 30 Yes Yes 2 30 12 Yes Yes 2 35 6.5 Yes
Yes 3 30 12 Yes Yes 4 30 12 Yes Yes Figure 2.33 Test model use in the laboratory experiment (Ambily
and Gandhi, 2004). The 500mm cylindrical tank consists of soft clay and stone column of diameter 100 mm
is use as a test model. The diameter of tank is change between 210 mm and 420mm
13in order to evaluate the effect of spacing of stone column. For PLAXIS analysis,
the
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model use axisymmetric 15 triangular mesh model with boundaries condition. The mesh model is shown in
Figure 2.34 44 below. The change or deformation of the model after evaluation and calculation are shown
in Figure 2.35 we can see that the model is deform or settle compared than before the evaluation and
calculation of the mesh model. Figure 2.34 Axisymmetri c model of PLAXIS (Ambily and Gandhi, 2004).
Figure 2.35 Deform mesh of finite element model (Ambily and Gandhi, 2004). Result from both test,
PLAXIS and experimental result is compared as to see if the load versus settlement graph produce by the
result from the experiment from laboratory is similar with the result produce by PLAXIS using finite element
method. The result is shown in the Figure 2.36 where load versus settlement graph are produced for stone
column with different spacing and both result from PLAXIS and experiment are produced in the same graph
to show clearly the difference between both results. Figure 2.36 Load vs settlement graph with differe nt
s/d ratios (Ambily and Gandhi, 2004). We can clearly seeing that the res ult produced by both exper iment
and PLAXIS are about similar to each other although it seems to have a gap of di fferenc e between them
but the gap can be ignored and still at an acceptab le level. Ambily and Gandhi (2004) had conclude from
his experiment the result produc e by b oth e xperiment and PLAXIS are very well compared and analysed
and from this result it can be a guide stone to decide whether it is safe to use PLAXIS to simulate the
behaviour of stone column without verify the result obtain by laboratory experiment. Malarvizhi and
Ilamparuthi (2008) had also conducted an experiment which consist both result from laboratory experiment
and PLAXIS. The laboratory experiment is conducted at similar manner with laboratory test conducted by
Ambily and Gandhi (2004). The test model use steel mould and cylindrical tube glue with geogrid encasing
the tube are place inside it. Stone material is pour inside it and being compacted for a diameter of 50 mm
and 75 mm with its height is twice of its diameter. The test model is place at the triaxial apparatus and
result from the triaxial test are collected and analysed by PLAXIS. The graph for both laboratory
experiment and PLAXIS are plot together and compared with each other. Figure 2.37 shows the result of
triaxial test conducted by Mala rvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2008). The dotted line is the result from PLAXIS
analysis while the straight line is the result for laboratory experiment. Figure 2.37 Triaxial test conduct by
Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi(2008). From the result we can see that the result from PLAXIS does not have
big difference compared with an actual experiment which verified the result of the actual experiment itself.
So it can be conclude that the software itself is reliable and practical to use and can be used without doing
an actual experiment. So argument of people saying that software cant be trusted or produce result which
is inaccurate are not valid and are not based on actual fact. Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2008) and Ambily
and Gandhi (2004) had being succeed in proving the accuracy and reliability of the software itself. Take
note that both of them use finite element program called PLAXIS which we can conclude that PLAXIS
software are most reliable software for simulation of the soil interaction with stone column. That is why for
this research paper we used PLAXIS mainly for assessment of our research without the need of doing
actual experiment as the PLAXIS itself can simulate the experiment very well and accurate. 2.3 Other re
search which used PLAXIS as their main software. Many researches had used PLAXIS to verify their result.
