COMPONENT USED

1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
An analog temperature sensor is a chip that tells us what the ambient
temperature is.
These sensors use a solid-state technique to determine the
temperature. That is to say, they don't use mercury (like old
thermometers), bimetallic strips (like in some home thermometers or stoves), nor
do they use thermistors (temperature sensitive resistors). Instead, they use the
fact as temperature increases, the voltage across a diode increases at a known
rate. (Technically, this is actually the voltage drop between the base and emitter the Vbe - of a transistor. By precisely amplifying the voltage change, it is easy to
generate an analog signal that is directly proportional to temperature. There have
been some improvements on the technique but, essentially that is how
temperature is measured.
Because these sensors have no moving parts, they are precise, never wear out,
don't need calibration, work under many environmental conditions, and are
consistent between sensors and readings. Moreover they are very inexpensive
and quite easy to use.

TYPES OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR

There are two temperature sensing methods:
1. Contact
2. Non-contact

Contact temperature sensor type These types of temperature sensor

are required to be in physical contact with the object being sensed and use
conduction to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used to detect
solids, liquids or gases over a wide range of temperatures.
Non-contact temperature sensor type These types of temperature
sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature.
They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as
heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect

the radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infra-red
radiation (the sun).

LM35 SENSOR SPECIFICATION

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in
Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its
output to obtain convenient Centi- grade scaling. The LM35 does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room
temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level.
The LM35s low output imped- ance, linear output, and precise
inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially
easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.
As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than
0.1C in still air.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to +150C
temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range (10
with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also
available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also avail- able
in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

LM35 SENSOR CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC

There are two transistors in the center of the drawing. One has ten times the
emitter area of the other. This means it has one tenth of the current density, since
the same current is going through both transistors. This causes a voltage across
the resistor R1 that is proportional to the absolute temperature, and is almost
linear across the range we care about. The "almost" part is taken care of by a
special circuit that straightens out the slightly curved graph of voltage versus
temperature. The amplifier at the top ensures that the voltage at the base of the
left transistor (Q1) is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) by comparing
the output of the two transistors.
The amplifier at the right converts absolute
temperature (measured in Kelvin) into either Fahrenheit or Celsius, depending on
the part (LM34 or LM35). The little circle with the "i" in it is a constant current
source circuit. The two resistors are calibrated in the factory to produce a highly
accurate temperature sensor. The integrated circuit has many transistors in it -two in the middle, some in each amplifier, some in the constant current source,

and some in the curvature compensation circuit. All of that is fit into the tiny
package with three leads.

3. HUMIDITY SENSOR
A humidity sensor called as(hygrometer),is an instrument used for measuring
content in the environment.humidity measurement usually rely on measurement
of some other quantity such as temperature ,pressure,mass or a mechanical or
electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed .By calibration and
calculation,these measured quantities can lead to a measurement of
humidity.Modern electronic device use temperature of condensation or changes
in electrical capacitance or reisistance to measure humidity differences.

In agriculture ,measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection

(dew prevention),soil moisture monitoring, etc. In all such applications and many
others, humidity sensor are employed to provide an indication of the moisture
levels in the environment.

HUMIDITY SENSING CLASSIFICATION &

PRINCIPLES
According to the measurement units, humidity sensors are divided into two types:
Relative humidity(RH)sensors and absolute humidity(moisture) sensors. Most
humidity sensors are relative humidity sensors and use different sensing
principles.

SENSING PRINCIPLE
Humidity measurement can be done using dry and wet bulb hygrometers, dew
point hygrometers, and electronic hygrometers. There has been a surge in the
demand of electronic hygrometers, often called humidity sensors.

Electronic type hygrometers or humidity sensors can be broadly divided into two
categories: one employs capacitive sensing principle, while other use resistive
effects