Some research even use PLAXIS main ly without doing and actual experiment as it cut the cost needed for
an experiment and save time as PLAXIS can give result within a minute and even within seconds. Rather
than for wide range of application, for example evaluate settlement of all type of soil, simulate the soil
movement during earthquake impact it had to the structure above the soil, evaluate and calculation of pile
structure installed at the ground, simulate tunnel movement in the ground, implementation of
hypoplasticity, etc. David (2012) from his research use PLAXIS to incorporate hypoplasticity. He proposed
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that the clay which he has developed earlier with ability to correctly interpreting the strain value, to be
change or modify slightly to take behaviour of meta stable of clay structure into consideration. Liew and
Tan (2007) conducted a research assess and evaluate the behaviour of stone column which is used on
reinforced soil wall. The parameters that had being evaluated is the bulging of column, stress distribution
1at the stone column and soil, settlement of the
soil, and the stability of the reinforced soil wall. All the parameters are evaluating using PLAXIS. Cortlever
and Gutter (2002) recently were doing a research which use PLAXIS software to verified the design
calculation which use British standard as their code of design. From the research it is found that accurate
determination of tensile strength can be obtain through numerical approach due to consideration of
PLAXIS to take the effect of boundary condition into account. Babu and Singh (2009) used PLAXIS 2d
version to simulate the nail structure in the soil and evaluate its behaviour and performance. Figure 2.38
shows the finite element model for the nail structure. Figure 2.38 Finite element model of nail structure
(Babu and Singh, 2009). 2.4 Gap of Research Table 2.10: Gap of research. No Researcher(s) Objective
Year Difference Name 1 Malarvizhi and To evaluate 2010 Load is applied at both soil and Ilamparuthi
mechanism
1of encased stone column. encased stone column Malarvizhi and
Ilamparuthi only 2 Ellouze and To predict the 2009 This research studies only on Bouassida settlement by
a group single encased stone column but of stone column Ellouze and Bouassida studies about group of
stone column. 3 Malarvizhi and Analysis of 2008 Load is applied at both soil and Ilamparuthi encapsulated
stone encased stone column. column using Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi only numerically analysis. applied
load at column area. 4 Aminaton Marto To analyse the 2013 Aminaton Marto et al. only et al. performance
of focused on bearing capacity of reinf orced stone the e ncased stone column. This column using finite
research widen the studies about element method. encased stone column by with
1time, excess pore pressure with time, and effective stress
with time. 6 Lee et al. Field Load Tests of Encased Stone 2008 Lee et al. only study on load settlement
behaviour and lateral Columns in Soft Ground
1displacement of the encased stone column.
This study covers lot more such as excess pore pressure, effective stress, and 7 Hataf and Nabipour
Experimental investigation on bearing capacity of 2013 hoop force. Hataf and Nabipour only study on
bearing capacity of the encased stone column. This geosynthetic encapsulated stone columns study
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covers lot more such as excess pore pressure, effective stress, hoop force, lateral displacement. 8 Khairul
Asyraf Bin Khairuddin To analyse various modulus value of geotextile encasing the stone column by using
Plaxis. 2013 2.5 Theoretical Background Table 2.11: Theoretical background No Theory/Concept
Hypothesis/Equation references 1 the geotextile. The modulus value of geotextile will affect the hoop force
acting at The hi hoop f orce. gher the modulus values of geotextile, the more increase the - 2 Settlement of
soil effect by the stress distribution of soil. The hi gher the str ess absorb by the soil, the settlement
occurred at the - 3 4 period of time. Settlement is effec ted by time. Effective stress is affected by soil
increased. passed. be more linear at Settlement increased rapidly and then decrease gradually as time
Effective stress will increase as assed but the increment will latter stage. time p - 5 time. Excess pore
pressure is affected by gradually decreas Excess pore pressure will increase rapidly during plastic stage
and will e at consolidation stage until it reaches the value near zero. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1
Introduction Methodology is among the most important step the research to disrupted end. As many
greates give attention to the detail of methodology. Im in the research. Commonly many new researchers
dont proper planning of method for a research always leads t people in the world always quote better
planning for failure than failure to planning. Planning is essential as it can prevent time wasting as every
step of research are well prepared and not decide spontaneous, can reduce cost of research as it remove
unnecessary step and simplify method of research, obstacles can be detect early and pre- elimination step
to counter it can be plan early through proper planning and act. The common step of research always
starts from literature review. Literature review is part of ed, past research from many authors, journals,
articles, are collected, analyze and summarize into a form of literature and every contribution of the
research are cited with the name of the author. Next method is always subjective and not fixed as it
depends on the research, suitability and time constraint. Sometimes it can be a survey, laboratory
experiment, type of research step where all the information gather method software analysis or all of it,
usually depends on use after literature review is software a literatur which is needed to produce outcome
for this res earch paper. The objective of this research can be achieved through literature review and so
the result we want to obtain. In this research paper the nalysis only. After gathering all information and
data for e review, software analysis is carried out to process the whole data and produce the result ftware
analysis using PLAXIS. Software analysis is done by using geotechnical based software which used finite
element 53 as their cored calculation that is PLAXIS. PLAXIS can produce all essential data needed to
extract the outcome of the research and make conclusion based on the outcome. Result obtain are plot in
a graph and compared with past research. 3.1.1 PLAXIS PLAXIS is a finite element based program which is
used by many geotechnical engineering department to analyze and simulate many soil based problem.
Unlike many software, PLAXIS does not confine itself to evaluation of soil, but also jump itself to simulate
and analyze nail structure, tunnel, reinforced wall installed at soil, etc. PLAXIS is a common choice due to
its simplicity and user-friendly feature. New user can learned to used it within a day and a=even after an
hours playing through the software feature. PLAXIS provide many features which is useful and essential
for many applications. Figure 3.1 shows feature contain in PLAXIS. It can be seen that some of the
features PLAXIS provide is
2line drawing tools, plate tools, hinge and rotation tool, geogrid, anchor, tunnel,
standard fixities,
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many types of load for example point load and distributed load, drain, well, material set tool, mesh
generation tool, initial condition tool, and many more. More than ten tools are provided which are more
than enough to simulate many geotechnical engineering based problem encountered. Figure 3.1 Set of
tools provide in PLAXIS. 54 For this research, PLAXIS 2d version 8.2 will be used as main software for
analysis of stone column encased with stone column with various value of modulus of geotextile. PLAXIS
comes with many version as it is kept updated every year with every latest version comes with new
2features and less bug. The latest version of PLAXIS is come with 3d features
which give extra dimension and advantages compare to
older 2d version of it. But although the 3d version of PLAXIS provides many set of tools, it also is a
disadvantage to it as many features means that it will likely to be more complex for first time user and not
very user friendly compared to 2d version. PLAXIS version 2d interface is shown as
10in Figure 3.2 below. Figure 3.2
PLAXIS 2d interface. There is a big difference of interface between those versions of PLAXIS. See that
PLAXIS 2d version 8.2 are more simpler and clear and clean interface compared to the PLAXIS 3d version
which the model needs to be built in 3d and consume lots of time with many additional step. For this
research PLAXIS version 2d is suitable as stone column interaction with the soil can be simulating very well
by this version of PLAXIS. PLAXIS 2d also provide geogrid tools which is essential for this research as
stone column which need to by analyzed are encased by the geogrid 55 encasement, so geogrid tools can
simulate the geotextile very well and various modulus for the geotextile can be set and change many times.
3.2 Flow Chart of Methodology Flow charts of this research are shown in Figure 3.3 which demonstrates
the methodology of this research which is the guideline for every step taken in this research. Problem
Statement Literature Review To determine effe ctive To simulate the interaction vertical stress and
settlement between encased stone of composite encased stone column an d soil layer by column with
various modulus using PLAXIS finite of geotextile. element sof tware package. To produce graph based on
soil and stone column data such as
4settlement versus time, Excess pore pressure versus time,
effective stress versus time, and stress v ersus settlement. Plaxis input Plaxis calculation Plaxis ouput
Plaxis curve Plaxis analysis Conclusion Figure 3.3 Flow chart of methodology. 3.3 PLAXIS INPUT Initial step
needed for input using PLAXIS to set up the parameters need to simulate the stone column, geotextile
casing, and soil layer. But first we needed to set up the model in 15-triangular node element and the model
is set up to axisymmetry model and gives the name of the project. The process of this setting is
10shown in Figure 3.4 below. Figure 3.4

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Setup process of project in PLAXIS. After everything is set, the next process is to draw the layout of the
model. The model is draw by half of its diameter and horizontal length as it is an axisymmetry model not a
plain strain model. The model properties are set based on these parameters: Model properties: 1.
diameter column : 0.010 m 2. diameter model : 0.15 m 3. Column and Soft Soil material 4. Use rigid plate
on top of the model and cover the whole model. The process of drawing the layout for the stone column
and soil are shown in Figure 3.5 by using geometry line tools in PLAXIS. Figure 3.5 Drawing process using
geometry line tools. After finished drawing the shape of stone column and the soil based on its diameter,
length and height set on the model properties, the next step is to apply plate at from the top corner of the
stone column across the soil until it reach the top corner of the soil. The plate is draw by using plate tool.
From Figure 3.6 we can see the process of drawing plate across the model and take note that the plate
line is the line with blue color. The plate then is set based on parameter mention before. Figure 3.6
Process of applying plate at top of model. After drawing the top plate line, the geotextile is applied at the
right side of stone column from top to bottom of stone column. The geotextile are draw by using geotextile
tools provide in PLAXIS. The geotextile line is in yellow color and can be seen in Figure 3.7. The geotextile
properties such as its stiffness value will be set up later. Figure 3.7 Drawing process of geotextile line to
the model. After applying geotextile layer to the stone column, the model is set to not having horizontal
movement by applying standard fixities which will prohibit the type of movement. The standard fixities can
be seen in Figure 3.8 below where the fixities line is green in color. It surrounds the side of stone column,
bottom of the model and side of the soil but does not cover the top of the model. Next process after
applying standard fixities is applying material at each
1stone column and the soil. The
parameters for each material are tabulate in Table 3.1 below
1for the soil and stone column material. The process of
applying material at each model is shown at Figure 3.9. The stone column materials are set with black
color while soils are set to having soft chocolate color. Figure 3.8 Standard fixities apply at the model.
Table 3.1:
13Material properties for soil and stone column material.
Properties Soil Stone column Material model
16Mohr-coulomb Mohr-coulomb Material type Undrained Drained saturated 18
kN/m 17 kN/m
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unsaturated 16 kN/m 15 kN/m kx 0.000005833 m/hr 0.079 m/hr ky 0.000001942 m/hr 0.079 m/hr Figure
3.9 Apply process of material. After process of applying material are done and both the plate material and
geotextile material
2are set, distributed load are applied on the top of the plate across the length
of the
model like at Figure 3.10. After that the mesh are produced by applying the generate mesh button on
PLAXIS. The generated mesh can be seen at Figure 3.11. The next process is setting up initial c ondition
for the model. The closed flo surface of the column to allow w boundaries are applied at all side surfaces
except at the top movement of water up to the stone column. Ground water table are se t
24at the top of the soil. Figure 3. 12 shows the detail figure
of initial condition setting. After input setting up initial condition, we process. The set up of calculation are
shown in Figure 3.13. Noted that plate and set up the setting for calculation process which is the last step
for geogrid both need to be activated by define button in the parameter section. The geotextile materials
are set its stiffness values at the lowest test value for the first calculation and increase its value for the next
and next calculation. The stiffness value is varied to achieve the objective of this rs of the resear ch which
is to assess the impact of various modulus of geotextile to the paramete soil. Figure 3.10 Distribute load
applied at top of model. Figure 3.11 Generated mesh model. Figure 3.12 Initial condition for the model.
Figure 3.13 C alculation process of PLAXIS. 3.4 PLAXIS OUTPUT The next process after calculation is the
output process. Output process produced the deformed mesh due to stress and applied load. The
magnitude of deformation or settlement is based on the various parameters such as value of distributed
load, parameters of soil, stone column and stiffness value of geotextile. Figure 3.14 below show the
deformed mesh of the whole model. The total displacement of the soil is stated at the output. From the
Figure 3.14 it can be clearly seen that the node element of the model are move from their original place
due to deformation of the model. The output also can show many types of figure such as excess pore
pressure behavior of the soil shown at Figure 3.15. Figure 3.14 Deformed mesh of finite element model.
Figure 3.15 Excess pore pressure occurred at the soil. software 3.5 After the ou PLAXIS CURVE that tput
process, the project is saved and proceeds to the final process of PLAXIS is PLAXIS curve. PLAXIS curve
function is to produce graph based on different parameters such as settlement, excess pore pressure,
time, stress, strain, step, force, acceleration, velocity, etc. Users are free to added new parameters which
are not listed at default parameters in PLAXIS. Users also are free to set any parameters against another
parameters and user also be given freedom to set type of graph curve, number of
2graph line, color of the graph line, and many more features which user can
altered any times as they wish. Figure 3. 16 shows the input for the
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PLAXIS curve section. Figure 3.16 PLAXIS Curve input interface. After input the parameter for the graph,
PLAXIS will produce the graph based on data obtain through the initial process of input, calculation and
output. The whole process is repeated starting back from the calculation part where the stiffness values of
geotextile are increased and new graph will be produced. The new graph will be different from the old
graph in term of graph gradient as result for both are difference due to both having different stiffness value
of geotextile layer. The process is repeated for about 5 times and each time the process is repeated, the
value of geotextile will be increase so that from the result we can assess the impact of various modulus of
geotextile encasing the stone column to improving the condition of the soil. 3.6 CONCLUSION After the
graph had being plot by PLAXIS software curve program, the conclusion could be produce
2whether the objective of this research would be achieved or not. At this part,
the conclusion
for evaluation of stone column with various modulus of geotextile encasing the stone column could be
determine. From the conclusion, the recomm endation can be made as whether to give encouragement for
engineers to used higher stiffness value of encased stone column compared to the lower stiffness one or
discourage them if the result stated that increase in stiffness give adverse impact to performance of stone
column. CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction Analysis of various modulus of geotextile is
performing in this chapter. Result will be discussed thoroughly with many details, figures and tables.
Analysis is compared and supported by past and recent research to verify the result. 4.2 Settlement
versus time analysis Figure 4.1 Settlement-time graph. From Figure 4.1, settlement of the soil reduces as
the stiffness of the geotextile reinforcement increase. From the graph we can see that by increasing the
stiffness value from 200 to 400 does improve the soil greatly in term of settlement. Increasing the stiffness
value of geotextile to 600, 800 and 1000 will still improve the soil settlement behavior but the increment is
not significant between those stiffness values in term of improving the soil settlement. By increasing
stiffness value from 200 to 400 the increment is 83%, from 400 to 600 the increment is much lower that is
5.6%, from 600 to 800 is 3.2% and from 800 to 1000 is 7.3%. By looking at the percentage, increasing the
geotextile stiffness value by larger margin for example from 800 to 1600 will be more beneficial in term of
performance wise and financial wise. The trend of this graph also had similar trend with settlement time
graph by Castro et al. (2013) at Figure 4.2. Figure 4.2 Settlement time graph by Castro et al. (2013). 4.3
Excess pore pressure versus time analysis Figure 4.3
1show the excess pore pressure versus time
graph. From the graph, we can see that
29excess pore pressure build up at the
soil decreasing as the stiffness of the geotextile encasement

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1of the stone column increase. This is due to ability of stone column
to absorb the applied stress which the rate of absorption is greatly improve when encased by higher
stiffness
28value of geotextile. The excess pore pressure build up at the
soil increase during the plastic stage which the excess pore pressure built up is directly effect by the
intensity of applied load. During consolidation stage the excess pore pressure then showing gradual
decreasing until excess pore pressure achieve a value near to zero which shown that the soil had achieved
a completed consolidation. Figure 4.3 Excess pore pressure-time graph. 4.4 Effective vertical stress
versus time analysis Figure 4.4 show the effective stress versus time graph at the soil. From the graph, we
can see that increasing the stiffness of geotextile encasing the
1stone column reduce the effective stress on the soil.
By increasing stiffness value from 200 to 400 the increment in
1reduction of effective stress at the soil
is 38.7%, from 400 to 600 the increment is 25.8%, from 600 to 800 is 19.35% and from 800 to 1000 is
16%. Increasing the stiffness from 200 to 400 can cause great reduction of effective stress on the soil but
increasing the stiffness from 400 to 600 does not give significant change of effective stress on the soil.
This shows that using higher increment for example increasing the geotextile stiffness from 400 to 2000 will
give more significant improvement. Figure 4.5 show the effective stress acting on the column, as the
effective stress increase the st iffness of geotextile increase. This shown that increase in stiffness of
geotextile can improve the ability of the stone column to absorb the load applies at nearby soil thus
reducing the settlement of the soil. Figure 4.4 Effective stress-time graph at the soil. Figure 4.5 Effective
stress-time graph at the encased stone column. 4.5 Effective stress displacement relationship Effective
Stress-displacement graph
1for the encased stone column is shown at
figure 4.6. This graph illustrates
1the performance of the reinforced stone column

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in term of load car rying capacity. I ncreasing the stiffness of geotextile improve the load
17carrying capacity of the stone column. T his is due to ability of higher stiffness
of
geotextile to provide bett er confinement press ure a nd thus reduce the tendency of the stone column to
bulge which can improv e the abilit y of t he stone column to transfer
8vertical stress to the lower part of the soil. Increasing the
stiffn ess of geotextile to from 200 to 400 improve the load carrying capacity greatly compare to 400 to
600, 600 to 800 and 800 to 1000. The trend of the graph also confirmed by Aminaton et al. (2013) at
Figure 4.7. Figure 4.6 Effective stress-displacement graph at the encased stone column. Figure 4.7
Stress-displacement graph at the encased stone column (Aminaton et al., 2013). 4.6 Hoop force analysis
Hoop force for various stiffness of geotextile also being analyzed in this research. The hoop forces for all
geotextile with different stiffness are tabulated in Table 4.1 below. As we can see from the table that hoop
force acting on geotextile increase as the geotextile stiffness increase. This had also being confirmed by
Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2010) through his founding at Figu re 4.8. Figure 4.8 Hoop force for different
stiffness geotextile. (Malarvizhi and Ilamparu thi, 2010). Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi (2007) stated in his
research that lateral deformation of stone column occurred when load in vertical direction are induce at the
column. This cause the stone column to be more susceptible to bulge if insufficient horizontal pressure is
provided by the surrounding soil. Thus by reinforcing the stone column with geotextile it will offer adequate
lateral confinement to prevent the stone column to bulge. Hoop force produced on the geotextile layer
when stone column deform in horizontal direction which produced horizontal strain. Table 4.2 below show
that increase the stiffness of geotextile encasing the
1stone column reduces the lateral deformation of the encased stone column.
This prove that increasing stiffness of geotextile can reduce the tendency of the encased stone column
from bulging, which result from increasing hoop force induced by the geotexile. Table 4.1: Hoop force for
geotextile with different modulus. Geotextile Stiffness Hoop Force (kN/m^2) (kN/m) 200 2.08 400 2.42 600
2.98 800 3.40 1000 3.68 Table 4.2: Lateral deformation for encased stone column. Geotextile Stiffness
Deformation(Ux) (kN/m^2) (mm) 200 0.0412 400 0.0142 600 0.0127 800 0.0112 1000 0.0100 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion This research aim is to analyze the relationship between
displaceme nt and time, excess pore pressure versus time, effective stress versus time, and effective
stress v ersus displacement. Hoop force and lateral displacement also had being ana lyzed in this
research. The following conclusion are made based on the result obtained. 1. Stiffness of stone column
geogrid encasement effect the displacement of the soil.
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1Increase the stiffness of geotextile encasing the stone column will decrease the
settlement of soil around the stone column. 2. Excess pore pressure for soil around the enc ased stone
column w ill increase rapidly during the plastic stage and will start to decrease gradually during the c
onsolidation stage until it achieve value near to zero which means tha t the soil had achieved complete
consolidation and all water had being squeezed out from the soil. 3. Effective stress at the soil around the
encase d stone column will decrease
9if the stiffness of the geotextile encasing the stone column increased. This is
due to large proportion of load carried by the encase d stone column. For effective stress at the encased
stone column,
1increase in stiffness of the geotextile encasing the stone column will increase
the effective stress at the stone column.
4. Increase in stiffness of geotextile encasing the stone column will improve the bearing capacity of the soil.
Effective stress versus displacement graph showing the sign of improvement as the geotextile of the stone
column encasement increase. This means that the encased stone column can carried higher load without
failing or bulging when its bearing capacity increase. 5. Hoop force induces by geotextile increase as the
stiffness of geotextile increase. This in turn provide more confinement pressure to the
1stone column resulting the stone column to increase in
1bearing capacity and reduce the susceptibility of the stone column
to bulge. 6. Horizontal displacement of the soil decrease as stiffness of geotextile increase. Increase in
stiffness of geotextile encasement will increase the hoop force produce by the geotextile which provide
more confinement pressure and thus reduce the lateral displacement occurred
1at the encased stone column. Decrease in
lateral
1displacement of the encased stone column reduces the load transfer from the
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stone column to the soil which results in settlement reduction of the soil. 7. Improvement of stiffness
encasement for the existing encasement of stone column should be in increment more than 1000 to give
more significant improvement than the existing encasement. Increment below than 1000 will give little
impact to the improvement of soil. 5.2 Recommendation For future study on various modulus of geotextile
encasing stone column, it is recommended to do the following things order to extent the scope of this
study: 1. Use different type of stone material for the encased stone column to see the interaction between
stone column material geotextile reinforcement. 2. Studies on impact of encased stone column in improving
double layer or triple layer of soil. Each layer consists of different type of soil. 3. Produce stress versus
strain graph and do analysis based on the graph obtained and compared the result with other or similar
research. 4. Instead of focusing on interaction of single encased stone column, future studies can explore
the interaction of encased stone column as a group which consist of 2 or more encased stone column. 5.
Applied different type of loads at the model. For example applying point load at different point of the soil. 1
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39
40 41 42 43 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
77 78 79 80
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